Introduction

Nix is a purely functional package manager. This means that it treats packages like values in purely functional programming languages such as Haskell — they are built by functions that don’t have side-effects, and they never change after they have been built. Nix stores packages in the Nix store, usually the directory /nix/store, where each package has its own unique subdirectory such as

/nix/store/b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1vfhh54ad73z-firefox-33.1/

where b6gvzjyb2pg0… is a unique identifier for the package that captures all its dependencies (it’s a cryptographic hash of the package’s build dependency graph). This enables many powerful features.

Multiple versions

You can have multiple versions or variants of a package installed at the same time. This is especially important when different applications have dependencies on different versions of the same package — it prevents the “DLL hell”. Because of the hashing scheme, different versions of a package end up in different paths in the Nix store, so they don’t interfere with each other.

An important consequence is that operations like upgrading or uninstalling an application cannot break other applications, since these operations never “destructively” update or delete files that are used by other packages.

Complete dependencies

Nix helps you make sure that package dependency specifications are complete. In general, when you’re making a package for a package management system like RPM, you have to specify for each package what its dependencies are, but there are no guarantees that this specification is complete. If you forget a dependency, then the package will build and work correctly on your machine if you have the dependency installed, but not on the end user's machine if it's not there.

Since Nix on the other hand doesn’t install packages in “global” locations like /usr/bin but in package-specific directories, the risk of incomplete dependencies is greatly reduced. This is because tools such as compilers don’t search in per-packages directories such as /nix/store/5lbfaxb722zp…-openssl-0.9.8d/include, so if a package builds correctly on your system, this is because you specified the dependency explicitly. This takes care of the build-time dependencies.

Once a package is built, runtime dependencies are found by scanning binaries for the hash parts of Nix store paths (such as r8vvq9kq…). This sounds risky, but it works extremely well.

Multi-user support

Nix has multi-user support. This means that non-privileged users can securely install software. Each user can have a different profile, a set of packages in the Nix store that appear in the user’s PATH. If a user installs a package that another user has already installed previously, the package won’t be built or downloaded a second time. At the same time, it is not possible for one user to inject a Trojan horse into a package that might be used by another user.

Atomic upgrades and rollbacks

Since package management operations never overwrite packages in the Nix store but just add new versions in different paths, they are atomic. So during a package upgrade, there is no time window in which the package has some files from the old version and some files from the new version — which would be bad because a program might well crash if it’s started during that period.

And since packages aren’t overwritten, the old versions are still there after an upgrade. This means that you can roll back to the old version:

$ nix-env --upgrade --attr nixpkgs.some-package
$ nix-env --rollback

Garbage collection

When you uninstall a package like this…

$ nix-env --uninstall firefox

the package isn’t deleted from the system right away (after all, you might want to do a rollback, or it might be in the profiles of other users). Instead, unused packages can be deleted safely by running the garbage collector:

$ nix-collect-garbage

This deletes all packages that aren’t in use by any user profile or by a currently running program.

Functional package language

Packages are built from Nix expressions, which is a simple functional language. A Nix expression describes everything that goes into a package build task (a “derivation”): other packages, sources, the build script, environment variables for the build script, etc. Nix tries very hard to ensure that Nix expressions are deterministic: building a Nix expression twice should yield the same result.

Because it’s a functional language, it’s easy to support building variants of a package: turn the Nix expression into a function and call it any number of times with the appropriate arguments. Due to the hashing scheme, variants don’t conflict with each other in the Nix store.

Transparent source/binary deployment

Nix expressions generally describe how to build a package from source, so an installation action like

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.firefox

could cause quite a bit of build activity, as not only Firefox but also all its dependencies (all the way up to the C library and the compiler) would have to be built, at least if they are not already in the Nix store. This is a source deployment model. For most users, building from source is not very pleasant as it takes far too long. However, Nix can automatically skip building from source and instead use a binary cache, a web server that provides pre-built binaries. For instance, when asked to build /nix/store/b6gvzjyb2pg0…-firefox-33.1 from source, Nix would first check if the file https://cache.nixos.org/b6gvzjyb2pg0….narinfo exists, and if so, fetch the pre-built binary referenced from there; otherwise, it would fall back to building from source.

Nix Packages collection

We provide a large set of Nix expressions containing hundreds of existing Unix packages, the Nix Packages collection (Nixpkgs).

Managing build environments

Nix is extremely useful for developers as it makes it easy to automatically set up the build environment for a package. Given a Nix expression that describes the dependencies of your package, the command nix-shell will build or download those dependencies if they’re not already in your Nix store, and then start a Bash shell in which all necessary environment variables (such as compiler search paths) are set.

For example, the following command gets all dependencies of the Pan newsreader, as described by its Nix expression:

$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' --attr pan

You’re then dropped into a shell where you can edit, build and test the package:

[nix-shell]$ unpackPhase
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ buildPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan

Portability

Nix runs on Linux and macOS.

NixOS

NixOS is a Linux distribution based on Nix. It uses Nix not just for package management but also to manage the system configuration (e.g., to build configuration files in /etc). This means, among other things, that it is easy to roll back the entire configuration of the system to an earlier state. Also, users can install software without root privileges. For more information and downloads, see the NixOS homepage.

License

Nix is released under the terms of the GNU LGPLv2.1 or (at your option) any later version.

Quick Start

This chapter is for impatient people who don't like reading documentation. For more in-depth information you are kindly referred to subsequent chapters.

Install Nix:
```
$ curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh
```
The install script will use sudo, so make sure you have sufficient rights.

For other installation methods, see the detailed installation instructions.
Run software without installing it permanently:
```
$ nix-shell --packages cowsay lolcat
```
This downloads the specified packages with all their dependencies, and drops you into a Bash shell where the commands provided by those packages are present. This will not affect your normal environment:
```
[nix-shell:~]$ cowsay Hello, Nix! | lolcat
```
Exiting the shell will make the programs disappear again:
```
[nix-shell:~]$ exit
$ lolcat
lolcat: command not found
```
Search for more packages on search.nixos.org to try them out.
Free up storage space:
```
$ nix-collect-garbage
```

Installation

This section describes how to install and configure Nix for first-time use.

The current recommended option on Linux and MacOS is multi-user.

Multi-user

This installation offers better sharing, improved isolation, and more security over a single user installation.

This option requires either:

Linux running systemd, with SELinux disabled
MacOS

Updating to macOS 15 Sequoia

If you recently updated to macOS 15 Sequoia and are getting
error: the user '_nixbld1' in the group 'nixbld' does not exist
when running Nix commands, refer to GitHub issue NixOS/nix#10892 for instructions to fix your installation without reinstalling.

$ bash <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon

Single-user

Single-user is not supported on Mac.

This installation has less requirements than the multi-user install, however it cannot offer equivalent sharing, isolation, or security.

This option is suitable for systems without systemd.

$ bash <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --no-daemon

Distributions

The Nix community maintains installers for several distributions.

They can be found in the nix-community/nix-installers repository.

Supported Platforms

Nix is currently supported on the following platforms:

Linux (i686, x86_64, aarch64).
macOS (x86_64, aarch64).

Installing a Binary Distribution

Updating to macOS 15 Sequoia

If you recently updated to macOS 15 Sequoia and are getting
error: the user '_nixbld1' in the group 'nixbld' does not exist
when running Nix commands, refer to GitHub issue NixOS/nix#10892 for instructions to fix your installation without reinstalling.

To install the latest version Nix, run the following command:

$ curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh

This performs the default type of installation for your platform:

Multi-user:
- Linux with systemd and without SELinux
- macOS
Single-user:
- Linux without systemd
- Linux with SELinux

We recommend the multi-user installation if it supports your platform and you can authenticate with sudo.

The installer can configured with various command line arguments and environment variables. To show available command line flags:

$ curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh -s -- --help

To check what it does and how it can be customised further, download and edit the second-stage installation script.

Installing a pinned Nix version from a URL

Version-specific installation URLs for all Nix versions since 1.11.16 can be found at releases.nixos.org. The directory for each version contains the corresponding SHA-256 hash.

All installation scripts are invoked the same way:

$ export VERSION=2.19.2 
$ curl -L https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-$VERSION/install | sh

Multi User Installation

The multi-user Nix installation creates system users and a system service for the Nix daemon.

Supported systems:

Linux running systemd, with SELinux disabled
macOS

To explicitly instruct the installer to perform a multi-user installation on your system:

$ bash <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon

You can run this under your usual user account or root. The script will invoke sudo as needed.

Single User Installation

To explicitly select a single-user installation on your system:

$ bash <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --no-daemon

In a single-user installation, /nix is owned by the invoking user. The script will invoke sudo to create /nix if it doesn’t already exist. If you don’t have sudo, manually create /nix as root:

$ su root
# mkdir /nix
# chown alice /nix

Installing from a binary tarball

You can also download a binary tarball that contains Nix and all its dependencies:

Choose a version and system type
Download and unpack the tarball
Run the installer

Example

$ pushd $(mktemp -d)
$ export VERSION=2.19.2
$ export SYSTEM=x86_64-linux
$ curl -LO https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-$VERSION/nix-$VERSION-$SYSTEM.tar.xz
$ tar xfj nix-$VERSION-$SYSTEM.tar.xz
$ cd nix-$VERSION-$SYSTEM
$ ./install
$ popd

The installer can be customised with the environment variables declared in the file named install-multi-user.

Native packages for Linux distributions

The Nix community maintains installers for some Linux distributions in their native packaging format(https://nix-community.github.io/nix-installers/).

macOS Installation

We believe we have ironed out how to cleanly support the read-only root file system on modern macOS. New installs will do this automatically.

This section previously detailed the situation, options, and trade-offs, but it now only outlines what the installer does. You don't need to know this to run the installer, but it may help if you run into trouble:

create a new APFS volume for your Nix store
update /etc/synthetic.conf to direct macOS to create a "synthetic" empty root directory to mount your volume
specify mount options for the volume in /etc/fstab
- rw: read-write
- noauto: prevent the system from auto-mounting the volume (so the LaunchDaemon mentioned below can control mounting it, and to avoid masking problems with that mounting service).
- nobrowse: prevent the Nix Store volume from showing up on your desktop; also keeps Spotlight from spending resources to index this volume
if you have FileVault enabled
- generate an encryption password
- put it in your system Keychain
- use it to encrypt the volume
create a system LaunchDaemon to mount this volume early enough in the boot process to avoid problems loading or restoring any programs that need access to your Nix store

Installing Nix from Source

If no binary package is available or if you want to hack on Nix, you can build Nix from its Git repository.

Prerequisites

GNU Autoconf (https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/) and the autoconf-archive macro collection (https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf-archive/). These are needed to run the bootstrap script.
GNU Make.
Bash Shell. The ./configure script relies on bashisms, so Bash is required.
A version of GCC or Clang that supports C++20.
pkg-config to locate dependencies. If your distribution does not provide it, you can get it from http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config.
The OpenSSL library to calculate cryptographic hashes. If your distribution does not provide it, you can get it from https://www.openssl.org.
The libbrotlienc and libbrotlidec libraries to provide implementation of the Brotli compression algorithm. They are available for download from the official repository https://github.com/google/brotli.
cURL and its library. If your distribution does not provide it, you can get it from https://curl.haxx.se/.
The SQLite embedded database library, version 3.6.19 or higher. If your distribution does not provide it, please install it from http://www.sqlite.org/.
The Boehm garbage collector (bdw-gc) to reduce the evaluator’s memory consumption (optional).

To enable it, install pkgconfig and the Boehm garbage collector, and pass the flag --enable-gc to configure.
The boost library of version 1.66.0 or higher. It can be obtained from the official web site https://www.boost.org/.
The editline library of version 1.14.0 or higher. It can be obtained from the its repository https://github.com/troglobit/editline.
The libsodium library for verifying cryptographic signatures of contents fetched from binary caches. It can be obtained from the official web site https://libsodium.org.
Recent versions of Bison and Flex to build the parser. (This is because Nix needs GLR support in Bison and reentrancy support in Flex.) For Bison, you need version 2.6, which can be obtained from the GNU FTP server. For Flex, you need version 2.5.35, which is available on SourceForge. Slightly older versions may also work, but ancient versions like the ubiquitous 2.5.4a won't.
The libseccomp is used to provide syscall filtering on Linux. This is an optional dependency and can be disabled passing a --disable-seccomp-sandboxing option to the configure script (Not recommended unless your system doesn't support libseccomp). To get the library, visit https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp.
On 64-bit x86 machines only, libcpuid library is used to determine which microarchitecture levels are supported (e.g., as whether to have x86_64-v2-linux among additional system types). The library is available from its homepage http://libcpuid.sourceforge.net. This is an optional dependency and can be disabled by providing a --disable-cpuid to the configure script.
Unless ./configure --disable-unit-tests is specified, GoogleTest (GTest) and RapidCheck are required, which are available at https://google.github.io/googletest/ and https://github.com/emil-e/rapidcheck respectively.

Obtaining the Source

The most recent sources of Nix can be obtained from its Git repository. For example, the following command will check out the latest revision into a directory called nix:

$ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nix

Likewise, specific releases can be obtained from the tags of the repository.

Building Nix from Source

After cloning Nix's Git repository, issue the following commands:

$ autoreconf -vfi
$ ./configure options...
$ make
$ make install

Nix requires GNU Make so you may need to invoke gmake instead.

The installation path can be specified by passing the --prefix=prefix to configure. The default installation directory is /usr/local. You can change this to any location you like. You must have write permission to the prefix path.

Nix keeps its store (the place where packages are stored) in /nix/store by default. This can be changed using --with-store-dir=path.

Warning

It is best not to change the Nix store from its default, since doing so makes it impossible to use pre-built binaries from the standard Nixpkgs channels — that is, all packages will need to be built from source.

Nix keeps state (such as its database and log files) in /nix/var by default. This can be changed using --localstatedir=path.

Using Nix within Docker

To run the latest stable release of Nix with Docker run the following command:

$ docker run -ti ghcr.io/nixos/nix
Unable to find image 'ghcr.io/nixos/nix:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from ghcr.io/nixos/nix
5843afab3874: Pull complete
b52bf13f109c: Pull complete
1e2415612aa3: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:27f6e7f60227e959ee7ece361f75d4844a40e1cc6878b6868fe30140420031ff
Status: Downloaded newer image for ghcr.io/nixos/nix:latest
35ca4ada6e96:/# nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.3.12
35ca4ada6e96:/# exit

What is included in Nix's Docker image?

The official Docker image is created using pkgs.dockerTools.buildLayeredImage (and not with Dockerfile as it is usual with Docker images). You can still base your custom Docker image on it as you would do with any other Docker image.

The Docker image is also not based on any other image and includes minimal set of runtime dependencies that are required to use Nix:

pkgs.nix
pkgs.bashInteractive
pkgs.coreutils-full
pkgs.gnutar
pkgs.gzip
pkgs.gnugrep
pkgs.which
pkgs.curl
pkgs.less
pkgs.wget
pkgs.man
pkgs.cacert.out
pkgs.findutils

Docker image with the latest development version of Nix

To get the latest image that was built by Hydra run the following command:

$ curl -L https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/master/dockerImage.x86_64-linux/latest/download/1 | docker load
$ docker run -ti nix:2.5pre20211105

You can also build a Docker image from source yourself:

$ nix build ./\#hydraJobs.dockerImage.x86_64-linux
$ docker load -i ./result/image.tar.gz
$ docker run -ti nix:2.5pre20211105

Security

Nix has two basic security models. First, it can be used in “single-user mode”, which is similar to what most other package management tools do: there is a single user (typically root) who performs all package management operations. All other users can then use the installed packages, but they cannot perform package management operations themselves.

Alternatively, you can configure Nix in “multi-user mode”. In this model, all users can perform package management operations — for instance, every user can install software without requiring root privileges. Nix ensures that this is secure. For instance, it’s not possible for one user to overwrite a package used by another user with a Trojan horse.

Single-User Mode

In single-user mode, all Nix operations that access the database in prefix/var/nix/db or modify the Nix store in prefix/store must be performed under the user ID that owns those directories. This is typically root. (If you install from RPM packages, that’s in fact the default ownership.) However, on single-user machines, it is often convenient to chown those directories to your normal user account so that you don’t have to su to root all the time.

Multi-User Mode

To allow a Nix store to be shared safely among multiple users, it is important that users are not able to run builders that modify the Nix store or database in arbitrary ways, or that interfere with builds started by other users. If they could do so, they could install a Trojan horse in some package and compromise the accounts of other users.

To prevent this, the Nix store and database are owned by some privileged user (usually root) and builders are executed under special user accounts (usually named nixbld1, nixbld2, etc.). When a unprivileged user runs a Nix command, actions that operate on the Nix store (such as builds) are forwarded to a Nix daemon running under the owner of the Nix store/database that performs the operation.

Note

Multi-user mode has one important limitation: only root and a set of trusted users specified in nix.conf can specify arbitrary binary caches. So while unprivileged users may install packages from arbitrary Nix expressions, they may not get pre-built binaries.

Setting up the build users

The build users are the special UIDs under which builds are performed. They should all be members of the build users group nixbld. This group should have no other members. The build users should not be members of any other group. On Linux, you can create the group and users as follows:

$ groupadd -r nixbld
$ for n in $(seq 1 10); do useradd -c "Nix build user $n" \
    -d /var/empty -g nixbld -G nixbld -M -N -r -s "$(which nologin)" \
    nixbld$n; done

This creates 10 build users. There can never be more concurrent builds than the number of build users, so you may want to increase this if you expect to do many builds at the same time.

Running the daemon

The Nix daemon should be started as follows (as root):

$ nix-daemon

You’ll want to put that line somewhere in your system’s boot scripts.

To let unprivileged users use the daemon, they should set the NIX_REMOTE environment variable to daemon. So you should put a line like

export NIX_REMOTE=daemon

into the users’ login scripts.

Restricting access

To limit which users can perform Nix operations, you can use the permissions on the directory /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket. For instance, if you want to restrict the use of Nix to the members of a group called nix-users, do

$ chgrp nix-users /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket
$ chmod ug=rwx,o= /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket

This way, users who are not in the nix-users group cannot connect to the Unix domain socket /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket, so they cannot perform Nix operations.

Environment Variables

To use Nix, some environment variables should be set. In particular, PATH should contain the directories prefix/bin and ~/.nix-profile/bin. The first directory contains the Nix tools themselves, while ~/.nix-profile is a symbolic link to the current user environment (an automatically generated package consisting of symlinks to installed packages). The simplest way to set the required environment variables is to include the file prefix/etc/profile.d/nix.sh in your ~/.profile (or similar), like this:

source prefix/etc/profile.d/nix.sh

`NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE`

If you need to specify a custom certificate bundle to account for an HTTPS-intercepting man in the middle proxy, you must specify the path to the certificate bundle in the environment variable NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE.

If you don't specify a NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE manually, Nix will install and use its own certificate bundle.

Set the environment variable and install Nix

$ export NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE=/etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt
$ curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install | sh

In the shell profile and rc files (for example, /etc/bashrc, /etc/zshrc), add the following line:

export NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE=/etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt

Note

You must not add the export and then do the install, as the Nix installer will detect the presence of Nix configuration, and abort.

If you use the Nix daemon, you should also add the following to /etc/nix/nix.conf:

ssl-cert-file = /etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt

Proxy Environment Variables

The Nix installer has special handling for these proxy-related environment variables: http_proxy, https_proxy, ftp_proxy, all_proxy, no_proxy, HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY, FTP_PROXY, ALL_PROXY, NO_PROXY.

If any of these variables are set when running the Nix installer, then the installer will create an override file at /etc/systemd/system/nix-daemon.service.d/override.conf so nix-daemon will use them.

Upgrading Nix

Note

These upgrade instructions apply where Nix was installed following the installation instructions in this manual.

Check which Nix version will be installed, for example from one of the release channels such as nixpkgs-unstable:

$ nix-shell -p nix -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable --run "nix --version"
nix (Nix) 2.18.1

Warning

Writing to the local store with a newer version of Nix, for example by building derivations with nix-build or nix-store --realise, may change the database schema! Reverting to an older version of Nix may therefore require purging the store database before it can be used.

Linux multi-user

$ sudo su
# nix-env --install --file '<nixpkgs>' --attr nix cacert -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable
# systemctl daemon-reload
# systemctl restart nix-daemon

macOS multi-user

$ sudo nix-env --install --file '<nixpkgs>' --attr nix cacert -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable
$ sudo launchctl remove org.nixos.nix-daemon
$ sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist

Single-user all platforms

$ nix-env --install --file '<nixpkgs>' --attr nix cacert -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable

Uninstalling Nix

Multi User

Removing a multi-user installation depends on the operating system.

Linux

If you are on Linux with systemd:

Remove the Nix daemon service:

sudo systemctl stop nix-daemon.service
sudo systemctl disable nix-daemon.socket nix-daemon.service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Remove files created by Nix:

sudo rm -rf /etc/nix /etc/profile.d/nix.sh /etc/tmpfiles.d/nix-daemon.conf /nix ~root/.nix-channels ~root/.nix-defexpr ~root/.nix-profile

Remove build users and their group:

for i in $(seq 1 32); do
  sudo userdel nixbld$i
done
sudo groupdel nixbld

There may also be references to Nix in

/etc/bash.bashrc
/etc/bashrc
/etc/profile
/etc/zsh/zshrc
/etc/zshrc

which you may remove.

macOS

Updating to macOS 15 Sequoia

If you recently updated to macOS 15 Sequoia and are getting
error: the user '_nixbld1' in the group 'nixbld' does not exist
when running Nix commands, refer to GitHub issue NixOS/nix#10892 for instructions to fix your installation without reinstalling.

If system-wide shell initialisation files haven't been altered since installing Nix, use the backups made by the installer:

sudo mv /etc/zshrc.backup-before-nix /etc/zshrc
sudo mv /etc/bashrc.backup-before-nix /etc/bashrc
sudo mv /etc/bash.bashrc.backup-before-nix /etc/bash.bashrc

Otherwise, edit /etc/zshrc, /etc/bashrc, and /etc/bash.bashrc to remove the lines sourcing nix-daemon.sh, which should look like this:

# Nix
if [ -e '/nix/var/nix/profiles/default/etc/profile.d/nix-daemon.sh' ]; then
  . '/nix/var/nix/profiles/default/etc/profile.d/nix-daemon.sh'
fi
# End Nix

Stop and remove the Nix daemon services:

sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.darwin-store.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.darwin-store.plist

This stops the Nix daemon and prevents it from being started next time you boot the system.

Remove the nixbld group and the _nixbuildN users:

sudo dscl . -delete /Groups/nixbld
for u in $(sudo dscl . -list /Users | grep _nixbld); do sudo dscl . -delete /Users/$u; done

This will remove all the build users that no longer serve a purpose.

Edit fstab using sudo vifs to remove the line mounting the Nix Store volume on /nix, which looks like
```
UUID=<uuid> /nix apfs rw,noauto,nobrowse,suid,owners
```
or
```
LABEL=Nix\040Store /nix apfs rw,nobrowse
```
by setting the cursor on the respective line using the error keys, and pressing dd, and then :wq to save the file.

This will prevent automatic mounting of the Nix Store volume.

Edit /etc/synthetic.conf to remove the nix line. If this is the only line in the file you can remove it entirely:

if [ -f /etc/synthetic.conf ]; then
  if [ "$(cat /etc/synthetic.conf)" = "nix" ]; then
    sudo rm /etc/synthetic.conf
  else
    sudo vi /etc/synthetic.conf
  fi
fi

This will prevent the creation of the empty /nix directory.

Remove the files Nix added to your system, except for the store:

sudo rm -rf /etc/nix /var/root/.nix-profile /var/root/.nix-defexpr /var/root/.nix-channels ~/.nix-profile ~/.nix-defexpr ~/.nix-channels

Remove the Nix Store volume:
```
sudo diskutil apfs deleteVolume /nix
```
This will remove the Nix Store volume and everything that was added to the store.

If the output indicates that the command couldn't remove the volume, you should make sure you don't have an unmounted Nix Store volume. Look for a "Nix Store" volume in the output of the following command:
```
diskutil list
```
If you do find a "Nix Store" volume, delete it by running diskutil deleteVolume with the store volume's diskXsY identifier.

Note

After you complete the steps here, you will still have an empty /nix directory. This is an expected sign of a successful uninstall. The empty /nix directory will disappear the next time you reboot.

You do not have to reboot to finish uninstalling Nix. The uninstall is complete. macOS (Catalina+) directly controls root directories, and its read-only root will prevent you from manually deleting the empty /nix mountpoint.

Single User

To remove a single-user installation of Nix, run:

$ rm -rf /nix ~/.nix-channels ~/.nix-defexpr ~/.nix-profile

You might also want to manually remove references to Nix from your ~/.profile.

Nix Store

The Nix store is an abstraction to store immutable file system data (such as software packages) that can have dependencies on other such data.

There are multiple types of Nix stores with different capabilities, such as the default one on the local filesystem (/nix/store) or binary caches.

File System Object

Nix uses a simplified model of the file system, which consists of file system objects. Every file system object is one of the following:

File
- A possibly empty sequence of bytes for contents
- A single boolean representing the executable permission
Directory

Mapping of names to child file system objects
Symbolic link

An arbitrary string. Nix does not assign any semantics to symbolic links.

File system objects and their children form a tree. A bare file or symlink can be a root file system object.

Nix does not encode any other file system notions such as hard links, permissions, timestamps, or other metadata.

Examples of file system objects

A plain file:

50 B, executable: false

An executable file:

122 KB, executable: true

A symlink:

-> /usr/bin/sh

A directory with contents:

├── bin
│   └── hello: 35 KB, executable: true
└── share
    ├── info
    │   └── hello.info: 36 KB, executable: false
    └── man
        └── man1
            └── hello.1.gz: 790 B, executable: false

A directory that contains a symlink and other directories:

├── bin -> share/go/bin
├── nix-support/
└── share/

Content-Addressing File System Objects

For many operations, Nix needs to calculate a content addresses of a file system object. Usually this is needed as part of content addressing store objects, since store objects always have a root file system object. But some command-line utilities also just work on "raw" file system objects, not part of any store object.

Every content addressing scheme Nix uses ultimately involves feeding data into a hash function, and getting back an opaque fixed-size digest which is deemed a content address. The various methods of content addressing thus differ in how abstract data (in this case, a file system object and its descendents) are fed into the hash function.

Serialising File System Objects

The simplest method is to serialise the entire file system object tree into a single binary string, and then hash that binary string, yielding the content address. In this section we describe the currently-supported methods of serialising file system objects.

Flat

A single file object can just be hashed by its contents. This is not enough information to encode the fact that the file system object is a file, but if we already know that the FSO is a single non-executable file by other means, it is sufficient.

Because the hashed data is just the raw file, as is, this choice is good for compatibility with other systems. For example, Unix commands like sha256sum or sha1sum will produce hashes for single files that match this.

Nix Archive (NAR)

For the other cases of file system objects, especially directories with arbitrary descendents, we need a more complex serialisation format. Examples of such serialisations are the ZIP and TAR file formats. However, for our purposes these formats have two problems:

They do not have a canonical serialisation, meaning that given an FSO, there can be many different serialisations. For instance, TAR files can have variable amounts of padding between archive members; and some archive formats leave the order of directory entries undefined. This would be bad because we use serialisation to compute cryptographic hashes over file system objects, and for those hashes to be useful as a content address or for integrity checking, uniqueness is crucial. Otherwise, correct hashes would report false mismatches, and the store would fail to find the content.
They store more information than we have in our notion of FSOs, such as time stamps. This can cause FSOs that Nix should consider equal to hash to different values on different machines, just because the dates differ.
As a practical consideration, the TAR format is the only truly universal format in the Unix environment. It has many problems, such as an inability to deal with long file names and files larger than 2^33 bytes. Current implementations such as GNU Tar work around these limitations in various ways.

For these reasons, Nix has its very own archive format—the Nix Archive (NAR) format, which is carefully designed to avoid the problems described above.

The exact specification of the Nix Archive format is in protocols/nix-archive.md

Content addressing File System Objects beyond a single serialisation pass

Serialising the entire tree and then hashing that binary string is not the only option for content addressing, however. Another technique is that of a Merkle graph, where previously computed hashes are included in subsequent byte strings to be hashed.

In particular, the Merkle graphs can match the original graph structure of file system objects: we can first hash (serialised) child file system objects, and then hash parent objects using the hashes of their children in the serialisation (to be hashed) of the parent file system objects.

Currently, there is one such Merkle DAG content addressing method supported.

Git (experimental)

Warning

This method is part of the git-hashing experimental feature.

Git's file system model is very close to Nix's, and so Git's content addressing method is a pretty good fit. Just as with regular Git, files and symlinks are hashed as git "blobs", and directories are hashed as git "trees".

However, one difference between Nix's and Git's file system model needs special treatment. Plain files, executable files, and symlinks are not differentiated as distinctly addressable objects, but by their context: by the directory entry that refers to them. That means so long as the root object is a directory, there is no problem: every non-directory object is owned by a parent directory, and the entry that refers to it provides the missing information. However, if the root object is not a directory, then we have no way of knowing which one of an executable file, non-executable file, or symlink it is supposed to be.

In response to this, we have decided to treat a bare file as non-executable file. This is similar to do what we do with flat serialisation, which also lacks this information. To avoid an address collision, attempts to hash a bare executable file or symlink will result in an error (just as would happen for flat serialisation also). Thus, Git can encode some, but not all of Nix's "File System Objects", and this sort of content-addressing is likewise partial.

In the future, we may support a Git-like hash for such file system objects, or we may adopt another Merkle DAG format which is capable of representing all Nix file system objects.

Store Object

A Nix store is a collection of store objects with references between them. A store object consists of

A file system object as data
A set of store paths as references to other store objects

Store objects are immutable: Once created, they do not change until they are deleted.

Content-Addressing Store Objects

Just like File System Objects, Store Objects can also be content-addressed, unless they are input-addressed.

For store objects, the content address we produce will take the form of a Store Path rather than regular hash. In particular, the content-addressing scheme will ensure that the digest of the store path is solely computed from the

file system object graph (the root one and its children, if it has any)
references
store directory
name

of the store object, and not any other information, which would not be an intrinsic property of that store object.

For the full specification of the algorithms involved, see the specification of store path digests.

Content addressing each part of a store object

File System Objects

With all currently supported store object content addressing methods, the file system object is always content-addressed first, and then that hash is incorporated into content address computation for the store object.

References

With all currently supported store object content addressing methods, other objects are referred to by their regular (string-encoded-) store paths.

Self-references however cannot be referred to by their path, because we are in the midst of describing how to compute that path!

The alternative would require finding as hash function fixed point, i.e. the solution to an equation in the form
digest = hash(..... || digest || ....)
which is computationally infeasible. As far as we know, this is equivalent to finding a hash collision.

Instead we just have a "has self reference" boolean, which will end up affecting the digest.

Name and Store Directory

These two items affect the digest in a way that is standard for store path digest computations and not specific to content-addressing. Consult the specification of store path digests for further details.

Content addressing Methods

For historical reasons, we don't support all features in all combinations. Each currently supported method of content addressing chooses a single method of file system object hashing, and may offer some restrictions on references. The names and store directories are unrestricted however.

Flat

This uses the corresponding Flat method of file system object content addressing.

References are not supported: store objects with flat hashing and references can not be created.

Text

This also uses the corresponding Flat method of file system object content addressing.

References to other store objects are supported, but self references are not.

This is the only store-object content-addressing method that is not named identically with a corresponding file system object method. It is somewhat obscure, mainly used for "drv files" (derivations serialized as store objects in their "ATerm" file format). Prefer another method if possible.

Nix Archive

This uses the corresponding Nix Archive method of file system object content addressing.

References (to other store objects and self references alike) are supported so long as the hash algorithm is SHA-256, but not (neither kind) otherwise.

Git

Warning

This method is part of the git-hashing experimental feature.

This uses the corresponding Git method of file system object content addressing.

References are not supported.

Only SHA-1 is supported at this time. If SHA-256-based Git becomes more widespread, this restriction will be revisited.

Store Path

Example

/nix/store/a040m110amc4h71lds2jmr8qrkj2jhxd-git-2.38.1

A rendered store path

Nix implements references to store objects as store paths.

Think of a store path as an opaque, unique identifier: The only way to obtain store path is by adding or building store objects. A store path will always reference exactly one store object.

Store paths are pairs of

A 20-byte digest for identification
A symbolic name for people to read

Example

Digest: b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1vfhh54ad73z

Name: firefox-33.1

To make store objects accessible to operating system processes, stores have to expose store objects through the file system.

A store path is rendered to a file system path as the concatenation of

Store directory (typically /nix/store)
Path separator (/)
Digest rendered in a custom variant of Base32 (20 arbitrary bytes become 32 ASCII characters)
Hyphen (-)
Name

Example

  /nix/store/b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1vfhh54ad73z-firefox-33.1
  |--------| |------------------------------| |----------|
store directory            digest                 name

Exactly how the digest is calculated depends on the type of store path. Store path digests are supposed to be opaque, and so for most operations, it is not necessary to know the details. That said, the manual has a full specification of store path digests.

Store Directory

Every Nix store has a store directory.

Not every store can be accessed through the file system. But if the store has a file system representation, the store directory contains the store’s file system objects, which can be addressed by store paths.

This means a store path is not just derived from the referenced store object itself, but depends on the store that the store object is in.

Note

The store directory defaults to /nix/store, but is in principle arbitrary.

It is important which store a given store object belongs to: Files in the store object can contain store paths, and processes may read these paths. Nix can only guarantee referential integrity if store paths do not cross store boundaries.

Therefore one can only copy store objects to a different store if

The source and target stores' directories match

or
The store object in question has no references, that is, contains no store paths

One cannot copy a store object to a store with a different store directory. Instead, it has to be rebuilt, together with all its dependencies. It is in general not enough to replace the store directory string in file contents, as this may render executables unusable by invalidating their internal offsets or checksums.

Nix supports different types of stores:

Store URL format

Stores are specified using a URL-like syntax. For example, the command

# nix path-info --store https://cache.nixos.org/ --json \
  /nix/store/a7gvj343m05j2s32xcnwr35v31ynlypr-coreutils-9.1

fetches information about a store path in the HTTP binary cache located at https://cache.nixos.org/, which is a type of store.

Store URLs can specify store settings using URL query strings, i.e. by appending ?name1=value1&name2=value2&... to the URL. For instance,

--store ssh://machine.example.org?ssh-key=/path/to/my/key

tells Nix to access the store on a remote machine via the SSH protocol, using /path/to/my/key as the SSH private key. The supported settings for each store type are documented below.

The special store URL auto causes Nix to automatically select a store as follows:

Use the local store /nix/store if /nix/var/nix is writable by the current user.
Otherwise, if /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket exists, connect to the Nix daemon listening on that socket.
Otherwise, on Linux only, use the local chroot store ~/.local/share/nix/root, which will be created automatically if it does not exist.
Otherwise, use the local store /nix/store.

Dummy Store

Store URL format: dummy://

This store type represents a store that contains no store paths and cannot be written to. It's useful when you want to use the Nix evaluator when no actual Nix store exists, e.g.

# nix eval --store dummy:// --expr '1 + 2'

Settings

path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental Local Overlay Store

Warning

This store is part of an experimental feature.

To use this store, make sure the local-overlay-store experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = local-overlay-store

Store URL format: local-overlay

This store type is a variation of the [local store] designed to leverage Linux's Overlay Filesystem (OverlayFS for short). Just as OverlayFS combines a lower and upper filesystem by treating the upper one as a patch against the lower, the local overlay store combines a lower store with an upper almost-[local store]. ("almost" because while the upper fileystems for OverlayFS is valid on its own, the upper almost-store is not a valid local store on its own because some references will dangle.) To use this store, you will first need to configure an OverlayFS mountpoint appropriately as Nix will not do this for you (though it will verify the mountpoint is configured correctly).

Conceptual parts of a local overlay store

This is a more abstract/conceptual description of the parts of a layered store, an authoritative reference. For more "practical" instructions, see the worked-out example in the next subsection.

The parts of a local overlay store are as follows:

Lower store:

Specified with the lower-store setting.

This is any store implementation that includes a store directory as part of the native operating system filesystem. For example, this could be a [local store], [local daemon store], or even another local overlay store.

The local overlay store never tries to modify the lower store in any way. Something else could modify the lower store, but there are restrictions on this Nix itself requires that this store only grow, and not change in other ways. For example, new store objects can be added, but deleting or modifying store objects is not allowed in general, because that will confuse and corrupt any local overlay store using those objects. (In addition, the underlying filesystem overlay mechanism may impose additional restrictions, see below.)

The lower store must not change while it is mounted as part of an overlay store. To ensure it does not, you might want to mount the store directory read-only (which then requires the [read-only] parameter to be set to true).
- Lower store directory:
  
  Specified with lower-store.real setting.
  
  This is the directory used/exposed by the lower store.
  
  As specified above, Nix requires the local store can only grow not change in other ways. Linux's OverlayFS in addition imposes the further requirement that this directory cannot change at all. That means that, while any local overlay store exists that is using this store as a lower store, this directory must not change.
- Lower metadata source:
  
  Not directly specified. A consequence of the lower-store setting, depending on the type of lower store chosen.
  
  This is abstract, just some way to read the metadata of lower store store objects. For example it could be a SQLite database (for the [local store]), or a socket connection (for the [local daemon store]).
  
  This need not be writable. As stated above a local overlay store never tries to modify its lower store. The lower store's metadata is considered part of the lower store, just as the store's file system objects that appear in the store directory are.
Upper almost-store:

Not directly specified. Instead the constituent parts are independently specified as described below.

This is almost but not quite just a [local store]. That is because taken in isolation, not as part of a local overlay store, by itself, it would appear corrupted. But combined with everything else as part of an overlay local store, it is valid.
- Upper layer directory:
  
  Specified with upper-layer setting.
  
  This contains additional store objects (or, strictly speaking, their file system objects that the local overlay store will extend the lower store with).
- Upper store directory:
  
  Specified with the real setting. This the same as the base local store setting, and can also be indirectly specified with the root setting.
  
  This contains all the store objects from each of the two directories.
  
  The lower store directory and upper layer directory are combined via OverlayFS to create this directory. Nix doesn't do this itself, because it typically wouldn't have the permissions to do so, so it is the responsibility of the user to set this up first. Nix can, however, optionally check that that the OverlayFS mount settings appear as expected, matching Nix's own settings.
- Upper SQLite database:
  
  Not directly specified. The location of the database instead depends on the state setting. It is is always ${state}/db.
  
  This contains the metadata of all of the upper layer store objects (everything beyond their file system objects), and also duplicate copies of some lower layer store object's metadta. The duplication is so the metadata for the closure of upper layer store objects can be found entirely within the upper layer. (This allows us to use the same SQL Schema as the [local store]'s SQLite database, as foreign keys in that schema enforce closure metadata to be self-contained in this way.)

Example filesystem layout

Here is a worked out example of usage, following the concepts in the previous section.

Say we have the following paths:

/mnt/example/merged-store/nix/store
/mnt/example/store-a/nix/store
/mnt/example/store-b

Then the following store URI can be used to access a local-overlay store at /mnt/example/merged-store:

local-overlay://?root=/mnt/example/merged-store&lower-store=/mnt/example/store-a&upper-layer=/mnt/example/store-b

The lower store directory is located at /mnt/example/store-a/nix/store, while the upper layer is at /mnt/example/store-b.

Before accessing the overlay store you will need to ensure the OverlayFS mount is set up correctly:

mount -t overlay overlay \
  -o lowerdir="/mnt/example/store-a/nix/store" \
  -o upperdir="/mnt/example/store-b" \
  -o workdir="/mnt/example/workdir" \
  "/mnt/example/merged-store/nix/store"

Note that OverlayFS requires /mnt/example/workdir to be on the same volume as the upperdir.

By default, Nix will check that the mountpoint as been set up correctly and fail with an error if it has not. You can override this behaviour by passing check-mount=false if you need to.

Settings

check-mount

Check that the overlay filesystem is correctly mounted.

Nix does not manage the overlayfs mount point itself, but the correct functioning of the overlay store does depend on this mount point being set up correctly. Rather than just assume this is the case, check that the lowerdir and upperdir options are what we expect them to be. This check is on by default, but can be disabled if needed.

Default: true
log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
lower-store

Store URL for the lower store. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Must be a store with a store dir on the file system. Must be used as OverlayFS lower layer for this store's store dir.

Default: empty
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
read-only

Allow this store to be opened when its database is on a read-only filesystem.

Normally Nix will attempt to open the store database in read-write mode, even for querying (when write access is not needed), causing it to fail if the database is on a read-only filesystem.

Enable read-only mode to disable locking and open the SQLite database with the immutable parameter set.

Warning Do not use this unless the filesystem is read-only.

Using it when the filesystem is writable can cause incorrect query results or corruption errors if the database is changed by another process. While the filesystem the database resides on might appear to be read-only, consider whether another user or system might have write access to it.

Default: false
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
remount-hook

Script or other executable to run when overlay filesystem needs remounting.

This is occasionally necessary when deleting a store path that exists in both upper and lower layers. In such a situation, bypassing OverlayFS and deleting the path in the upper layer directly is the only way to perform the deletion without creating a "whiteout". However this causes the OverlayFS kernel data structures to get out-of-sync, and can lead to 'stale file handle' errors; remounting solves the problem.

The store directory is passed as an argument to the invoked executable.

Default: empty
require-sigs

Whether store paths copied into this store should have a trusted signature.

Default: true
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
upper-layer

Directory containing the OverlayFS upper layer for this store's store dir.

Default: empty
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental SSH Store

Store URL format: ssh-ng://[username@]hostname

Experimental store type that allows full access to a Nix store on a remote machine.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
remote-program

Path to the nix-daemon executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-daemon
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental SSH Store with filesystem mounted

Warning

This store is part of an experimental feature.

To use this store, make sure the mounted-ssh-store experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = mounted-ssh-store

Store URL format: mounted-ssh-ng://[username@]hostname

Experimental store type that allows full access to a Nix store on a remote machine, and additionally requires that store be mounted in the local file system.

The mounting of that store is not managed by Nix, and must by managed manually. It could be accomplished with SSHFS or NFS, for example.

The local file system is used to optimize certain operations. For example, rather than serializing Nix archives and sending over the Nix channel, we can directly access the file system data via the mount-point.

The local file system is also used to make certain operations possible that wouldn't otherwise be. For example, persistent GC roots can be created if they reside on the same file system as the remote store: the remote side will create the symlinks necessary to avoid race conditions.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
remote-program

Path to the nix-daemon executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-daemon
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

HTTP Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: http://..., https://...

This store allows a binary cache to be accessed via the HTTP protocol.

Settings

compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

Local Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: file://path

This store allows reading and writing a binary cache stored in path in the local filesystem. If path does not exist, it will be created.

For example, the following builds or downloads nixpkgs#hello into the local store and then copies it to the binary cache in /tmp/binary-cache:

# nix copy --to file:///tmp/binary-cache nixpkgs#hello

Settings

compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

Local Daemon Store

Store URL format: daemon, unix://path

This store type accesses a Nix store by talking to a Nix daemon listening on the Unix domain socket path. The store pseudo-URL daemon is equivalent to unix:///nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket.

Settings

log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Local Store

Store URL format: local, root

This store type accesses a Nix store in the local filesystem directly (i.e. not via the Nix daemon). root is an absolute path that is prefixed to other directories such as the Nix store directory. The store pseudo-URL local denotes a store that uses / as its root directory.

A store that uses a root other than / is called a chroot store. With such stores, the store directory is "logically" still /nix/store, so programs stored in them can only be built and executed by chroot-ing into root. Chroot stores only support building and running on Linux when mount namespaces and user namespaces are enabled.

For example, the following uses /tmp/root as the chroot environment to build or download nixpkgs#hello and then execute it:

# nix run --store /tmp/root nixpkgs#hello
Hello, world!

Here, the "physical" store location is /tmp/root/nix/store, and Nix's store metadata is in /tmp/root/nix/var/nix/db.

It is also possible, but not recommended, to change the "logical" location of the Nix store from its default of /nix/store. This makes it impossible to use default substituters such as https://cache.nixos.org/, and thus you may have to build everything locally. Here is an example:

# nix build --store 'local?store=/tmp/my-nix/store&state=/tmp/my-nix/state&log=/tmp/my-nix/log' nixpkgs#hello

Settings

log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
read-only

Allow this store to be opened when its database is on a read-only filesystem.

Normally Nix will attempt to open the store database in read-write mode, even for querying (when write access is not needed), causing it to fail if the database is on a read-only filesystem.

Enable read-only mode to disable locking and open the SQLite database with the immutable parameter set.

Warning Do not use this unless the filesystem is read-only.

Using it when the filesystem is writable can cause incorrect query results or corruption errors if the database is changed by another process. While the filesystem the database resides on might appear to be read-only, consider whether another user or system might have write access to it.

Default: false
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
require-sigs

Whether store paths copied into this store should have a trusted signature.

Default: true
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

S3 Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: s3://bucket-name

This store allows reading and writing a binary cache stored in an AWS S3 (or S3-compatible service) bucket. This store shares many idioms with the HTTP Binary Cache Store.

For AWS S3, the binary cache URL for a bucket named example-nix-cache will be exactly s3://example-nix-cache. For S3 compatible binary caches, consult that cache's documentation.

Anonymous reads to your S3-compatible binary cache

If your binary cache is publicly accessible and does not require authentication, it is simplest to use the [HTTP Binary Cache Store] rather than S3 Binary Cache Store with https://example-nix-cache.s3.amazonaws.com instead of s3://example-nix-cache.

Your bucket will need a bucket policy like the following to be accessible:

{
    "Id": "DirectReads",
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Sid": "AllowDirectReads",
            "Action": [
                "s3:GetObject",
                "s3:GetBucketLocation"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
                "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
            ],
            "Principal": "*"
        }
    ]
}

Authentication

Nix will use the default credential provider chain for authenticating requests to Amazon S3.

Note that this means Nix will read environment variables and files with different idioms than with Nix's own settings, as implemented by the AWS SDK. Consult the documentation linked above for further details.

Authenticated reads to your S3 binary cache

Your bucket will need a bucket policy allowing the desired users to perform the s3:GetObject and s3:GetBucketLocation action on all objects in the bucket. The anonymous policy given above can be updated to have a restricted Principal to support this.

Authenticated writes to your S3-compatible binary cache

Your account will need an IAM policy to support uploading to the bucket:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "UploadToCache",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:AbortMultipartUpload",
        "s3:GetBucketLocation",
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket",
        "s3:ListBucketMultipartUploads",
        "s3:ListMultipartUploadParts",
        "s3:PutObject"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
        "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Examples

With bucket policies and authentication set up as described above, uploading works via nix copy (experimental).

To upload with a specific credential profile for Amazon S3:

$ nix copy nixpkgs.hello \
  --to 's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&region=eu-west-2'

To upload to an S3-compatible binary cache:

$ nix copy nixpkgs.hello --to \
  's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&scheme=https&endpoint=minio.example.com'

Settings

buffer-size

Size (in bytes) of each part in multi-part uploads.

Default: 5242880
compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
endpoint

The URL of the endpoint of an S3-compatible service such as MinIO. Do not specify this setting if you're using Amazon S3.

Note

This endpoint must support HTTPS and will use path-based addressing instead of virtual host based addressing.

Default: empty
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
log-compression

Compression method for log/* files. It is recommended to use a compression method supported by most web browsers (e.g. brotli).

Default: empty
ls-compression

Compression method for .ls files.

Default: empty
multipart-upload

Whether to use multi-part uploads.

Default: false
narinfo-compression

Compression method for .narinfo files.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
profile

The name of the AWS configuration profile to use. By default Nix will use the default profile.

Default: empty
region

The region of the S3 bucket. If your bucket is not in us–east-1, you should always explicitly specify the region parameter.

Default: us-east-1
scheme

The scheme used for S3 requests, https (default) or http. This option allows you to disable HTTPS for binary caches which don't support it.

Note

HTTPS should be used if the cache might contain sensitive information.

Default: empty
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

SSH Store

Store URL format: ssh://[username@]hostname

This store type allows limited access to a remote store on another machine via SSH.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent SSH connections.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
remote-program

Path to the nix-store executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-store
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Nix Language

The Nix language is designed for conveniently creating and composing derivations – precise descriptions of how contents of existing files are used to derive new files.

Tip

These pages are written as a reference. If you are learning Nix, nix.dev has a good introduction to the Nix language.

The language is:

domain-specific

It comes with built-in functions to integrate with the Nix store, which manages files and performs the derivations declared in the Nix language.
declarative

There is no notion of executing sequential steps. Dependencies between operations are established only through data.
pure

Values cannot change during computation. Functions always produce the same output if their input does not change.
functional

Functions are like any other value. Functions can be assigned to names, taken as arguments, or returned by functions.
lazy

Values are only computed when they are needed.
dynamically typed

Type errors are only detected when expressions are evaluated.

Overview

This is an incomplete overview of language features, by example.

Example	Description
Basic values (primitives)
`"hello world"`	A string
`'' multi line string ''`	A multi-line string. Strips common prefixed whitespace. Evaluates to `"multi\n line\n string"`.
`# Explanation`	A comment.
`"hello ${ { a = "world"; }.a }"` `"1 2 ${toString 3}"` `"${pkgs.bash}/bin/sh"`	String interpolation (expands to `"hello world"`, `"1 2 3"`, `"/nix/store/<hash>-bash-<version>/bin/sh"`)
`true`, `false`	Booleans
`null`	Null value
`123`	An integer
`3.141`	A floating point number
`/etc`	An absolute path
`./foo.png`	A path relative to the file containing this Nix expression
`~/.config`	A home path. Evaluates to the `"<user's home directory>/.config"`.
`<nixpkgs>`	A lookup path for Nix files. Value determined by `$NIX_PATH` environment variable.
Compound values
`{ x = 1; y = 2; }`	An attribute set with attributes named `x` and `y`
`{ foo.bar = 1; }`	A nested set, equivalent to `{ foo = { bar = 1; }; }`
`rec { x = "foo"; y = x + "bar"; }`	A recursive set, equivalent to `{ x = "foo"; y = "foobar"; }`.
`[ "foo" "bar" "baz" ]` `[ 1 2 3 ]` `[ (f 1) { a = 1; b = 2; } [ "c" ] ]`	Lists with three elements.
Operators
`"foo" + "bar"`	String concatenation
`1 + 2`	Integer addition
`"foo" == "f" + "oo"`	Equality test (evaluates to `true`)
`"foo" != "bar"`	Inequality test (evaluates to `true`)
`!true`	Boolean negation
`{ x = 1; y = 2; }.x`	Attribute selection (evaluates to `1`)
`{ x = 1; y = 2; }.z or 3`	Attribute selection with default (evaluates to `3`)
`{ x = 1; y = 2; } // { z = 3; }`	Merge two sets (attributes in the right-hand set taking precedence)
Control structures
`if 1 + 1 == 2 then "yes!" else "no!"`	Conditional expression.
`assert 1 + 1 == 2; "yes!"`	Assertion check (evaluates to `"yes!"`).
`let x = "foo"; y = "bar"; in x + y`	Variable definition. See `let`-expressions.
`with builtins; head [ 1 2 3 ]`	Add all attributes from the given set to the scope (evaluates to `1`). See `with`-expressions for details and shadowing caveats.
`inherit pkgs src;`	Adds the variables to the current scope (attribute set or `let` binding). Desugars to `pkgs = pkgs; src = src;`. See Inheriting attributes.
`inherit (pkgs) lib stdenv;`	Adds the attributes, from the attribute set in parentheses, to the current scope (attribute set or `let` binding). Desugars to `lib = pkgs.lib; stdenv = pkgs.stdenv;`. See Inheriting attributes.
Functions (lambdas)
`x: x + 1`	A function that expects an integer and returns it increased by 1.
`x: y: x + y`	Curried function, equivalent to `x: (y: x + y)`. Can be used like a function that takes two arguments and returns their sum.
`(x: x + 1) 100`	A function call (evaluates to 101)
`let inc = x: x + 1; in inc (inc (inc 100))`	A function bound to a variable and subsequently called by name (evaluates to 103)
`{ x, y }: x + y`	A function that expects a set with required attributes `x` and `y` and concatenates them
`{ x, y ? "bar" }: x + y`	A function that expects a set with required attribute `x` and optional `y`, using `"bar"` as default value for `y`
`{ x, y, ... }: x + y`	A function that expects a set with required attributes `x` and `y` and ignores any other attributes
`{ x, y } @ args: x + y` `args @ { x, y }: x + y`	A function that expects a set with required attributes `x` and `y`, and binds the whole set to `args`
Built-in functions
`import ./foo.nix`	Load and return Nix expression in given file. See import.
`map (x: x + x) [ 1 2 3 ]`	Apply a function to every element of a list (evaluates to `[ 2 4 6 ]`). See `map`.

Data Types

Every value in the Nix language has one of the following types:

Primitives

Integer

An integer in the Nix language is a signed 64-bit integer.

Non-negative integers can be expressed as integer literals. Negative integers are created with the arithmetic negation operator. The function builtins.isInt can be used to determine if a value is an integer.

Float

A float in the Nix language is a 64-bit IEEE 754 floating-point number.

Most non-negative floats can be expressed as float literals. Negative floats are created with the arithmetic negation operator. The function builtins.isFloat can be used to determine if a value is a float.

Boolean

A boolean in the Nix language is one of true or false.

These values are available as attributes of builtins as builtins.true and builtins.false. The function builtins.isBool can be used to determine if a value is a boolean.

String

A string in the Nix language is an immutable, finite-length sequence of bytes, along with a string context. Nix does not assume or support working natively with character encodings.

String values without string context can be expressed as string literals. The function builtins.isString can be used to determine if a value is a string.

Path

A path in the Nix language is an immutable, finite-length sequence of bytes starting with /, representing a POSIX-style, canonical file system path. Path values are distinct from string values, even if they contain the same sequence of bytes. Operations that produce paths will simplify the result as the standard C function realpath would, except that there is no symbolic link resolution.

Paths are suitable for referring to local files, and are often preferable over strings.

Path values do not contain trailing or duplicate slashes, ., or ...
Relative path literals are automatically resolved relative to their base directory.
Tooling can recognize path literals and provide additional features, such as autocompletion, refactoring automation and jump-to-file.

A file is not required to exist at a given path in order for that path value to be valid, but a path that is converted to a string with string interpolation or string-and-path concatenation must resolve to a readable file or directory which will be copied into the Nix store. For instance, evaluating "${./foo.txt}" will cause foo.txt from the same directory to be copied into the Nix store and result in the string "/nix/store/<hash>-foo.txt". Operations such as import can also expect a path to resolve to a readable file or directory.

Note

The Nix language assumes that all input files will remain unchanged while evaluating a Nix expression. For example, assume you used a file path in an interpolated string during a nix repl session. Later in the same session, after having changed the file contents, evaluating the interpolated string with the file path again might not return a new store path, since Nix might not re-read the file contents. Use :r to reset the repl as needed.

Path values can be expressed as path literals. The function builtins.isPath can be used to determine if a value is a path.

Null

There is a single value of type null in the Nix language.

This value is available as an attribute on the builtins attribute set as builtins.null.

Compound values

Attribute set

An attribute set can be constructed with an attribute set literal. The function builtins.isAttrs can be used to determine if a value is an attribute set.

List

A list can be constructed with a list literal. The function builtins.isList can be used to determine if a value is a list.

Function

A function can be constructed with a function expression. The function builtins.isFunction can be used to determine if a value is a function.

External

An external value is an opaque value created by a Nix plugin. Such a value can be substituted in Nix expressions but only created and used by plugin code.

String context

Note

This is an advanced topic. The Nix language is designed to be used without the programmer consciously dealing with string contexts or even knowing what they are.

A string in the Nix language is not just a sequence of characters like strings in other languages. It is actually a pair of a sequence of characters and a string context. The string context is an (unordered) set of string context elements.

The purpose of string contexts is to collect non-string values attached to strings via string concatenation, string interpolation, and similar operations. The idea is that a user can combine together values to create a build instructions for derivations without manually keeping track of where they come from. Then the Nix language implicitly does that bookkeeping to efficiently obtain the closure of derivation inputs.

Note

String contexts are not explicitly manipulated in idiomatic Nix language code.

String context elements come in different forms:

deriving path

A string context element of this type is a deriving path. They can be either of type constant or output, which correspond to the types of deriving paths.
- Constant string context elements
  Example
  
  builtins.storePath creates a string with a single constant string context element:
```
builtins.getContext (builtins.storePath "/nix/store/wkhdf9jinag5750mqlax6z2zbwhqb76n-hello-2.10")
```
  evaluates to
```
{
  "/nix/store/wkhdf9jinag5750mqlax6z2zbwhqb76n-hello-2.10" = {
    path = true;
  };
}
```
- Output string context elements
  Example
  
  The behavior of string contexts are best demonstrated with a built-in function that is still experimental: builtins.outputOf. This example will not work with stable Nix!
```
builtins.getContext
  (builtins.outputOf
    (builtins.storePath "/nix/store/fvchh9cvcr7kdla6n860hshchsba305w-hello-2.12.drv")
    "out")
```
  evaluates to
```
{
  "/nix/store/fvchh9cvcr7kdla6n860hshchsba305w-hello-2.12.drv" = {
    outputs = [ "out" ];
  };
}
```
derivation deep

derivation deep is an advanced feature intended to be used with the exportReferencesGraph derivation attribute. A derivation deep string context element is a derivation path, and refers to both its outputs and the entire build closure of that derivation: all its outputs, all the other derivations the given derivation depends on, and all the outputs of those.
Example

The best way to illustrate derivation deep string contexts is with builtins.addDrvOutputDependencies. Take a regular constant string context element pointing to a derivation, and transform it into a "Derivation deep" string context element.
```
builtins.getContext
  (builtins.addDrvOutputDependencies
    (builtins.storePath "/nix/store/fvchh9cvcr7kdla6n860hshchsba305w-hello-2.12.drv"))
```
evaluates to
```
{
  "/nix/store/fvchh9cvcr7kdla6n860hshchsba305w-hello-2.12.drv" = {
    allOutputs = true;
  };
}
```

Inspecting string contexts

Most basically, builtins.hasContext will tell whether a string has a non-empty context.

When more granular information is needed, builtins.getContext can be used. It creates an attribute set representing the string context, which can be inspected as usual.

Clearing string contexts

buitins.unsafeDiscardStringContext will make a copy of a string, but with an empty string context. The returned string can be used in more ways, e.g. by operators that require the string context to be empty. The requirement to explicitly discard the string context in such use cases helps ensure that string context elements are not lost by mistake. The "unsafe" marker is only there to remind that Nix normally guarantees that dependencies are tracked, whereas the returned string has lost them.

Constructing string contexts

builtins.appendContext will create a copy of a string, but with additional string context elements. The context is specified explicitly by an attribute set in the format that builtins.hasContext produces. A string with arbitrary contexts can be made like this:

Create a string with the desired string context elements. (The contents of the string do not matter.)
Dump its context with builtins.getContext.
Combine it with a base string and repeated builtins.appendContext calls.

Language Constructs

This section covers syntax and semantics of the Nix language.

Basic Literals

String

Strings can be written in three ways.

The most common way is to enclose the string between double quotes, e.g., "foo bar". Strings can span multiple lines. The results of other expressions can be included into a string by enclosing them in ${ }, a feature known as string interpolation.

The following must be escaped to represent them within a string, by prefixing with a backslash (\):

Double quote (")
Example
```
"\""
```
"""
Backslash (\)
Example
```
"\\"
```
"\"
Dollar sign followed by an opening curly bracket (${) – "dollar-curly"
Example
```
"\${"
```
"${"

The newline, carriage return, and tab characters can be written as \n, \r and \t, respectively.

A "double-dollar-curly" ($${) can be written literally.

Example
"$${"
"$${"

String values are output on the terminal with Nix-specific escaping. Strings written to files will contain the characters encoded by the escaping.

The second way to write string literals is as an indented string, which is enclosed between pairs of double single-quotes (''), like so:

''
  This is the first line.
  This is the second line.
    This is the third line.
''

This kind of string literal intelligently strips indentation from the start of each line. To be precise, it strips from each line a number of spaces equal to the minimal indentation of the string as a whole (disregarding the indentation of empty lines). For instance, the first and second line are indented two spaces, while the third line is indented four spaces. Thus, two spaces are stripped from each line, so the resulting string is

"This is the first line.\nThis is the second line.\n  This is the third line.\n"

Note

Whitespace and newline following the opening '' is ignored if there is no non-whitespace text on the initial line.

Warning

Prefixed tab characters are not stripped.
Example

The following indented string is prefixed with tabs:

'' all: @echo hello ''
"\tall:\n\t\t@echo hello\n"

Indented strings support string interpolation.

The following must be escaped to represent them in an indented string:

$ is escaped by prefixing it with two single quotes ('')
Example
```
''
  ''$
''
```
```
"$\n"
```
'' is escaped by prefixing it with one single quote (')
Example
```
''
  '''
''
```
```
"''\n"
```

These special characters are escaped as follows:

Linefeed (\n): ''\n
Carriage return (\r): ''\r
Tab (\t): ''\t

''\ escapes any other character.

A "double-dollar-curly" ($${) can be written literally.

Example

''
  $${
''

"$\${\n"

Indented strings are primarily useful in that they allow multi-line string literals to follow the indentation of the enclosing Nix expression, and that less escaping is typically necessary for strings representing languages such as shell scripts and configuration files because '' is much less common than ". Example:

stdenv.mkDerivation {
  ...
  postInstall =
    ''
      mkdir $out/bin $out/etc
      cp foo $out/bin
      echo "Hello World" > $out/etc/foo.conf
      ${if enableBar then "cp bar $out/bin" else ""}
    '';
  ...
}

Finally, as a convenience, URIs as defined in appendix B of RFC 2396 can be written as is, without quotes. For instance, the string "http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2" can also be written as http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2.

Number

Numbers, which can be integers (like 123) or floating point (like 123.43 or .27e13).

See arithmetic and comparison operators for semantics.

Path

Paths can be expressed by path literals such as ./builder.sh.

A path literal must contain at least one slash to be recognised as such. For instance, builder.sh is not a path: it's parsed as an expression that selects the attribute sh from the variable builder.

Path literals are resolved relative to their base directory. Path literals may also refer to absolute paths by starting with a slash.

Note

Absolute paths make expressions less portable. In the case where a function translates a path literal into an absolute path string for a configuration file, it is recommended to write a string literal instead. This avoids some confusion about whether files at that location will be used during evaluation. It also avoids unintentional situations where some function might try to copy everything at the location into the store.

If the first component of a path is a ~, it is interpreted such that the rest of the path were relative to the user's home directory. For example, ~/foo would be equivalent to /home/edolstra/foo for a user whose home directory is /home/edolstra. Path literals that start with ~ are not allowed in pure evaluation.

Path literals can also include string interpolation, besides being interpolated into other expressions.

At least one slash (/) must appear before any interpolated expression for the result to be recognized as a path.

a.${foo}/b.${bar} is a syntactically valid number division operation. ./a.${foo}/b.${bar} is a path.

Lookup path literals such as <nixpkgs> also resolve to path values.

List

Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of values between square brackets. For example,

[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f { x = y; }) ]

defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call to the function f. Note that function calls have to be enclosed in parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,

[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f { x = y; } ]

the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a function and the fifth being a set.

Note that lists are only lazy in values, and they are strict in length.

Elements in a list can be accessed using builtins.elemAt.

Attribute Set

An attribute set is a collection of name-value-pairs called attributes.

Attribute sets are written enclosed in curly brackets ({ }). Attribute names and attribute values are separated by an equal sign (=). Each value can be an arbitrary expression, terminated by a semicolon (;)

An attribute name is a string without context, and is denoted by a name (an identifier or string literal).

Syntax

attrset → { { name = expr ; } }

Attributes can appear in any order. An attribute name may only occur once in each attribute set.

Example

This defines an attribute set with attributes named:

x with the value 123, an integer

text with the value "Hello", a string

y where the value is the result of applying the function f to the attribute set { bla = 456; }
{
  x = 123;
  text = "Hello";
  y = f { bla = 456; };
}

Attributes in nested attribute sets can be written using attribute paths.

Syntax

attrset → { { attrpath = expr ; } }

An attribute path is a dot-separated list of names.

Syntax

attrpath = name { . name }

Example

{ a.b.c = 1; a.b.d = 2; }

{
  a = {
    b = {
      c = 1;
      d = 2;
    };
  };
}

Attribute names can also be set implicitly by using the inherit keyword.

Example

{ inherit (builtins) true; }

{ true = true; }

Attributes can be accessed with the . operator.

Example:

{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a

This evaluates to "Foo".

It is possible to provide a default value in an attribute selection using the or keyword.

Example:

{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.c or "Xyzzy"

{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.c.d.e.f.g or "Xyzzy"

will both evaluate to "Xyzzy" because there is no c attribute in the set.

You can use arbitrary double-quoted strings as attribute names:

{ "$!@#?" = 123; }."$!@#?"

let bar = "bar"; in
{ "foo ${bar}" = 123; }."foo ${bar}"

Both will evaluate to 123.

Attribute names support string interpolation:

let bar = "foo"; in
{ foo = 123; }.${bar}

let bar = "foo"; in
{ ${bar} = 123; }.foo

Both will evaluate to 123.

In the special case where an attribute name inside of a set declaration evaluates to null (which is normally an error, as null cannot be coerced to a string), that attribute is simply not added to the set:

{ ${if foo then "bar" else null} = true; }

This will evaluate to {} if foo evaluates to false.

A set that has a __functor attribute whose value is callable (i.e. is itself a function or a set with a __functor attribute whose value is callable) can be applied as if it were a function, with the set itself passed in first , e.g.,

let add = { __functor = self: x: x + self.x; };
    inc = add // { x = 1; };
in inc 1

evaluates to 2. This can be used to attach metadata to a function without the caller needing to treat it specially, or to implement a form of object-oriented programming, for example.

Recursive sets

Recursive sets are like normal attribute sets, but the attributes can refer to each other.

rec-attrset = rec { [ name = expr ; ]... }

Example:

rec {
  x = y;
  y = 123;
}.x

This evaluates to 123.

Note that without rec the binding x = y; would refer to the variable y in the surrounding scope, if one exists, and would be invalid if no such variable exists. That is, in a normal (non-recursive) set, attributes are not added to the lexical scope; in a recursive set, they are.

Recursive sets of course introduce the danger of infinite recursion. For example, the expression

rec {
  x = y;
  y = x;
}.x

will crash with an infinite recursion encountered error message.

Let-expressions

A let-expression allows you to define local variables for an expression.

let-in = let [ identifier = expr ]... in expr

Example:

let
  x = "foo";
  y = "bar";
in x + y

This evaluates to "foobar".

Inheriting attributes

When defining an attribute set or in a let-expression it is often convenient to copy variables from the surrounding lexical scope (e.g., when you want to propagate attributes). This can be shortened using the inherit keyword.

Example:

let x = 123; in
{
  inherit x;
  y = 456;
}

is equivalent to

let x = 123; in
{
  x = x;
  y = 456;
}

and both evaluate to { x = 123; y = 456; }.

Note

This works because x is added to the lexical scope by the let construct.

It is also possible to inherit attributes from another attribute set.

Example:

In this fragment from all-packages.nix,

graphviz = (import ../tools/graphics/graphviz) {
  inherit fetchurl stdenv libpng libjpeg expat x11 yacc;
  inherit (xorg) libXaw;
};

xorg = {
  libX11 = ...;
  libXaw = ...;
  ...
}

libpng = ...;
libjpg = ...;
...

the set used in the function call to the function defined in ../tools/graphics/graphviz inherits a number of variables from the surrounding scope (fetchurl ... yacc), but also inherits libXaw (the X Athena Widgets) from the xorg set.

Summarizing the fragment

...
inherit x y z;
inherit (src-set) a b c;
...

is equivalent to

...
x = x; y = y; z = z;
a = src-set.a; b = src-set.b; c = src-set.c;
...

when used while defining local variables in a let-expression or while defining a set.

In a let expression, inherit can be used to selectively bring specific attributes of a set into scope. For example

let
  x = { a = 1; b = 2; };
  inherit (builtins) attrNames;
in
{
  names = attrNames x;
}

is equivalent to

let
  x = { a = 1; b = 2; };
in
{
  names = builtins.attrNames x;
}

both evaluate to { names = [ "a" "b" ]; }.

Functions

Functions have the following form:

pattern: body

The pattern specifies what the argument of the function must look like, and binds variables in the body to (parts of) the argument. There are three kinds of patterns:

If a pattern is a single identifier, then the function matches any argument. Example:
```
let negate = x: !x;
    concat = x: y: x + y;
in if negate true then concat "foo" "bar" else ""
```
Note that concat is a function that takes one argument and returns a function that takes another argument. This allows partial parameterisation (i.e., only filling some of the arguments of a function); e.g.,
```
map (concat "foo") [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]
```
evaluates to [ "foobar" "foobla" "fooabc" ].
A set pattern of the form { name1, name2, …, nameN } matches a set containing the listed attributes, and binds the values of those attributes to variables in the function body. For example, the function
```
{ x, y, z }: z + y + x
```
can only be called with a set containing exactly the attributes x, y and z. No other attributes are allowed. If you want to allow additional arguments, you can use an ellipsis (...):
```
{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x
```
This works on any set that contains at least the three named attributes.

It is possible to provide default values for attributes, in which case they are allowed to be missing. A default value is specified by writing name ? e, where e is an arbitrary expression. For example,
```
{ x, y ? "foo", z ? "bar" }: z + y + x
```
specifies a function that only requires an attribute named x, but optionally accepts y and z.
An @-pattern provides a means of referring to the whole value being matched:
```
args@{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x + args.a
```
but can also be written as:
```
{ x, y, z, ... } @ args: z + y + x + args.a
```
Here args is bound to the argument as passed, which is further matched against the pattern { x, y, z, ... }. The @-pattern makes mainly sense with an ellipsis(...) as you can access attribute names as a, using args.a, which was given as an additional attribute to the function.
Warning

args@ binds the name args to the attribute set that is passed to the function. In particular, args does not include any default values specified with ? in the function's set pattern.

For instance
```
let
  f = args@{ a ? 23, ... }: [ a args ];
in
  f {}
```
is equivalent to
```
let
  f = args @ { ... }: [ (args.a or 23) args ];
in
  f {}
```
and both expressions will evaluate to:
```
[ 23 {} ]
```

Note that functions do not have names. If you want to give them a name, you can bind them to an attribute, e.g.,

let concat = { x, y }: x + y;
in concat { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; }

Conditionals

Conditionals look like this:

if e1 then e2 else e3

where e1 is an expression that should evaluate to a Boolean value (true or false).

Assertions

Assertions are generally used to check that certain requirements on or between features and dependencies hold. They look like this:

assert e1; e2

where e1 is an expression that should evaluate to a Boolean value. If it evaluates to true, e2 is returned; otherwise expression evaluation is aborted and a backtrace is printed.

Here is a Nix expression for the Subversion package that shows how assertions can be used:.

{ localServer ? false
, httpServer ? false
, sslSupport ? false
, pythonBindings ? false
, javaSwigBindings ? false
, javahlBindings ? false
, stdenv, fetchurl
, openssl ? null, httpd ? null, db4 ? null, expat, swig ? null, j2sdk ? null
}:

assert localServer -> db4 != null; ①
assert httpServer -> httpd != null && httpd.expat == expat; ②
assert sslSupport -> openssl != null && (httpServer -> httpd.openssl == openssl); ③
assert pythonBindings -> swig != null && swig.pythonSupport;
assert javaSwigBindings -> swig != null && swig.javaSupport;
assert javahlBindings -> j2sdk != null;

stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "subversion-1.1.1";
  ...
  openssl = if sslSupport then openssl else null; ④
  ...
}

The points of interest are:

This assertion states that if Subversion is to have support for local repositories, then Berkeley DB is needed. So if the Subversion function is called with the localServer argument set to true but the db4 argument set to null, then the evaluation fails.

Note that -> is the logical implication Boolean operation.
This is a more subtle condition: if Subversion is built with Apache (httpServer) support, then the Expat library (an XML library) used by Subversion should be same as the one used by Apache. This is because in this configuration Subversion code ends up being linked with Apache code, and if the Expat libraries do not match, a build- or runtime link error or incompatibility might occur.
This assertion says that in order for Subversion to have SSL support (so that it can access https URLs), an OpenSSL library must be passed. Additionally, it says that if Apache support is enabled, then Apache's OpenSSL should match Subversion's. (Note that if Apache support is not enabled, we don't care about Apache's OpenSSL.)
The conditional here is not really related to assertions, but is worth pointing out: it ensures that if SSL support is disabled, then the Subversion derivation is not dependent on OpenSSL, even if a non-null value was passed. This prevents an unnecessary rebuild of Subversion if OpenSSL changes.

With-expressions

A with-expression,

with e1; e2

introduces the set e1 into the lexical scope of the expression e2. For instance,

let as = { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; };
in with as; x + y

evaluates to "foobar" since the with adds the x and y attributes of as to the lexical scope in the expression x + y. The most common use of with is in conjunction with the import function. E.g.,

with (import ./definitions.nix); ...

makes all attributes defined in the file definitions.nix available as if they were defined locally in a let-expression.

The bindings introduced by with do not shadow bindings introduced by other means, e.g.

let a = 3; in with { a = 1; }; let a = 4; in with { a = 2; }; ...

establishes the same scope as

let a = 1; in let a = 2; in let a = 3; in let a = 4; in ...

Variables coming from outer with expressions are shadowed:

with { a = "outer"; };
with { a = "inner"; };
a

Does evaluate to "inner".

Comments

Inline comments start with # and run until the end of the line.
Example
```
# A number
2 # Equals 1 + 1
```
```
2
```

Block comments start with /* and run until the next occurrence of */.

Example

/*
Block comments
can span multiple lines.
*/ "hello"

"hello"

This means that block comments cannot be nested.

Example

/* /* nope */ */ 1

error: syntax error, unexpected '*'

       at «string»:1:15:

            1| /* /* nope */ *
             |               ^

Consider escaping nested comments and unescaping them in post-processing.

Example

/* /* nested *\/ */ 1

Identifiers

An identifier is an ASCII character sequence that:

Starts with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or underscore (_)
Can contain any number of:
- Letters (a-z, A-Z)
- Digits (0-9)
- Underscores (_)
- Apostrophes (')
- Hyphens (-)
Is not one of the keywords

Syntax

identifier ~ [A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_'-]*

Names

A name can be an identifier or a string literal.

Syntax

name → identifier | string

Names are used in attribute sets, let bindings, and [inherit](./syntax.md#inheriting attributes).

Keywords

These keywords are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers:

Note

The Nix language evaluator currently allows or to be used as a name in some contexts, for backwards compatibility reasons. Users are advised not to rely on this.

There are long-standing issues with how or is parsed as a name, which can't be resolved without making a breaking change to the language.

Scoping rules

Nix is statically scoped, but with multiple scopes and shadowing rules.

primary scope: explicitly-bound variables
- let
- inherit
- function arguments
secondary scope: implicitly-bound variables
- with

Primary scope takes precedence over secondary scope. See with for a detailed example.

String interpolation

String interpolation is a language feature where a string, path, or attribute name can contain expressions enclosed in ${ } (dollar-sign with curly brackets).

Such a construct is called interpolated string, and the expression inside is an interpolated expression.

Examples

String

Rather than writing

"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"

(where freetype is a derivation), you can instead write

"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"

The latter is automatically translated to the former.

A more complicated example (from the Nix expression for Qt):

configureFlags = "
  -system-zlib -system-libpng -system-libjpeg
  ${if openglSupport then "-dlopen-opengl
    -L${mesa}/lib -I${mesa}/include
    -L${libXmu}/lib -I${libXmu}/include" else ""}
  ${if threadSupport then "-thread" else "-no-thread"}
";

Note that Nix expressions and strings can be arbitrarily nested; in this case the outer string contains various interpolated expressions that themselves contain strings (e.g., "-thread"), some of which in turn contain interpolated expressions (e.g., ${mesa}).

To write a literal ${ in an regular string, escape it with a backslash (\).

Example

"echo \${PATH}"

"echo ${PATH}"

To write a literal ${ in an indented string, escape it with two single quotes ('').

Example

''
  echo ''${PATH}
''

"echo ${PATH}\n"

$${ can be written literally in any string.

Example

In Make, $ in file names or recipes is represented as $$, see GNU make: Basics of Variable Reference. This can be expressed directly in the Nix language strings:
''
  MAKEVAR = Hello
  all:
  	@export BASHVAR=world; echo $(MAKEVAR) $${BASHVAR}
''
"MAKEVAR = Hello\nall:\n\t@export BASHVAR=world; echo $(MAKEVAR) $\${BASHVAR}\n"

See the documentation on strings for details.

Path

Rather than writing

./. + "/" + foo + "-" + bar + ".nix"

./. + "/${foo}-${bar}.nix"

you can instead write

./${foo}-${bar}.nix

Attribute name

Attribute names can be interpolated strings.

Example

let name = "foo"; in
{ ${name} = 123; }

{ foo = 123; }

Attributes can be selected with interpolated strings.

Example

let name = "foo"; in
{ foo = 123; }.${name}

Interpolated expression

An expression that is interpolated must evaluate to one of the following:

a string
a path
an attribute set that has a __toString attribute or an outPath attribute
- __toString must be a function that takes the attribute set itself and returns a string
- outPath must be a string
This includes derivations or flake inputs (experimental).

A string interpolates to itself.

A path in an interpolated expression is first copied into the Nix store, and the resulting string is the store path of the newly created store object.

Example
$ mkdir foo
Reference the empty directory in an interpolated expression:
"${./foo}"
"/nix/store/2hhl2nz5v0khbn06ys82nrk99aa1xxdw-foo"

A derivation interpolates to the store path of its first output.

Example

let
  pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
in
"${pkgs.hello}"

"/nix/store/4xpfqf29z4m8vbhrqcz064wfmb46w5r7-hello-2.12.1"

An attribute set interpolates to the return value of the function in the __toString applied to the attribute set itself.

Example

let
  a = {
    value = 1;
    __toString = self: toString (self.value + 1);
  };
in
"${a}"

"2"

An attribute set also interpolates to the value of its outPath attribute.

Example

let
  a = { outPath = "foo"; };
in
"${a}"

"foo"

If both __toString and outPath are present in an attribute set, __toString takes precedence.

Example

let
  a = { __toString = _: "yes"; outPath = throw "no"; };
in
"${a}"

"yes"

If neither is present, an error is thrown.

Example

let
  a = {};
in
"${a}"

error: cannot coerce a set to a string: { }

       at «string»:4:2:

            3| in
            4| "${a}"
             |  ^

Lookup path

Syntax

lookup-path = < identifier [ / identifier ]... >

A lookup path is an identifier with an optional path suffix that resolves to a path value if the identifier matches a search path entry.

The value of a lookup path is determined by builtins.nixPath.

See builtins.findFile for details on lookup path resolution.

Example

<nixpkgs>

/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/root/channels/nixpkgs

Example

<nixpkgs/nixos>

/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/root/channels/nixpkgs/nixos

Operators

Name	Syntax	Associativity	Precedence
Attribute selection	attrset `.` attrpath [ `or` expr ]	none	1
Function application	func expr	left	2
Arithmetic negation	`-` number	none	3
Has attribute	attrset `?` attrpath	none	4
List concatenation	list `++` list	right	5
Multiplication	number `` number*	left	6
Division	number `/` number	left	6
Subtraction	number `-` number	left	7
Addition	number `+` number	left	7
String concatenation	string `+` string	left	7
Path concatenation	path `+` path	left	7
Path and string concatenation	path `+` string	left	7
String and path concatenation	string `+` path	left	7
Logical negation (`NOT`)	`!` bool	none	8
Update	attrset `//` attrset	right	9
Less than	expr `<` expr	none	10
Less than or equal to	expr `<=` expr	none	10
Greater than	expr `>` expr	none	10
Greater than or equal to	expr `>=` expr	none	10
Equality	expr `==` expr	none	11
Inequality	expr `!=` expr	none	11
Logical conjunction (`AND`)	bool `&&` bool	left	12
Logical disjunction (`OR`)	bool `\|\|` bool	left	13
Logical implication	bool `->` bool	right	14
Pipe operator (experimental)	expr `\|>` func	left	15
Pipe operator (experimental)	func `<\|` expr	right	15

Attribute selection

Syntax

attrset . attrpath [ or expr ]

Select the attribute denoted by attribute path attrpath from attribute set attrset. If the attribute doesn’t exist, return the expr after or if provided, otherwise abort evaluation.

Has attribute

Syntax

attrset ? attrpath

Test whether attribute set attrset contains the attribute denoted by attrpath. The result is a Boolean value.

Arithmetic

Numbers are type-compatible: Pure integer operations will always return integers, whereas any operation involving at least one floating point number return a floating point number.

String concatenation

Syntax

string + string

Concatenate two strings and merge their string contexts.

Path concatenation

Syntax

path + path

Concatenate two paths. The result is a path.

Path and string concatenation

Syntax

path + string

Concatenate path with string. The result is a path.

Note

The string must not have a string context that refers to a store path.

String and path concatenation

Syntax

string + path

Concatenate string with path. The result is a string.

Important

The file or directory at path must exist and is copied to the store. The path appears in the result as the corresponding store path.

Update

Syntax

attrset1 // attrset2

Update attribute set attrset1 with names and values from attrset2.

The returned attribute set will have all of the attributes in attrset1 and attrset2. If an attribute name is present in both, the attribute value from the latter is taken.

Comparison

Comparison is

arithmetic for numbers
lexicographic for strings and paths
item-wise lexicographic for lists: elements at the same index in both lists are compared according to their type and skipped if they are equal.

All comparison operators are implemented in terms of <, and the following equivalencies hold:

comparison	implementation
a `<=` b	`! (` b `<` a `)`
a `>` b	b `<` a
a `>=` b	`! (` a `<` b `)`

Equality

Attribute sets and lists are compared recursively, and therefore are fully evaluated.
Comparison of functions always returns false.
Numbers are type-compatible, see arithmetic operators.
Floating point numbers only differ up to a limited precision.

Logical implication

Equivalent to !b1 || b2.

Pipe operators

a |> b is equivalent to b a
a <| b is equivalent to a b

Example

nix-repl> 1 |> builtins.add 2 |> builtins.mul 3
9

nix-repl> builtins.add 1 <| builtins.mul 2 <| 3
7

Warning

This syntax is part of an experimental feature and may change in future releases.

To use this syntax, make sure the pipe-operators experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = pipe-operators

Built-ins

This section lists the values and functions built into the Nix language evaluator. All built-ins are available through the global builtins constant.

Some built-ins are also exposed directly in the global scope:

derivation attrs

derivation is described in its own section.

abort s

Abort Nix expression evaluation and print the error message s.

add e1 e2

Return the sum of the numbers e1 and e2.

addDrvOutputDependencies s

Create a copy of the given string where a single constant string context element is turned into a derivation deep string context element.

The store path that is the constant string context element should point to a valid derivation, and end in .drv.

The original string context element must not be empty or have multiple elements, and it must not have any other type of element other than a constant or derivation deep element. The latter is supported so this function is idempotent.

This is the opposite of builtins.unsafeDiscardOutputDependency.

all pred list

Return true if the function pred returns true for all elements of list, and false otherwise.

any pred list

Return true if the function pred returns true for at least one element of list, and false otherwise.

attrNames set

Return the names of the attributes in the set set in an alphabetically sorted list. For instance, builtins.attrNames { y = 1; x = "foo"; } evaluates to [ "x" "y" ].

attrValues set

Return the values of the attributes in the set set in the order corresponding to the sorted attribute names.

baseNameOf x

Return the base name of either a path value x or a string x, depending on which type is passed, and according to the following rules.

For a path value, the base name is considered to be the part of the path after the last directory separator, including any file extensions. This is the simple case, as path values don't have trailing slashes.

When the argument is a string, a more involved logic applies. If the string ends with a /, only this one final slash is removed.

After this, the base name is returned as previously described, assuming / as the directory separator. (Note that evaluation must be platform independent.)

This is somewhat similar to the GNU basename command, but GNU basename will strip any number of trailing slashes.

bitAnd e1 e2

Return the bitwise AND of the integers e1 and e2.

bitOr e1 e2

Return the bitwise OR of the integers e1 and e2.

bitXor e1 e2

Return the bitwise XOR of the integers e1 and e2.

break v

In debug mode (enabled using --debugger), pause Nix expression evaluation and enter the REPL. Otherwise, return the argument v.

builtins (set)

Contains all the built-in functions and values.

Since built-in functions were added over time, testing for attributes in builtins can be used for graceful fallback on older Nix installations:

# if hasContext is not available, we assume `s` has a context
if builtins ? hasContext then builtins.hasContext s else true

catAttrs attr list

Collect each attribute named attr from a list of attribute sets. Attrsets that don't contain the named attribute are ignored. For example,

builtins.catAttrs "a" [{a = 1;} {b = 0;} {a = 2;}]

evaluates to [1 2].

ceil double

Converts an IEEE-754 double-precision floating-point number (double) to the next higher integer.

If the datatype is neither an integer nor a "float", an evaluation error will be thrown.

compareVersions s1 s2

Compare two strings representing versions and return -1 if version s1 is older than version s2, 0 if they are the same, and 1 if s1 is newer than s2. The version comparison algorithm is the same as the one used by nix-env -u.

concatLists lists

Concatenate a list of lists into a single list.

concatMap f list

This function is equivalent to builtins.concatLists (map f list) but is more efficient.

concatStringsSep separator list

Concatenate a list of strings with a separator between each element, e.g. concatStringsSep "/" ["usr" "local" "bin"] == "usr/local/bin".

convertHash args

Return the specified representation of a hash string, based on the attributes presented in args:

hash

The hash to be converted. The hash format is detected automatically.
hashAlgo

The algorithm used to create the hash. Must be one of
- "md5"
- "sha1"
- "sha256"
- "sha512"
The attribute may be omitted when hash is an SRI hash or when the hash is prefixed with the hash algorithm name followed by a colon. That <hashAlgo>:<hashBody> syntax is supported for backwards compatibility with existing tooling.
toHashFormat

The format of the resulting hash. Must be one of
- "base16"
- "nix32"
- "base32" (deprecated alias for "nix32")
- "base64"
- "sri"

The result hash is the toHashFormat representation of the hash hash.

Example

Convert a SHA256 hash in Base16 to SRI:

builtins.convertHash {
  hash = "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855";
  toHashFormat = "sri";
  hashAlgo = "sha256";
}

"sha256-47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU="

Example

Convert a SHA256 hash in SRI to Base16:

builtins.convertHash {
  hash = "sha256-47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU=";
  toHashFormat = "base16";
}

"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"

Example

Convert a hash in the form <hashAlgo>:<hashBody> in Base16 to SRI:

builtins.convertHash {
  hash = "sha256:e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855";
  toHashFormat = "sri";
}

"sha256-47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU="

currentSystem (string)

The value of the eval-system or else system configuration option.

It can be used to set the system attribute for builtins.derivation such that the resulting derivation can be built on the same system that evaluates the Nix expression:

 builtins.derivation {
   # ...
   system = builtins.currentSystem;
}

It can be overridden in order to create derivations for different system than the current one:

$ nix-instantiate --system "mips64-linux" --eval --expr 'builtins.currentSystem'
"mips64-linux"

Note

Not available in pure evaluation mode.

currentTime (integer)

Return the Unix time at first evaluation. Repeated references to that name will re-use the initially obtained value.

Example:

$ nix repl
Welcome to Nix 2.15.1 Type :? for help.

nix-repl> builtins.currentTime
1683705525

nix-repl> builtins.currentTime
1683705525

The store path of a derivation depending on currentTime will differ for each evaluation, unless both evaluate builtins.currentTime in the same second.

Note

Not available in pure evaluation mode.

deepSeq e1 e2

This is like seq e1 e2, except that e1 is evaluated deeply: if it’s a list or set, its elements or attributes are also evaluated recursively.

dirOf s

Return the directory part of the string s, that is, everything before the final slash in the string. This is similar to the GNU dirname command.

div e1 e2

Return the quotient of the numbers e1 and e2.

elem x xs

Return true if a value equal to x occurs in the list xs, and false otherwise.

elemAt xs n

Return element n from the list xs. Elements are counted starting from 0. A fatal error occurs if the index is out of bounds.

false (Boolean)

Primitive value.

It can be returned by comparison operators and used in conditional expressions.

The name false is not special, and can be shadowed:

nix-repl> let false = 1; in false
1

fetchClosure args

Note

This function is only available if the fetch-closure experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = fetch-closure

Fetch a store path closure from a binary cache, and return the store path as a string with context.

This function can be invoked in three ways, that we will discuss in order of preference.

Fetch a content-addressed store path

Example:

builtins.fetchClosure {
  fromStore = "https://cache.nixos.org";
  fromPath = /nix/store/ldbhlwhh39wha58rm61bkiiwm6j7211j-git-2.33.1;
}

This is the simplest invocation, and it does not require the user of the expression to configure trusted-public-keys to ensure their authenticity.

If your store path is input addressed instead of content addressed, consider the other two invocations.

Fetch any store path and rewrite it to a fully content-addressed store path

Example:

builtins.fetchClosure {
  fromStore = "https://cache.nixos.org";
  fromPath = /nix/store/r2jd6ygnmirm2g803mksqqjm4y39yi6i-git-2.33.1;
  toPath = /nix/store/ldbhlwhh39wha58rm61bkiiwm6j7211j-git-2.33.1;
}

This example fetches /nix/store/r2jd... from the specified binary cache, and rewrites it into the content-addressed store path /nix/store/ldbh....

Like the previous example, no extra configuration or privileges are required.

To find out the correct value for toPath given a fromPath, use nix store make-content-addressed:

# nix store make-content-addressed --from https://cache.nixos.org /nix/store/r2jd6ygnmirm2g803mksqqjm4y39yi6i-git-2.33.1
rewrote '/nix/store/r2jd6ygnmirm2g803mksqqjm4y39yi6i-git-2.33.1' to '/nix/store/ldbhlwhh39wha58rm61bkiiwm6j7211j-git-2.33.1'

Alternatively, set toPath = "" and find the correct toPath in the error message.

Fetch an input-addressed store path as is

Example:

builtins.fetchClosure {
  fromStore = "https://cache.nixos.org";
  fromPath = /nix/store/r2jd6ygnmirm2g803mksqqjm4y39yi6i-git-2.33.1;
  inputAddressed = true;
}

It is possible to fetch an input-addressed store path and return it as is. However, this is the least preferred way of invoking fetchClosure, because it requires that the input-addressed paths are trusted by the Nix configuration.

builtins.storePath

fetchClosure is similar to builtins.storePath in that it allows you to use a previously built store path in a Nix expression. However, fetchClosure is more reproducible because it specifies a binary cache from which the path can be fetched. Also, using content-addressed store paths does not require users to configure trusted-public-keys to ensure their authenticity.

fetchGit args

Fetch a path from git. args can be a URL, in which case the HEAD of the repo at that URL is fetched. Otherwise, it can be an attribute with the following attributes (all except url optional):

url

The URL of the repo.
name (default: source)

The name of the directory the repo should be exported to in the store.
rev (default: the tip of ref)

The Git revision to fetch. This is typically a commit hash.
ref (default: HEAD)

The Git reference under which to look for the requested revision. This is often a branch or tag name.

This option has no effect once shallow cloning is enabled.

By default, the ref value is prefixed with refs/heads/. As of 2.3.0, Nix will not prefix refs/heads/ if ref starts with refs/.
submodules (default: false)

A Boolean parameter that specifies whether submodules should be checked out.
exportIgnore (default: true)

A Boolean parameter that specifies whether export-ignore from .gitattributes should be applied. This approximates part of the git archive behavior.

Enabling this option is not recommended because it is unknown whether the Git developers commit to the reproducibility of export-ignore in newer Git versions.
shallow (default: false)

Make a shallow clone when fetching the Git tree. When this is enabled, the options ref and allRefs have no effect anymore.
allRefs

Whether to fetch all references (eg. branches and tags) of the repository. With this argument being true, it's possible to load a rev from any ref. (by default only revs from the specified ref are supported).

This option has no effect once shallow cloning is enabled.
verifyCommit (default: true if publicKey or publicKeys are provided, otherwise false)

Whether to check rev for a signature matching publicKey or publicKeys. If verifyCommit is enabled, then fetchGit cannot use a local repository with uncommitted changes. Requires the verified-fetches experimental feature.
publicKey

The public key against which rev is verified if verifyCommit is enabled. Requires the verified-fetches experimental feature.
keytype (default: "ssh-ed25519")

The key type of publicKey. Possible values:
- "ssh-dsa"
- "ssh-ecdsa"
- "ssh-ecdsa-sk"
- "ssh-ed25519"
- "ssh-ed25519-sk"
- "ssh-rsa" Requires the verified-fetches experimental feature.
publicKeys

The public keys against which rev is verified if verifyCommit is enabled. Must be given as a list of attribute sets with the following form:
```
{
  key = "<public key>";
  type = "<key type>"; # optional, default: "ssh-ed25519"
}
```
Requires the verified-fetches experimental feature.

Here are some examples of how to use fetchGit.

To fetch a private repository over SSH:

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "git@github.com:my-secret/repository.git";
  ref = "master";
  rev = "adab8b916a45068c044658c4158d81878f9ed1c3";
}

To fetch an arbitrary reference:

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
  ref = "refs/heads/0.5-release";
}

If the revision you're looking for is in the default branch of the git repository you don't strictly need to specify the branch name in the ref attribute.

However, if the revision you're looking for is in a future branch for the non-default branch you will need to specify the the ref attribute as well.
```
builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
  rev = "841fcbd04755c7a2865c51c1e2d3b045976b7452";
  ref = "1.11-maintenance";
}
```
Note

It is nice to always specify the branch which a revision belongs to. Without the branch being specified, the fetcher might fail if the default branch changes. Additionally, it can be confusing to try a commit from a non-default branch and see the fetch fail. If the branch is specified the fault is much more obvious.

If the revision you're looking for is in the default branch of the git repository you may omit the ref attribute.

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
  rev = "841fcbd04755c7a2865c51c1e2d3b045976b7452";
}

To fetch a specific tag:

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
  ref = "refs/tags/1.9";
}

To fetch the latest version of a remote branch:

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "ssh://git@github.com/nixos/nix.git";
  ref = "master";
}

To verify the commit signature:

builtins.fetchGit {
  url = "ssh://git@github.com/nixos/nix.git";
  verifyCommit = true;
  publicKeys = [
      {
        type = "ssh-ed25519";
        key = "AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIArPKULJOid8eS6XETwUjO48/HKBWl7FTCK0Z//fplDi";
      }
  ];
}

Nix will refetch the branch according to the tarball-ttl setting.

This behavior is disabled in pure evaluation mode.

To fetch the content of a checked-out work directory:
```
builtins.fetchGit ./work-dir
```

If the URL points to a local directory, and no ref or rev is given, fetchGit will use the current content of the checked-out files, even if they are not committed or added to Git's index. It will only consider files added to the Git repository, as listed by git ls-files.

fetchTarball args

Download the specified URL, unpack it and return the path of the unpacked tree. The file must be a tape archive (.tar) compressed with gzip, bzip2 or xz. If the tarball consists of a single directory, then the top-level path component of the files in the tarball is removed. The typical use of the function is to obtain external Nix expression dependencies, such as a particular version of Nixpkgs, e.g.

with import (fetchTarball https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz) {};

stdenv.mkDerivation { … }

The fetched tarball is cached for a certain amount of time (1 hour by default) in ~/.cache/nix/tarballs/. You can change the cache timeout either on the command line with --tarball-ttl number-of-seconds or in the Nix configuration file by adding the line tarball-ttl = number-of-seconds.

Note that when obtaining the hash with nix-prefetch-url the option --unpack is required.

This function can also verify the contents against a hash. In that case, the function takes a set instead of a URL. The set requires the attribute url and the attribute sha256, e.g.

with import (fetchTarball {
  url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz";
  sha256 = "1jppksrfvbk5ypiqdz4cddxdl8z6zyzdb2srq8fcffr327ld5jj2";
}) {};

stdenv.mkDerivation { … }

Not available in restricted evaluation mode.

fetchTree input

Note

This function is only available if the fetch-tree experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = fetch-tree

Fetch a file system tree or a plain file using one of the supported backends and return an attribute set with:

the resulting fixed-output store path
the corresponding NAR hash
backend-specific metadata (currently not documented).

input must be an attribute set with the following attributes:

type (String, required)

One of the supported source types. This determines other required and allowed input attributes.
narHash (String, optional)

The narHash parameter can be used to substitute the source of the tree. It also allows for verification of tree contents that may not be provided by the underlying transfer mechanism. If narHash is set, the source is first looked up is the Nix store and substituters, and only fetched if not available.

A subset of the output attributes of fetchTree can be re-used for subsequent calls to fetchTree to produce the same result again. That is, fetchTree is idempotent.

Downloads are cached in $XDG_CACHE_HOME/nix. The remote source will be fetched from the network if both are true:

A NAR hash is supplied and the corresponding store path is not valid, that is, not available in the store

Note

Substituters are not used in fetching.
There is no cache entry or the cache entry is older than tarball-ttl

Source types

The following source types and associated input attributes are supported.

"file"

Place a plain file into the Nix store. This is similar to builtins.fetchurl
- url (String, required)
  
  Supported protocols:
  - https
    Example
```
fetchTree {
  type = "file";
  url = "https://example.com/index.html";
}
```
  - http
    
    Insecure HTTP transfer for legacy sources.
    
    Warning
    
    HTTP performs no encryption or authentication. Use a narHash known in advance to ensure the output has expected contents.
  - file
    
    A file on the local file system.
    Example
```
fetchTree {
  type = "file";
  url = "file:///home/eelco/nix/README.md";
}
```
"tarball"

Download a tar archive and extract it into the Nix store. This has the same underyling implementation as builtins.fetchTarball
- url (String, required)
  Example
```
fetchTree {
  type = "tarball";
  url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/tarball/nixpkgs-23.11";
}
```
"git"

Fetch a Git tree and copy it to the Nix store. This is similar to builtins.fetchGit.
- url (String, required)
  
  The URL formats supported are the same as for Git itself.
  Example
```
fetchTree {
  type = "git";
  url = "git@github.com:NixOS/nixpkgs.git";
}
```
  Note
  
  If the URL points to a local directory, and no ref or rev is given, Nix will only consider files added to the Git index, as listed by git ls-files but use the current file contents of the Git working directory.
- ref (String, optional)
  
  By default, this has no effect. This becomes relevant only once shallow cloning is disabled.
  
  A Git reference, such as a branch or tag name.
  
  Default: "HEAD"
- rev (String, optional)
  
  A Git revision; a commit hash.
  
  Default: the tip of ref
- shallow (Bool, optional)
  
  Make a shallow clone when fetching the Git tree. When this is enabled, the options ref and allRefs have no effect anymore.
  
  Default: true
- submodules (Bool, optional)
  
  Also fetch submodules if available.
  
  Default: false
- allRefs (Bool, optional)
  
  By default, this has no effect. This becomes relevant only once shallow cloning is disabled.
  
  Whether to fetch all references (eg. branches and tags) of the repository. With this argument being true, it's possible to load a rev from any ref. (Without setting this option, only revs from the specified ref are supported).
  
  Default: false
- lastModified (Integer, optional)
  
  Unix timestamp of the fetched commit.
  
  If set, pass through the value to the output attribute set. Otherwise, generated from the fetched Git tree.
- revCount (Integer, optional)
  
  Number of revisions in the history of the Git repository before the fetched commit.
  
  If set, pass through the value to the output attribute set. Otherwise, generated from the fetched Git tree.

The following input types are still subject to change:

"path"
"github"
"gitlab"
"sourcehut"
"mercurial"

input can also be a URL-like reference. The additional input types and the URL-like syntax requires the flakes experimental feature to be enabled.

Example

Fetch a GitHub repository using the attribute set representation:

builtins.fetchTree {
  type = "github";
  owner = "NixOS";
  repo = "nixpkgs";
  rev = "ae2e6b3958682513d28f7d633734571fb18285dd";
}

This evaluates to the following attribute set:

{
  lastModified = 1686503798;
  lastModifiedDate = "20230611171638";
  narHash = "sha256-rA9RqKP9OlBrgGCPvfd5HVAXDOy8k2SmPtB/ijShNXc=";
  outPath = "/nix/store/l5m6qlvfs9sdw14ja3qbzpglcjlb6j1x-source";
  rev = "ae2e6b3958682513d28f7d633734571fb18285dd";
  shortRev = "ae2e6b3";
}

Example

Fetch the same GitHub repository using the URL-like syntax:
builtins.fetchTree "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/ae2e6b3958682513d28f7d633734571fb18285dd"

fetchurl arg

Download the specified URL and return the path of the downloaded file. arg can be either a string denoting the URL, or an attribute set with the following attributes:

url

The URL of the file to download.
name (default: the last path component of the URL)

A name for the file in the store. This can be useful if the URL has any characters that are invalid for the store.

Not available in restricted evaluation mode.

filter f list

Return a list consisting of the elements of list for which the function f returns true.

filterSource e1 e2

Warning

filterSource should not be used to filter store paths. Since filterSource uses the name of the input directory while naming the output directory, doing so will produce a directory name in the form of <hash2>-<hash>-<name>, where <hash>-<name> is the name of the input directory. Since <hash> depends on the unfiltered directory, the name of the output directory will indirectly depend on files that are filtered out by the function. This will trigger a rebuild even when a filtered out file is changed. Use builtins.path instead, which allows specifying the name of the output directory.

This function allows you to copy sources into the Nix store while filtering certain files. For instance, suppose that you want to use the directory source-dir as an input to a Nix expression, e.g.

stdenv.mkDerivation {
  ...
  src = ./source-dir;
}

However, if source-dir is a Subversion working copy, then all those annoying .svn subdirectories will also be copied to the store. Worse, the contents of those directories may change a lot, causing lots of spurious rebuilds. With filterSource you can filter out the .svn directories:

src = builtins.filterSource
  (path: type: type != "directory" || baseNameOf path != ".svn")
  ./source-dir;

Thus, the first argument e1 must be a predicate function that is called for each regular file, directory or symlink in the source tree e2. If the function returns true, the file is copied to the Nix store, otherwise it is omitted. The function is called with two arguments. The first is the full path of the file. The second is a string that identifies the type of the file, which is either "regular", "directory", "symlink" or "unknown" (for other kinds of files such as device nodes or fifos — but note that those cannot be copied to the Nix store, so if the predicate returns true for them, the copy will fail). If you exclude a directory, the entire corresponding subtree of e2 will be excluded.

findFile search-path lookup-path

Find lookup-path in search-path.

Lookup path expressions are desugared using this and builtins.nixPath:

<nixpkgs>

is equivalent to:

builtins.findFile builtins.nixPath "nixpkgs"

A search path is represented as a list of attribute sets with two attributes:

prefix is a relative path.
path denotes a file system location

Examples of search path attribute sets:

{
  prefix = "";
  path = "/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/root/channels";
}

{
  prefix = "nixos-config";
  path = "/etc/nixos/configuration.nix";
}

{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/tarballs/master";
}

{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "channel:nixpkgs-unstable";
}

{
  prefix = "flake-compat";
  path = "flake:github:edolstra/flake-compat";
}

The lookup algorithm checks each entry until a match is found, returning a path value of the match:

If a prefix of lookup-path matches prefix, then the remainder of lookup-path (the "suffix") is searched for within the directory denoted by path. The contents of path may need to be downloaded at this point to look inside.
If the suffix is found inside that directory, then the entry is a match. The combined absolute path of the directory (now downloaded if need be) and the suffix is returned.

Example

A search-path value
[
  {
    prefix = "";
    path = "/home/eelco/Dev";
  }
  {
    prefix = "nixos-config";
    path = "/etc/nixos";
  }
]
and a lookup-path value "nixos-config" will cause Nix to try /home/eelco/Dev/nixos-config and /etc/nixos in that order and return the first path that exists.

If path starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must consist of a single top-level directory.

The URLs of the tarballs from the official nixos.org channels can be abbreviated as channel:<channel-name>. See documentation on nix-channel for details about channels.

Example

These two search path entries are equivalent:

{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "channel:nixpkgs-unstable";
}

{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-unstable/nixexprs.tar.xz";
}

Search paths can also point to source trees using flake URLs.

Example

The search path entry
{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "flake:nixpkgs";
}
specifies that the prefix nixpkgs shall refer to the source tree downloaded from the nixpkgs entry in the flake registry.

Similarly
{
  prefix = "nixpkgs";
  path = "flake:github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-22.05";
}
makes <nixpkgs> refer to a particular branch of the NixOS/nixpkgs repository on GitHub.

flakeRefToString attrs

Note

This function is only available if the flakes experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = flakes

Convert a flake reference from attribute set format to URL format.

For example:

builtins.flakeRefToString {
  dir = "lib"; owner = "NixOS"; ref = "23.05"; repo = "nixpkgs"; type = "github";
}

evaluates to

"github:NixOS/nixpkgs/23.05?dir=lib"

floor double

Converts an IEEE-754 double-precision floating-point number (double) to the next lower integer.

If the datatype is neither an integer nor a "float", an evaluation error will be thrown.

foldl' op nul list

Reduce a list by applying a binary operator, from left to right, e.g. foldl' op nul [x0 x1 x2 ...] = op (op (op nul x0) x1) x2) ....

For example, foldl' (acc: elem: acc + elem) 0 [1 2 3] evaluates to 6 and foldl' (acc: elem: { "${elem}" = elem; } // acc) {} ["a" "b"] evaluates to { a = "a"; b = "b"; }.

The first argument of op is the accumulator whereas the second argument is the current element being processed. The return value of each application of op is evaluated immediately, even for intermediate values.

fromJSON e

Convert a JSON string to a Nix value. For example,

builtins.fromJSON ''{"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": null}''

returns the value { x = [ 1 2 3 ]; y = null; }.

fromTOML e

Convert a TOML string to a Nix value. For example,

builtins.fromTOML ''
  x=1
  s="a"
  [table]
  y=2
''

returns the value { s = "a"; table = { y = 2; }; x = 1; }.

functionArgs f

Return a set containing the names of the formal arguments expected by the function f. The value of each attribute is a Boolean denoting whether the corresponding argument has a default value. For instance, functionArgs ({ x, y ? 123}: ...) = { x = false; y = true; }.

"Formal argument" here refers to the attributes pattern-matched by the function. Plain lambdas are not included, e.g. functionArgs (x: ...) = { }.

genList generator length

Generate list of size length, with each element i equal to the value returned by generator i. For example,

builtins.genList (x: x * x) 5

returns the list [ 0 1 4 9 16 ].

genericClosure attrset

builtins.genericClosure iteratively computes the transitive closure over an arbitrary relation defined by a function.

It takes attrset with two attributes named startSet and operator, and returns a list of attribute sets:

startSet: The initial list of attribute sets.
operator: A function that takes an attribute set and returns a list of attribute sets. It defines how each item in the current set is processed and expanded into more items.

Each attribute set in the list startSet and the list returned by operator must have an attribute key, which must support equality comparison. The value of key can be one of the following types:

The result is produced by calling the operator on each item that has not been called yet, including newly added items, until no new items are added. Items are compared by their key attribute.

Common usages are:

Generating unique collections of items, such as dependency graphs.
Traversing through structures that may contain cycles or loops.
Processing data structures with complex internal relationships.

Example

builtins.genericClosure {
  startSet = [ {key = 5;} ];
  operator = item: [{
    key = if (item.key / 2 ) * 2 == item.key
         then item.key / 2
         else 3 * item.key + 1;
  }];
}

evaluates to

[ { key = 5; } { key = 16; } { key = 8; } { key = 4; } { key = 2; } { key = 1; } ]

getAttr s set

getAttr returns the attribute named s from set. Evaluation aborts if the attribute doesn’t exist. This is a dynamic version of the . operator, since s is an expression rather than an identifier.

getContext s

Return the string context of s.

The string context tracks references to derivations within a string. It is represented as an attribute set of store derivation paths mapping to output names.

Using string interpolation on a derivation will add that derivation to the string context. For example,

builtins.getContext "${derivation { name = "a"; builder = "b"; system = "c"; }}"

evaluates to

{ "/nix/store/arhvjaf6zmlyn8vh8fgn55rpwnxq0n7l-a.drv" = { outputs = [ "out" ]; }; }

getEnv s

getEnv returns the value of the environment variable s, or an empty string if the variable doesn’t exist. This function should be used with care, as it can introduce all sorts of nasty environment dependencies in your Nix expression.

getEnv is used in Nix Packages to locate the file ~/.nixpkgs/config.nix, which contains user-local settings for Nix Packages. (That is, it does a getEnv "HOME" to locate the user’s home directory.)

getFlake args

Note

This function is only available if the flakes experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = flakes

Fetch a flake from a flake reference, and return its output attributes and some metadata. For example:

(builtins.getFlake "nix/55bc52401966fbffa525c574c14f67b00bc4fb3a").packages.x86_64-linux.nix

Unless impure evaluation is allowed (--impure), the flake reference must be "locked", e.g. contain a Git revision or content hash. An example of an unlocked usage is:

(builtins.getFlake "github:edolstra/dwarffs").rev

groupBy f list

Groups elements of list together by the string returned from the function f called on each element. It returns an attribute set where each attribute value contains the elements of list that are mapped to the same corresponding attribute name returned by f.

For example,

builtins.groupBy (builtins.substring 0 1) ["foo" "bar" "baz"]

evaluates to

{ b = [ "bar" "baz" ]; f = [ "foo" ]; }

hasAttr s set

hasAttr returns true if set has an attribute named s, and false otherwise. This is a dynamic version of the ? operator, since s is an expression rather than an identifier.

hasContext s

Return true if string s has a non-empty context. The context can be obtained with getContext.

Example

Many operations require a string context to be empty because they are intended only to work with "regular" strings, and also to help users avoid unintentionally loosing track of string context elements. builtins.hasContext can help create better domain-specific errors in those case.
name: meta:

if builtins.hasContext name
then throw "package name cannot contain string context"
else { ${name} = meta; }

hashFile type p

Return a base-16 representation of the cryptographic hash of the file at path p. The hash algorithm specified by type must be one of "md5", "sha1", "sha256" or "sha512".

hashString type s

Return a base-16 representation of the cryptographic hash of string s. The hash algorithm specified by type must be one of "md5", "sha1", "sha256" or "sha512".

head list

Return the first element of a list; abort evaluation if the argument isn’t a list or is an empty list. You can test whether a list is empty by comparing it with [].

import path

Load, parse, and return the Nix expression in the file path.

Note

Unlike some languages, import is a regular function in Nix.

The path argument must meet the same criteria as an interpolated expression.

If path is a directory, the file default.nix in that directory is used if it exists.

Example
$ echo 123 > default.nix
Import default.nix from the current directory.
import ./.
123

Evaluation aborts if the file doesn’t exist or contains an invalid Nix expression.

A Nix expression loaded by import must not contain any free variables, that is, identifiers that are not defined in the Nix expression itself and are not built-in. Therefore, it cannot refer to variables that are in scope at the call site.

Example

If you have a calling expression
rec {
  x = 123;
  y = import ./foo.nix;
}
then the following foo.nix will give an error:
# foo.nix
x + 456
since x is not in scope in foo.nix. If you want x to be available in foo.nix, pass it as a function argument:
rec {
  x = 123;
  y = import ./foo.nix x;
}
and
# foo.nix
x: x + 456
The function argument doesn’t have to be called x in foo.nix; any name would work.

intersectAttrs e1 e2

Return a set consisting of the attributes in the set e2 which have the same name as some attribute in e1.

Performs in O(n log m) where n is the size of the smaller set and m the larger set's size.

isAttrs e

Return true if e evaluates to a set, and false otherwise.

isBool e

Return true if e evaluates to a bool, and false otherwise.

isFloat e

Return true if e evaluates to a float, and false otherwise.

isFunction e

Return true if e evaluates to a function, and false otherwise.

isInt e

Return true if e evaluates to an integer, and false otherwise.

isList e

Return true if e evaluates to a list, and false otherwise.

isNull e

Return true if e evaluates to null, and false otherwise.

This is equivalent to e == null.

isPath e

Return true if e evaluates to a path, and false otherwise.

isString e

Return true if e evaluates to a string, and false otherwise.

langVersion (integer)

The current version of the Nix language.

length e

Return the length of the list e.

lessThan e1 e2

Return true if the number e1 is less than the number e2, and false otherwise. Evaluation aborts if either e1 or e2 does not evaluate to a number.

listToAttrs e

Construct a set from a list specifying the names and values of each attribute. Each element of the list should be a set consisting of a string-valued attribute name specifying the name of the attribute, and an attribute value specifying its value.

In case of duplicate occurrences of the same name, the first takes precedence.

Example:

builtins.listToAttrs
  [ { name = "foo"; value = 123; }
    { name = "bar"; value = 456; }
    { name = "bar"; value = 420; }
  ]

evaluates to

{ foo = 123; bar = 456; }

map f list

Apply the function f to each element in the list list. For example,

map (x: "foo" + x) [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]

evaluates to [ "foobar" "foobla" "fooabc" ].

mapAttrs f attrset

Apply function f to every element of attrset. For example,

builtins.mapAttrs (name: value: value * 10) { a = 1; b = 2; }

evaluates to { a = 10; b = 20; }.

match regex str

Returns a list if the extended POSIX regular expression regex matches str precisely, otherwise returns null. Each item in the list is a regex group.

builtins.match "ab" "abc"

Evaluates to null.

builtins.match "abc" "abc"

Evaluates to [ ].

builtins.match "a(b)(c)" "abc"

Evaluates to [ "b" "c" ].

builtins.match "[[:space:]]+([[:upper:]]+)[[:space:]]+" "  FOO   "

Evaluates to [ "FOO" ].

mul e1 e2

Return the product of the numbers e1 and e2.

nixPath (list)

The value of the nix-path configuration setting: a list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

Example

$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval --expr "builtins.nixPath" -I foo=bar --no-pure-eval
[ { path = "bar"; prefix = "foo"; } ]

Lookup path expressions are desugared using this and builtins.findFile:

<nixpkgs>

is equivalent to:

builtins.findFile builtins.nixPath "nixpkgs"

nixVersion (string)

The version of Nix.

For example, where the command line returns the current Nix version,

$ nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.16.0

the Nix language evaluator returns the same value:

nix-repl> builtins.nixVersion
"2.16.0"

null (null)

Primitive value.

The name null is not special, and can be shadowed:

nix-repl> let null = 1; in null
1

outputOf derivation-reference output-name

Note

This function is only available if the dynamic-derivations experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = dynamic-derivations

Return the output path of a derivation, literally or using a placeholder if needed.

If the derivation has a statically-known output path (i.e. the derivation output is input-addressed, or fixed content-addresed), the output path will just be returned. But if the derivation is content-addressed or if the derivation is itself not-statically produced (i.e. is the output of another derivation), a placeholder will be returned instead.

derivation reference must be a string that may contain a regular store path to a derivation, or may be a placeholder reference. If the derivation is produced by a derivation, you must explicitly select drv.outPath. This primop can be chained arbitrarily deeply. For instance,

builtins.outputOf
  (builtins.outputOf myDrv "out")
  "out"

will return a placeholder for the output of the output of myDrv.

This primop corresponds to the ^ sigil for derivable paths, e.g. as part of installable syntax on the command line.

parseDrvName s

Split the string s into a package name and version. The package name is everything up to but not including the first dash not followed by a letter, and the version is everything following that dash. The result is returned in a set { name, version }. Thus, builtins.parseDrvName "nix-0.12pre12876" returns { name = "nix"; version = "0.12pre12876"; }.

parseFlakeRef flake-ref

Note

This function is only available if the flakes experimental feature is enabled.

For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = flakes

Parse a flake reference, and return its exploded form.

For example:

builtins.parseFlakeRef "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/23.05?dir=lib"

evaluates to:

{ dir = "lib"; owner = "NixOS"; ref = "23.05"; repo = "nixpkgs"; type = "github"; }

partition pred list

Given a predicate function pred, this function returns an attrset containing a list named right, containing the elements in list for which pred returned true, and a list named wrong, containing the elements for which it returned false. For example,

builtins.partition (x: x > 10) [1 23 9 3 42]

evaluates to

{ right = [ 23 42 ]; wrong = [ 1 9 3 ]; }

path args

An enrichment of the built-in path type, based on the attributes present in args. All are optional except path:

path
The underlying path.
name
The name of the path when added to the store. This can used to reference paths that have nix-illegal characters in their names, like @.
filter
A function of the type expected by builtins.filterSource, with the same semantics.
recursive
When false, when path is added to the store it is with a flat hash, rather than a hash of the NAR serialization of the file. Thus, path must refer to a regular file, not a directory. This allows similar behavior to fetchurl. Defaults to true.
sha256
When provided, this is the expected hash of the file at the path. Evaluation will fail if the hash is incorrect, and providing a hash allows builtins.path to be used even when the pure-eval nix config option is on.

pathExists path

Return true if the path path exists at evaluation time, and false otherwise.

placeholder output

Return a placeholder string for the specified output that will be substituted by the corresponding output path at build time. Typical outputs would be "out", "bin" or "dev".

readDir path

Return the contents of the directory path as a set mapping directory entries to the corresponding file type. For instance, if directory A contains a regular file B and another directory C, then builtins.readDir ./A will return the set

{ B = "regular"; C = "directory"; }

The possible values for the file type are "regular", "directory", "symlink" and "unknown".

readFile path

Return the contents of the file path as a string.

readFileType p

Determine the directory entry type of a filesystem node, being one of "directory", "regular", "symlink", or "unknown".

removeAttrs set list

Remove the attributes listed in list from set. The attributes don’t have to exist in set. For instance,

removeAttrs { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; } [ "a" "x" "z" ]

evaluates to { y = 2; }.

replaceStrings from to s

Given string s, replace every occurrence of the strings in from with the corresponding string in to.

The argument to is lazy, that is, it is only evaluated when its corresponding pattern in from is matched in the string s

Example:

builtins.replaceStrings ["oo" "a"] ["a" "i"] "foobar"

evaluates to "fabir".

seq e1 e2

Evaluate e1, then evaluate and return e2. This ensures that a computation is strict in the value of e1.

sort comparator list

Return list in sorted order. It repeatedly calls the function comparator with two elements. The comparator should return true if the first element is less than the second, and false otherwise. For example,

builtins.sort builtins.lessThan [ 483 249 526 147 42 77 ]

produces the list [ 42 77 147 249 483 526 ].

This is a stable sort: it preserves the relative order of elements deemed equal by the comparator.

split regex str

Returns a list composed of non matched strings interleaved with the lists of the extended POSIX regular expression regex matches of str. Each item in the lists of matched sequences is a regex group.

builtins.split "(a)b" "abc"

Evaluates to [ "" [ "a" ] "c" ].

builtins.split "([ac])" "abc"

Evaluates to [ "" [ "a" ] "b" [ "c" ] "" ].

builtins.split "(a)|(c)" "abc"

Evaluates to [ "" [ "a" null ] "b" [ null "c" ] "" ].

builtins.split "([[:upper:]]+)" " FOO "

Evaluates to [ " " [ "FOO" ] " " ].

splitVersion s

Split a string representing a version into its components, by the same version splitting logic underlying the version comparison in nix-env -u.

storeDir (string)

Logical file system location of the Nix store currently in use.

This value is determined by the store parameter in Store URLs:

$ nix-instantiate --store 'dummy://?store=/blah' --eval --expr builtins.storeDir
"/blah"

storePath path

This function allows you to define a dependency on an already existing store path. For example, the derivation attribute src = builtins.storePath /nix/store/f1d18v1y…-source causes the derivation to depend on the specified path, which must exist or be substitutable. Note that this differs from a plain path (e.g. src = /nix/store/f1d18v1y…-source) in that the latter causes the path to be copied again to the Nix store, resulting in a new path (e.g. /nix/store/ld01dnzc…-source-source).

Not available in pure evaluation mode.

Derivations

The most important built-in function is derivation, which is used to describe a single derivation: a specification for running an executable on precisely defined input files to repeatably produce output files at uniquely determined file system paths.

It takes as input an attribute set, the attributes of which specify the inputs to the process. It outputs an attribute set, and produces a store derivation as a side effect of evaluation.

Input attributes

Required

name (String)

A symbolic name for the derivation. It is added to the store path of the corresponding store derivation as well as to its output paths.
Example
```
derivation {
  name = "hello";
  # ...
}
```
The store derivation's path will be /nix/store/<hash>-hello.drv. The output paths will be of the form /nix/store/<hash>-hello[-<output>]
system (String)

The system type on which the builder executable is meant to be run.

A necessary condition for Nix to build derivations locally is that the system attribute matches the current system configuration option. It can automatically build on other platforms by forwarding build requests to other machines.
Example

Declare a derivation to be built on a specific system type:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  system = "x86_64-linux";
  # ...
}
```
Example

Declare a derivation to be built on the system type that evaluates the expression:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  system = builtins.currentSystem;
  # ...
}
```
builtins.currentSystem has the value of the system configuration option, and defaults to the system type of the current Nix installation.
builder (Path | String)

Path to an executable that will perform the build.
Example

Use the file located at /bin/bash as the builder executable:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  builder = "/bin/bash";
  # ...
};
```
Example

Copy a local file to the Nix store for use as the builder executable:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  builder = ./builder.sh;
  # ...
};
```
Example

Use a file from another derivation as the builder executable:
```
let pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {}; in
derivation {
  # ...
  builder = "${pkgs.python}/bin/python";
  # ...
};
```

Optional

args (List of String)

Default: [ ]

Command-line arguments to be passed to the builder executable.
Example

Pass arguments to Bash to interpret a shell command:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  builder = "/bin/bash";
  args = [ "-c" "echo hello world > $out" ];
  # ...
};
```
outputs (List of String)

Default: [ "out" ]

Symbolic outputs of the derivation. Each output name is passed to the builder executable as an environment variable with its value set to the corresponding store path.

By default, a derivation produces a single output called out. However, derivations can produce multiple outputs. This allows the associated store objects and their closures to be copied or garbage-collected separately.
Example

Imagine a library package that provides a dynamic library, header files, and documentation. A program that links against such a library doesn’t need the header files and documentation at runtime, and it doesn’t need the documentation at build time. Thus, the library package could specify:
```
derivation {
  # ...
  outputs = [ "lib" "dev" "doc" ];
  # ...
}
```
This will cause Nix to pass environment variables lib, dev, and doc to the builder containing the intended store paths of each output. The builder would typically do something like
```
./configure \
  --libdir=$lib/lib \
  --includedir=$dev/include \
  --docdir=$doc/share/doc
```
for an Autoconf-style package.
The name of an output is combined with the name of the derivation to create the name part of the output's store path, unless it is out, in which case just the name of the derivation is used.
Example
```
derivation {
  name = "example";
  outputs = [ "lib" "dev" "doc" "out" ];
  # ...
}
```
The store derivation path will be /nix/store/<hash>-example.drv. The output paths will be
- /nix/store/<hash>-example-lib
- /nix/store/<hash>-example-dev
- /nix/store/<hash>-example-doc
- /nix/store/<hash>-example
You can refer to each output of a derivation by selecting it as an attribute. The first element of outputs determines the default output and ends up at the top-level.
Example

Select an output by attribute name:
```
let
  myPackage = derivation {
    name = "example";
    outputs = [ "lib" "dev" "doc" "out" ];
    # ...
  };
in myPackage.dev
```
Since lib is the first output, myPackage is equivalent to myPackage.lib.
See Advanced Attributes for more, infrequently used, optional attributes.
Every other attribute is passed as an environment variable to the builder. Attribute values are translated to environment variables as follows:
- Strings are passed unchanged.
- Integral numbers are converted to decimal notation.
- Floating point numbers are converted to simple decimal or scientific notation with a preset precision.
- A path (e.g., ../foo/sources.tar) causes the referenced file to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put in the environment variable. The idea is that all sources should reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation should reside in the Nix store.
- A derivation causes that derivation to be built prior to the present derivation. The environment variable is set to the store path of the derivation's default output.
- Lists of the previous types are also allowed. They are simply concatenated, separated by spaces.
- true is passed as the string 1, false and null are passed as an empty string.

Builder execution

The builder is executed as follows:

A temporary directory is created under the directory specified by TMPDIR (default /tmp) where the build will take place. The current directory is changed to this directory.
The environment is cleared and set to the derivation attributes, as specified above.
In addition, the following variables are set:
- NIX_BUILD_TOP contains the path of the temporary directory for this build.
- Also, TMPDIR, TEMPDIR, TMP, TEMP are set to point to the temporary directory. This is to prevent the builder from accidentally writing temporary files anywhere else. Doing so might cause interference by other processes.
- PATH is set to /path-not-set to prevent shells from initialising it to their built-in default value.
- HOME is set to /homeless-shelter to prevent programs from using /etc/passwd or the like to find the user's home directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when HOME is set, it is used as the location of the home directory, even if it points to a non-existent path.
- NIX_STORE is set to the path of the top-level Nix store directory (typically, /nix/store).
- NIX_ATTRS_JSON_FILE & NIX_ATTRS_SH_FILE if __structuredAttrs is set to true for the derivation. A detailed explanation of this behavior can be found in the section about structured attrs.
- For each output declared in outputs, the corresponding environment variable is set to point to the intended path in the Nix store for that output. Each output path is a concatenation of the cryptographic hash of all build inputs, the name attribute and the output name. (The output name is omitted if it’s out.)
If an output path already exists, it is removed. Also, locks are acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from performing the same build at the same time.
A log of the combined standard output and error is written to /nix/var/log/nix.
The builder is executed with the arguments specified by the attribute args. If it exits with exit code 0, it is considered to have succeeded.
The temporary directory is removed (unless the -K option was specified).
If the build was successful, Nix scans each output path for references to input paths by looking for the hash parts of the input paths. Since these are potential runtime dependencies, Nix registers them as dependencies of the output paths.
After the build, Nix sets the last-modified timestamp on all files in the build result to 1 (00:00:01 1/1/1970 UTC), sets the group to the default group, and sets the mode of the file to 0444 or 0555 (i.e., read-only, with execute permission enabled if the file was originally executable). Note that possible setuid and setgid bits are cleared. Setuid and setgid programs are not currently supported by Nix. This is because the Nix archives used in deployment have no concept of ownership information, and because it makes the build result dependent on the user performing the build.

Advanced Attributes

Derivations can declare some infrequently used optional attributes.

allowedReferences
The optional attribute allowedReferences specifies a list of legal references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For example,
```
allowedReferences = [];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime dependencies on its inputs. To allow an output to have a runtime dependency on itself, use "out" as a list item. This is used in NixOS to check that generated files such as initial ramdisks for booting Linux don’t have accidental dependencies on other paths in the Nix store.
allowedRequisites
This attribute is similar to allowedReferences, but it specifies the legal requisites of the whole closure, so all the dependencies recursively. For example,
```
allowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any other runtime dependency than foobar, and in addition it enforces that foobar itself doesn't introduce any other dependency itself.
disallowedReferences
The optional attribute disallowedReferences specifies a list of illegal references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For example,
```
disallowedReferences = [ foo ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have a direct runtime dependencies on the derivation foo.
disallowedRequisites
This attribute is similar to disallowedReferences, but it specifies illegal requisites for the whole closure, so all the dependencies recursively. For example,
```
disallowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
```
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime dependency on foobar or any other derivation depending recursively on foobar.
exportReferencesGraph
This attribute allows builders access to the references graph of their inputs. The attribute is a list of inputs in the Nix store whose references graph the builder needs to know. The value of this attribute should be a list of pairs [ name1 path1 name2 path2 ... ]. The references graph of each pathN will be stored in a text file nameN in the temporary build directory. The text files have the format used by nix-store --register-validity (with the deriver fields left empty). For example, when the following derivation is built:
```
derivation {
  ...
  exportReferencesGraph = [ "libfoo-graph" libfoo ];
};
```
the references graph of libfoo is placed in the file libfoo-graph in the temporary build directory.

exportReferencesGraph is useful for builders that want to do something with the closure of a store path. Examples include the builders in NixOS that generate the initial ramdisk for booting Linux (a cpio archive containing the closure of the boot script) and the ISO-9660 image for the installation CD (which is populated with a Nix store containing the closure of a bootable NixOS configuration).
impureEnvVars
This attribute allows you to specify a list of environment variables that should be passed from the environment of the calling user to the builder. Usually, the environment is cleared completely when the builder is executed, but with this attribute you can allow specific environment variables to be passed unmodified. For example, fetchurl in Nixpkgs has the line
```
impureEnvVars = [ "http_proxy" "https_proxy" ... ];
```
to make it use the proxy server configuration specified by the user in the environment variables http_proxy and friends.

This attribute is only allowed in fixed-output derivations (see below), where impurities such as these are okay since (the hash of) the output is known in advance. It is ignored for all other derivations.

Warning

impureEnvVars implementation takes environment variables from the current builder process. When a daemon is building its environmental variables are used. Without the daemon, the environmental variables come from the environment of the nix-build.

If the configurable-impure-env experimental feature is enabled, these environment variables can also be controlled through the impure-env configuration setting.
outputHash; outputHashAlgo; outputHashMode
These attributes declare that the derivation is a so-called fixed-output derivation (FOD), which means that a cryptographic hash of the output is already known in advance.

As opposed to regular derivations, the builder executable of a fixed-output derivation has access to the network. Nix computes a cryptographic hash of its output and compares that to the hash declared with these attributes. If there is a mismatch, the derivation fails.

The rationale for fixed-output derivations is derivations such as those produced by the fetchurl function. This function downloads a file from a given URL. To ensure that the downloaded file has not been modified, the caller must also specify a cryptographic hash of the file. For example,
```
fetchurl {
  url = "http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
  sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
```
It sometimes happens that the URL of the file changes, e.g., because servers are reorganised or no longer available. We then must update the call to fetchurl, e.g.,
```
fetchurl {
  url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
  sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
```
If a fetchurl derivation was treated like a normal derivation, the output paths of the derivation and all derivations depending on it would change. For instance, if we were to change the URL of the Glibc source distribution in Nixpkgs (a package on which almost all other packages depend) massive rebuilds would be needed. This is unfortunate for a change which we know cannot have a real effect as it propagates upwards through the dependency graph.

For fixed-output derivations, on the other hand, the name of the output path only depends on the outputHash* and name attributes, while all other attributes are ignored for the purpose of computing the output path. (The name attribute is included because it is part of the path.)

As an example, here is the (simplified) Nix expression for fetchurl:
```
{ stdenv, curl }: # The curl program is used for downloading.

{ url, sha256 }:

stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = baseNameOf (toString url);
  builder = ./builder.sh;
  buildInputs = [ curl ];

  # This is a fixed-output derivation; the output must be a regular
  # file with SHA256 hash sha256.
  outputHashMode = "flat";
  outputHashAlgo = "sha256";
  outputHash = sha256;

  inherit url;
}
```
The outputHash attribute must be a string containing the hash in either hexadecimal or "nix32" encoding, or following the format for integrity metadata as defined by SRI. The "nix32" encoding is an adaptation of base-32 encoding. The convertHash function shows how to convert between different encodings, and the nix-hash command has information about obtaining the hash for some contents, as well as converting to and from encodings.

The outputHashAlgo attribute specifies the hash algorithm used to compute the hash. It can currently be "sha1", "sha256", "sha512", or null. outputHashAlgo can only be null when outputHash follows the SRI format.

The outputHashMode attribute determines how the hash is computed. It must be one of the following values:
- "flat"
  
  This is the default.
- "recursive" or "nar"
  
  Compatibility
  
  "recursive" is the traditional way of indicating this, and is supported since 2005 (virtually the entire history of Nix). "nar" is more clear, and consistent with other parts of Nix (such as the CLI), however support for it is only added in Nix version 2.21.
- "text"
  
  Warning
  
  The use of this method for derivation outputs is part of the dynamic-derivations experimental feature.
- "git"
  
  Warning
  
  This method is part of the git-hashing experimental feature.
__contentAddressed
Warning This attribute is part of an experimental feature.

To use this attribute, you must enable the ca-derivations experimental feature. For example, in nix.conf you could add:
```
extra-experimental-features = ca-derivations
```
If this attribute is set to true, then the derivation outputs will be stored in a content-addressed location rather than the traditional input-addressed one.

Setting this attribute also requires setting outputHashMode and outputHashAlgo like for fixed-output derivations (see above).

It also implicitly requires that the machine to build the derivation must have the ca-derivations system feature.
passAsFile
A list of names of attributes that should be passed via files rather than environment variables. For example, if you have
```
passAsFile = ["big"];
big = "a very long string";
```
then when the builder runs, the environment variable bigPath will contain the absolute path to a temporary file containing a very long string. That is, for any attribute x listed in passAsFile, Nix will pass an environment variable xPath holding the path of the file containing the value of attribute x. This is useful when you need to pass large strings to a builder, since most operating systems impose a limit on the size of the environment (typically, a few hundred kilobyte).
preferLocalBuild
If this attribute is set to true and distributed building is enabled, then, if possible, the derivation will be built locally instead of being forwarded to a remote machine. This is useful for derivations that are cheapest to build locally.
allowSubstitutes
If this attribute is set to false, then Nix will always build this derivation (locally or remotely); it will not try to substitute its outputs. This is useful for derivations that are cheaper to build than to substitute.

This attribute can be ignored by setting always-allow-substitutes to true.

Note

If set to false, the builder should be able to run on the system type specified in the system attribute, since the derivation cannot be substituted.
__structuredAttrs
If the special attribute __structuredAttrs is set to true, the other derivation attributes are serialised into a file in JSON format. The environment variable NIX_ATTRS_JSON_FILE points to the exact location of that file both in a build and a nix-shell. This obviates the need for passAsFile since JSON files have no size restrictions, unlike process environments.

It also makes it possible to tweak derivation settings in a structured way; see outputChecks for example.

As a convenience to Bash builders, Nix writes a script that initialises shell variables corresponding to all attributes that are representable in Bash. The environment variable NIX_ATTRS_SH_FILE points to the exact location of the script, both in a build and a nix-shell. This includes non-nested (associative) arrays. For example, the attribute hardening.format = true ends up as the Bash associative array element ${hardening[format]}.

Warning

If set to true, other advanced attributes such as allowedReferences, allowedReferences, allowedRequisites, disallowedReferences and disallowedRequisites, maxSize, and maxClosureSize. will have no effect.
outputChecks
When using structured attributes, the outputChecks attribute allows defining checks per-output.

In addition to allowedReferences, allowedRequisites, disallowedReferences and disallowedRequisites, the following attributes are available:
- maxSize defines the maximum size of the resulting store object.
- maxClosureSize defines the maximum size of the output's closure.
- ignoreSelfRefs controls whether self-references should be considered when checking for allowed references/requisites.
Example:
```
__structuredAttrs = true;

outputChecks.out = {
  # The closure of 'out' must not be larger than 256 MiB.
  maxClosureSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;

  # It must not refer to the C compiler or to the 'dev' output.
  disallowedRequisites = [ stdenv.cc "dev" ];
};

outputChecks.dev = {
  # The 'dev' output must not be larger than 128 KiB.
  maxSize = 128 * 1024;
};
```
unsafeDiscardReferences\

When using structured attributes, the attribute unsafeDiscardReferences is an attribute set with a boolean value for each output name. If set to true, it disables scanning the output for runtime dependencies.

Example:
```
__structuredAttrs = true;
unsafeDiscardReferences.out = true;
```
This is useful, for example, when generating self-contained filesystem images with their own embedded Nix store: hashes found inside such an image refer to the embedded store and not to the host's Nix store.
requiredSystemFeatures\

If a derivation has the requiredSystemFeatures attribute, then Nix will only build it on a machine that has the corresponding features set in its system-features configuration.

For example, setting
```
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "kvm" ];
```
ensures that the derivation can only be built on a machine with the kvm feature.

Import From Derivation

The value of a Nix expression can depend on the contents of a store object.

Passing an expression expr that evaluates to a store path to any built-in function which reads from the filesystem constitutes Import From Derivation (IFD):

import expr
builtins.readFile expr
builtins.readFileType expr
builtins.readDir expr
builtins.pathExists expr
builtins.filterSource f expr
builtins.path { path = expr; }
builtins.hashFile t expr
builtins.scopedImport x drv

When the store path needs to be accessed, evaluation will be paused, the corresponding store object realised, and then evaluation resumed.

This has performance implications: Evaluation can only finish when all required store objects are realised. Since the Nix language evaluator is sequential, it only finds store paths to read from one at a time. While realisation is always parallel, in this case it cannot be done for all required store paths at once, and is therefore much slower than otherwise.

Realising store objects during evaluation can be disabled by setting allow-import-from-derivation to false. Without IFD it is ensured that evaluation is complete and Nix can produce a build plan before starting any realisation.

Example

In the following Nix expression, the inner derivation drv produces a file with contents hello.

# IFD.nix
let
  drv = derivation {
    name = "hello";
    builder = "/bin/sh";
    args = [ "-c" "echo -n hello > $out" ];
    system = builtins.currentSystem;
  };
in "${builtins.readFile drv} world"

nix-instantiate IFD.nix --eval --read-write-mode

building '/nix/store/348q1cal6sdgfxs8zqi9v8llrsn4kqkq-hello.drv'...
"hello world"

The contents of the derivation's output have to be realised before they can be read with readFile. Only then evaluation can continue to produce the final result.

Illustration

As a first approximation, the following data flow graph shows how evaluation and building are interleaved, if the value of a Nix expression depends on realising a store object. Boxes are data structures, arrow labels are transformations.

+----------------------+             +------------------------+
| Nix evaluator        |             | Nix store              |
|  .----------------.  |             |                        |
|  | Nix expression |  |             |                        |
|  '----------------'  |             |                        |
|          |           |             |                        |
|       evaluate       |             |                        |
|          |           |             |                        |
|          V           |             |                        |
|    .------------.    |             |  .------------------.  |
|    | derivation |----|-instantiate-|->| store derivation |  |
|    '------------'    |             |  '------------------'  |
|                      |             |           |            |
|                      |             |        realise         |
|                      |             |           |            |
|                      |             |           V            |
|  .----------------.  |             |    .--------------.    |
|  | Nix expression |<-|----read-----|----| store object |    |
|  '----------------'  |             |    '--------------'    |
|          |           |             |                        |
|       evaluate       |             |                        |
|          |           |             |                        |
|          V           |             |                        |
|    .------------.    |             |                        |
|    |   value    |    |             |                        |
|    '------------'    |             |                        |
+----------------------+             +------------------------+

In more detail, the following sequence diagram shows how the expression is evaluated step by step, and where evaluation is blocked to wait for the build output to appear.

.-------.     .-------------.                        .---------.
|Nix CLI|     |Nix evaluator|                        |Nix store|
'-------'     '-------------'                        '---------'
    |                |                                    |
    |evaluate IFD.nix|                                    |
    |--------------->|                                    |
    |                |                                    |
    |  evaluate `"${readFile drv} world"`                 |
    |                |                                    |
    |    evaluate `readFile drv`                          |
    |                |                                    |
    |   evaluate `drv` as string                          |
    |                |                                    |
    |                |instantiate /nix/store/...-hello.drv|
    |                |----------------------------------->|
    |                :                                    |
    |                :  realise /nix/store/...-hello.drv  |
    |                :----------------------------------->|
    |                :                                    |
    |                                                     |--------.
    |                :                                    |        |
    |      (evaluation blocked)                           |  echo hello > $out
    |                :                                    |        |
    |                                                     |<-------'
    |                :        /nix/store/...-hello        |
    |                |<-----------------------------------|
    |                |                                    |
    |  resume `readFile /nix/store/...-hello`             |
    |                |                                    |
    |                |   readFile /nix/store/...-hello    |
    |                |----------------------------------->|
    |                |                                    |
    |                |               hello                |
    |                |<-----------------------------------|
    |                |                                    |
    |      resume `"${"hello"} world"`                    |
    |                |                                    |
    |        resume `"hello world"`                       |
    |                |                                    |
    | "hello world"  |                                    |
    |<---------------|                                    |
.-------.     .-------------.                        .---------.
|Nix CLI|     |Nix evaluator|                        |Nix store|
'-------'     '-------------'                        '---------'

This chapter discusses how to do package management with Nix, i.e., how to obtain, install, upgrade, and erase packages. This is the “user’s” perspective of the Nix system — people who want to create packages should consult the chapter on the Nix language.

Profiles

Profiles and user environments are Nix’s mechanism for implementing the ability to allow different users to have different configurations, and to do atomic upgrades and rollbacks. To understand how they work, it’s useful to know a bit about how Nix works. In Nix, packages are stored in unique locations in the Nix store (typically, /nix/store). For instance, a particular version of the Subversion package might be stored in a directory /nix/store/dpmvp969yhdqs7lm2r1a3gng7pyq6vy4-subversion-1.1.3/, while another version might be stored in /nix/store/5mq2jcn36ldlmh93yj1n8s9c95pj7c5s-subversion-1.1.2. The long strings prefixed to the directory names are cryptographic hashes (to be precise, 160-bit truncations of SHA-256 hashes encoded in a base-32 notation) of all inputs involved in building the package — sources, dependencies, compiler flags, and so on. So if two packages differ in any way, they end up in different locations in the file system, so they don’t interfere with each other. Here is what a part of a typical Nix store looks like:

Of course, you wouldn’t want to type

$ /nix/store/dpmvp969yhdq...-subversion-1.1.3/bin/svn

every time you want to run Subversion. Of course we could set up the PATH environment variable to include the bin directory of every package we want to use, but this is not very convenient since changing PATH doesn’t take effect for already existing processes. The solution Nix uses is to create directory trees of symlinks to activated packages. These are called user environments and they are packages themselves (though automatically generated by nix-env), so they too reside in the Nix store. For instance, in the figure above, the user environment /nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env contains a symlink to just Subversion 1.1.2 (arrows in the figure indicate symlinks). This would be what we would obtain if we had done

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.subversion

on a set of Nix expressions that contained Subversion 1.1.2.

This doesn’t in itself solve the problem, of course; you wouldn’t want to type /nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env/bin/svn either. That’s why there are symlinks outside of the store that point to the user environments in the store; for instance, the symlinks default-42-link and default-43-link in the example. These are called generations since every time you perform a nix-env operation, a new user environment is generated based on the current one. For instance, generation 43 was created from generation 42 when we did

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.subversion nixpkgs.firefox

on a set of Nix expressions that contained Firefox and a new version of Subversion.

Generations are grouped together into profiles so that different users don’t interfere with each other if they don’t want to. For example:

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/profiles/
...
lrwxrwxrwx  1 eelco ... default-42-link -> /nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env
lrwxrwxrwx  1 eelco ... default-43-link -> /nix/store/3aw2pdyx2jfc...-user-env
lrwxrwxrwx  1 eelco ... default -> default-43-link

This shows a profile called default. The file default itself is actually a symlink that points to the current generation. When we do a nix-env operation, a new user environment and generation link are created based on the current one, and finally the default symlink is made to point at the new generation. This last step is atomic on Unix, which explains how we can do atomic upgrades. (Note that the building/installing of new packages doesn’t interfere in any way with old packages, since they are stored in different locations in the Nix store.)

If you find that you want to undo a nix-env operation, you can just do

$ nix-env --rollback

which will just make the current generation link point at the previous link. E.g., default would be made to point at default-42-link. You can also switch to a specific generation:

$ nix-env --switch-generation 43

which in this example would roll forward to generation 43 again. You can also see all available generations:

$ nix-env --list-generations

You generally wouldn’t have /nix/var/nix/profiles/some-profile/bin in your PATH. Rather, there is a symlink ~/.nix-profile that points to your current profile. This means that you should put ~/.nix-profile/bin in your PATH (and indeed, that’s what the initialisation script /nix/etc/profile.d/nix.sh does). This makes it easier to switch to a different profile. You can do that using the command nix-env --switch-profile:

$ nix-env --switch-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/my-profile

$ nix-env --switch-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/default

These commands switch to the my-profile and default profile, respectively. If the profile doesn’t exist, it will be created automatically. You should be careful about storing a profile in another location than the profiles directory, since otherwise it might not be used as a root of the garbage collector.

All nix-env operations work on the profile pointed to by ~/.nix-profile, but you can override this using the --profile option (abbreviation -p):

$ nix-env --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/other-profile --install --attr nixpkgs.subversion

This will not change the ~/.nix-profile symlink.

Garbage Collection

nix-env operations such as upgrades (-u) and uninstall (-e) never actually delete packages from the system. All they do (as shown above) is to create a new user environment that no longer contains symlinks to the “deleted” packages.

Of course, since disk space is not infinite, unused packages should be removed at some point. You can do this by running the Nix garbage collector. It will remove from the Nix store any package not used (directly or indirectly) by any generation of any profile.

Note however that as long as old generations reference a package, it will not be deleted. After all, we wouldn’t be able to do a rollback otherwise. So in order for garbage collection to be effective, you should also delete (some) old generations. Of course, this should only be done if you are certain that you will not need to roll back.

To delete all old (non-current) generations of your current profile:

$ nix-env --delete-generations old

Instead of old you can also specify a list of generations, e.g.,

$ nix-env --delete-generations 10 11 14

To delete all generations older than a specified number of days (except the current generation), use the d suffix. For example,

$ nix-env --delete-generations 14d

deletes all generations older than two weeks.

After removing appropriate old generations you can run the garbage collector as follows:

$ nix-store --gc

The behaviour of the garbage collector is affected by the keep-derivations (default: true) and keep-outputs (default: false) options in the Nix configuration file. The defaults will ensure that all derivations that are build-time dependencies of garbage collector roots will be kept and that all output paths that are runtime dependencies will be kept as well. All other derivations or paths will be collected. (This is usually what you want, but while you are developing it may make sense to keep outputs to ensure that rebuild times are quick.) If you are feeling uncertain, you can also first view what files would be deleted:

$ nix-store --gc --print-dead

Likewise, the option --print-live will show the paths that won’t be deleted.

There is also a convenient little utility nix-collect-garbage, which when invoked with the -d (--delete-old) switch deletes all old generations of all profiles in /nix/var/nix/profiles. So

$ nix-collect-garbage -d

is a quick and easy way to clean up your system.

Garbage Collector Roots

The roots of the garbage collector are all store paths to which there are symlinks in the directory prefix/nix/var/nix/gcroots. For instance, the following command makes the path /nix/store/d718ef...-foo a root of the collector:

$ ln -s /nix/store/d718ef...-foo /nix/var/nix/gcroots/bar

That is, after this command, the garbage collector will not remove /nix/store/d718ef...-foo or any of its dependencies.

Subdirectories of prefix/nix/var/nix/gcroots are also searched for symlinks. Symlinks to non-store paths are followed and searched for roots, but symlinks to non-store paths inside the paths reached in that way are not followed to prevent infinite recursion.

This section lists advanced topics related to builds and builds performance

Sometimes you want to copy a package from one machine to another. Or, you want to install some packages and you know that another machine already has some or all of those packages or their dependencies. In that case there are mechanisms to quickly copy packages between machines.

Serving a Nix store via HTTP

You can easily share the Nix store of a machine via HTTP. This allows other machines to fetch store paths from that machine to speed up installations. It uses the same binary cache mechanism that Nix usually uses to fetch pre-built binaries from https://cache.nixos.org.

The daemon that handles binary cache requests via HTTP, nix-serve, is not part of the Nix distribution, but you can install it from Nixpkgs:

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.nix-serve

You can then start the server, listening for HTTP connections on whatever port you like:

$ nix-serve -p 8080

To check whether it works, try the following on the client:

$ curl http://avalon:8080/nix-cache-info

which should print something like:

StoreDir: /nix/store
WantMassQuery: 1
Priority: 30

On the client side, you can tell Nix to use your binary cache using --substituters, e.g.:

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.firefox --substituters http://avalon:8080/

The option substituters tells Nix to use this binary cache in addition to your default caches, such as https://cache.nixos.org. Thus, for any path in the closure of Firefox, Nix will first check if the path is available on the server avalon or another binary caches. If not, it will fall back to building from source.

You can also tell Nix to always use your binary cache by adding a line to the nix.conf configuration file like this:

substituters = http://avalon:8080/ https://cache.nixos.org/

Serving a Nix store via SSH

You can tell Nix to automatically fetch needed binaries from a remote Nix store via SSH. For example, the following installs Firefox, automatically fetching any store paths in Firefox’s closure if they are available on the server avalon:

$ nix-env --install --attr nixpkgs.firefox --substituters ssh://alice@avalon

This works similar to the binary cache substituter that Nix usually uses, only using SSH instead of HTTP: if a store path P is needed, Nix will first check if it’s available in the Nix store on avalon. If not, it will fall back to using the binary cache substituter, and then to building from source.

Note

The SSH substituter currently does not allow you to enter an SSH passphrase interactively. Therefore, you should use ssh-add to load the decrypted private key into ssh-agent.

You can also copy the closure of some store path, without installing it into your profile, e.g.

$ nix-store --realise /nix/store/m85bxg…-firefox-34.0.5 --substituters
ssh://alice@avalon

This is essentially equivalent to doing

$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@avalon
/nix/store/m85bxg…-firefox-34.0.5

You can use SSH’s forced command feature to set up a restricted user account for SSH substituter access, allowing read-only access to the local Nix store, but nothing more. For example, add the following lines to sshd_config to restrict the user nix-ssh:

Match User nix-ssh
  AllowAgentForwarding no
  AllowTcpForwarding no
  PermitTTY no
  PermitTunnel no
  X11Forwarding no
  ForceCommand nix-store --serve
Match All

On NixOS, you can accomplish the same by adding the following to your configuration.nix:

nix.sshServe.enable = true;
nix.sshServe.keys = [ "ssh-dss AAAAB3NzaC1k... bob@example.org" ];

where the latter line lists the public keys of users that are allowed to connect.

Remote Builds

Nix supports remote builds, where a local Nix installation can forward Nix builds to other machines. This allows multiple builds to be performed in parallel and allows Nix to perform multi-platform builds in a semi-transparent way. For instance, if you perform a build for a x86_64-darwin on an i686-linux machine, Nix can automatically forward the build to a x86_64-darwin machine, if available.

To forward a build to a remote machine, it’s required that the remote machine is accessible via SSH and that it has Nix installed. You can test whether connecting to the remote Nix instance works, e.g.

$ nix store ping --store ssh://mac

will try to connect to the machine named mac. It is possible to specify an SSH identity file as part of the remote store URI, e.g.

$ nix store ping --store ssh://mac?ssh-key=/home/alice/my-key

Since builds should be non-interactive, the key should not have a passphrase. Alternatively, you can load identities ahead of time into ssh-agent or gpg-agent.

If you get the error

bash: nix-store: command not found
error: cannot connect to 'mac'

then you need to ensure that the PATH of non-interactive login shells contains Nix.

The list of remote build machines can be specified on the command line or in the Nix configuration file. For example, the following command allows you to build a derivation for x86_64-darwin on a Linux machine:

$ uname
Linux

$ nix build --impure \
  --expr '(with import <nixpkgs> { system = "x86_64-darwin"; }; runCommand "foo" {} "uname > $out")' \
  --builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin'
[1/0/1 built, 0.0 MiB DL] building foo on ssh://mac

$ cat ./result
Darwin

It is possible to specify multiple build machines separated by a semicolon or a newline, e.g.

  --builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd'

Remote build machines can also be configured in nix.conf, e.g.

builders = ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd

Finally, remote build machines can be configured in a separate configuration file included in builders via the syntax @/path/to/file. For example,

builders = @/etc/nix/machines

causes the list of machines in /etc/nix/machines to be included. (This is the default.)

Tuning Cores and Jobs

Nix has two relevant settings with regards to how your CPU cores will be utilized: cores and max-jobs. This chapter will talk about what they are, how they interact, and their configuration trade-offs.

max-jobs
Dictates how many separate derivations will be built at the same time. If you set this to zero, the local machine will do no builds. Nix will still substitute from binary caches, and build remotely if remote builders are configured.
cores
Suggests how many cores each derivation should use. Similar to make -j.

The cores setting determines the value of NIX_BUILD_CORES. NIX_BUILD_CORES is equal to cores, unless cores equals 0, in which case NIX_BUILD_CORES will be the total number of cores in the system.

The maximum number of consumed cores is a simple multiplication, max-jobs * NIX_BUILD_CORES.

The balance on how to set these two independent variables depends upon each builder's workload and hardware. Here are a few example scenarios on a machine with 24 cores:

`max-jobs`	`cores`	`NIX_BUILD_CORES`	Maximum Processes	Result
1	24	24	24	One derivation will be built at a time, each one can use 24 cores. Undersold if a job can’t use 24 cores.
4	6	6	24	Four derivations will be built at once, each given access to six cores.
12	6	6	72	12 derivations will be built at once, each given access to six cores. This configuration is over-sold. If all 12 derivations being built simultaneously try to use all six cores, the machine's performance will be degraded due to extensive context switching between the 12 builds.
24	1	1	24	24 derivations can build at the same time, each using a single core. Never oversold, but derivations which require many cores will be very slow to compile.
24	0	24	576	24 derivations can build at the same time, each using all the available cores of the machine. Very likely to be oversold, and very likely to suffer context switches.

It is up to the derivations' build script to respect host's requested cores-per-build by following the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable.

Verifying Build Reproducibility

You can use Nix's diff-hook setting to compare build results. Note that this hook is only executed if the results differ; it is not used for determining if the results are the same.

For purposes of demonstration, we'll use the following Nix file, deterministic.nix for testing:

let
  inherit (import <nixpkgs> {}) runCommand;
in {
  stable = runCommand "stable" {} ''
    touch $out
  '';

  unstable = runCommand "unstable" {} ''
    echo $RANDOM > $out
  '';
}

Additionally, nix.conf contains:

diff-hook = /etc/nix/my-diff-hook
run-diff-hook = true

where /etc/nix/my-diff-hook is an executable file containing:

#!/bin/sh
exec >&2
echo "For derivation $3:"
/run/current-system/sw/bin/diff -r "$1" "$2"

The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the build. However, the diff hook does not have write access to the store path just built.

Spot-Checking Build Determinism

Verify a path which already exists in the Nix store by passing --check to the build command.

If the build passes and is deterministic, Nix will exit with a status code of 0:

$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix --attr stable
this derivation will be built:
  /nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv
building '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable

$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix --attr stable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable

If the build is not deterministic, Nix will exit with a status code of 1:

$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix --attr unstable
this derivation will be built:
  /nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable

$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix --attr unstable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may
not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs

In the Nix daemon's log, we will now see:

For derivation /nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv:
1c1
< 8108
---
> 30204

Using --check with --keep-failed will cause Nix to keep the second build's output in a special, .check path:

$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix --attr unstable --check --keep-failed
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
note: keeping build directory '/tmp/nix-build-unstable.drv-0'
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may
not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs
from '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check'

In particular, notice the /nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check output. Nix has copied the build results to that directory where you can examine it.

Note

Check paths are not protected against garbage collection, and this path will be deleted on the next garbage collection.

The path is guaranteed to be alive for the duration of the diff-hook's execution, but may be deleted any time after.

If the comparison is performed as part of automated tooling, please use the diff-hook or author your tooling to handle the case where the build was not deterministic and also a check path does not exist.

--check is only usable if the derivation has been built on the system already. If the derivation has not been built Nix will fail with the error:

error: some outputs of '/nix/store/hzi1h60z2qf0nb85iwnpvrai3j2w7rr6-unstable.drv' 
are not valid, so checking is not possible

Run the build without --check, and then try with --check again.

Using the `post-build-hook`

Implementation Caveats

Here we use the post-build hook to upload to a binary cache. This is a simple and working example, but it is not suitable for all use cases.

The post build hook program runs after each executed build, and blocks the build loop. The build loop exits if the hook program fails.

Concretely, this implementation will make Nix slow or unusable when the internet is slow or unreliable.

A more advanced implementation might pass the store paths to a user-supplied daemon or queue for processing the store paths outside of the build loop.

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes you have configured an S3-compatible binary cache as a substituter, and that the root user's default AWS profile can upload to the bucket.

Set up a Signing Key

Use nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key to create our public and private signing keys. We will sign paths with the private key, and distribute the public key for verifying the authenticity of the paths.

# nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key example-nix-cache-1 /etc/nix/key.private /etc/nix/key.public
# cat /etc/nix/key.public
example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=

Then update nix.conf on any machine that will access the cache. Add the cache URL to substituters and the public key to trusted-public-keys:

substituters = https://cache.nixos.org/ s3://example-nix-cache
trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=

Machines that build for the cache must sign derivations using the private key. On those machines, add the path to the key file to the secret-key-files field in their nix.conf:

secret-key-files = /etc/nix/key.private

We will restart the Nix daemon in a later step.

Implementing the build hook

Write the following script to /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh:

#!/bin/sh

set -eu
set -f # disable globbing
export IFS=' '

echo "Uploading paths" $OUT_PATHS
exec nix copy --to "s3://example-nix-cache" $OUT_PATHS

Note

The $OUT_PATHS variable is a space-separated list of Nix store paths. In this case, we expect and want the shell to perform word splitting to make each output path its own argument to nix store sign. Nix guarantees the paths will not contain any spaces, however a store path might contain glob characters. The set -f disables globbing in the shell. If you want to upload the .drv file too, the $DRV_PATH variable is also defined for the script and works just like $OUT_PATHS.

Then make sure the hook program is executable by the root user:

# chmod +x /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh

Updating Nix Configuration

Edit /etc/nix/nix.conf to run our hook, by adding the following configuration snippet at the end:

post-build-hook = /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh

Then, restart the nix-daemon.

Testing

Build any derivation, for example:

$ nix-build --expr '(import <nixpkgs> {}).writeText "example" (builtins.toString builtins.currentTime)'
this derivation will be built:
  /nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv
building '/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv'...
running post-build-hook '/home/grahamc/projects/github.com/NixOS/nix/post-hook.sh'...
post-build-hook: Signing paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
post-build-hook: Uploading paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
/nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example

Then delete the path from the store, and try substituting it from the binary cache:

$ rm ./result
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example

Now, copy the path back from the cache:

$ nix-store --realise /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
copying path '/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example from 's3://example-nix-cache'...
warning: you did not specify '--add-root'; the result might be removed by the garbage collector
/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example

Conclusion

We now have a Nix installation configured to automatically sign and upload every local build to a remote binary cache.

Before deploying this to production, be sure to consider the implementation caveats.

This section lists commands and options that you can use when you work with Nix.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Main Commands

This section lists commands and options that you can use when you work with Nix.

Name

nix-build - build a Nix expression

Synopsis

nix-build [paths…] [--arg name value] [--argstr name value] [{--attr | -A} attrPath] [--no-out-link] [--dry-run] [{--out-link | -o} outlink]

Disambiguation

This man page describes the command nix-build, which is distinct from nix build. For documentation on the latter, run nix build --help or see man nix3-build.

Description

The nix-build command builds the derivations described by the Nix expressions in paths. If the build succeeds, it places a symlink to the result in the current directory. The symlink is called result. If there are multiple Nix expressions, or the Nix expressions evaluate to multiple derivations, multiple sequentially numbered symlinks are created (result, result-2, and so on).

If no paths are specified, then nix-build will use default.nix in the current directory, if it exists.

If an element of paths starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.

nix-build is essentially a wrapper around nix-instantiate (to translate a high-level Nix expression to a low-level store derivation) and nix-store --realise (to build the store derivation).

Warning

The result of the build is automatically registered as a root of the Nix garbage collector. This root disappears automatically when the result symlink is deleted or renamed. So don’t rename the symlink.

Options

All options not listed here are passed to nix-store --realise, except for --arg and --attr / -A which are passed to nix-instantiate.

--no-out-link

Do not create a symlink to the output path. Note that as a result the output does not become a root of the garbage collector, and so might be deleted by nix-store --gc.
--dry-run

Show what store paths would be built or downloaded.
--out-link / -o outlink

Change the name of the symlink to the output path created from result to outlink.

Special exit codes for build failure

1xx status codes are used when requested builds failed. The following codes are in use:

100 Generic build failure

The builder process returned with a non-zero exit code.
101 Build timeout

The build was aborted because it did not complete within the specified timeout.
102 Hash mismatch

The build output was rejected because it does not match the outputHash attribute of the derivation.
104 Not deterministic

The build succeeded in check mode but the resulting output is not binary reproducible.

With the --keep-going flag it's possible for multiple failures to occur. In this case the 1xx status codes are or combined using bitwise OR.

0b1100100
     ^^^^
     |||`- timeout
     ||`-- output hash mismatch
     |`--- build failure
     `---- not deterministic

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' --attr firefox
store derivation is /nix/store/qybprl8sz2lc...-firefox-1.5.0.7.drv
/nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7

$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx  ...  result -> /nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7

$ ls ./result/bin/
firefox  firefox-config

If a derivation has multiple outputs, nix-build will build the default (first) output. You can also build all outputs:

$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' --attr openssl.all

This will create a symlink for each output named result-outputname. The suffix is omitted if the output name is out. So if openssl has outputs out, bin and man, nix-build will create symlinks result, result-bin and result-man. It’s also possible to build a specific output:

$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' --attr openssl.man

This will create a symlink result-man.

Build a Nix expression given on the command line:

$ nix-build --expr 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "foo" { } "echo bar > $out"'
$ cat ./result
bar

Build the GNU Hello package from the latest revision of the master branch of Nixpkgs:

$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz --attr hello

Name

nix-shell - start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression

Synopsis

nix-shell [--arg name value] [--argstr name value] [{--attr | -A} attrPath] [--command cmd] [--run cmd] [--exclude regexp] [--pure] [--keep name] {{--packages | -p} {packages | expressions} … | [path]}

Disambiguation

This man page describes the command nix-shell, which is distinct from nix shell. For documentation on the latter, run nix shell --help or see man nix3-shell.

Description

The command nix-shell will build the dependencies of the specified derivation, but not the derivation itself. It will then start an interactive shell in which all environment variables defined by the derivation path have been set to their corresponding values, and the script $stdenv/setup has been sourced. This is useful for reproducing the environment of a derivation for development.

If path is not given, nix-shell defaults to shell.nix if it exists, and default.nix otherwise.

If path starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.

If the derivation defines the variable shellHook, it will be run after $stdenv/setup has been sourced. Since this hook is not executed by regular Nix builds, it allows you to perform initialisation specific to nix-shell. For example, the derivation attribute

shellHook =
  ''
    echo "Hello shell"
    export SOME_API_TOKEN="$(cat ~/.config/some-app/api-token)"
  '';

will cause nix-shell to print Hello shell and set the SOME_API_TOKEN environment variable to a user-configured value.

Options

All options not listed here are passed to nix-store --realise, except for --arg and --attr / -A which are passed to nix-instantiate.

--command cmd

In the environment of the derivation, run the shell command cmd. This command is executed in an interactive shell. (Use --run to use a non-interactive shell instead.) However, a call to exit is implicitly added to the command, so the shell will exit after running the command. To prevent this, add return at the end; e.g. --command "echo Hello; return" will print Hello and then drop you into the interactive shell. This can be useful for doing any additional initialisation.
--run cmd

Like --command, but executes the command in a non-interactive shell. This means (among other things) that if you hit Ctrl-C while the command is running, the shell exits.
--exclude regexp

Do not build any dependencies whose store path matches the regular expression regexp. This option may be specified multiple times.
--pure

If this flag is specified, the environment is almost entirely cleared before the interactive shell is started, so you get an environment that more closely corresponds to the “real” Nix build. A few variables, in particular HOME, USER and DISPLAY, are retained.
--packages / -p packages…

Set up an environment in which the specified packages are present. The command line arguments are interpreted as attribute names inside the Nix Packages collection. Thus, nix-shell --packages libjpeg openjdk will start a shell in which the packages denoted by the attribute names libjpeg and openjdk are present.
-i interpreter

The chained script interpreter to be invoked by nix-shell. Only applicable in #!-scripts (described below).
--keep name

When a --pure shell is started, keep the listed environment variables.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_BUILD_SHELL

Shell used to start the interactive environment. Defaults to the bash found in <nixpkgs>, falling back to the bash found in PATH if not found.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To build the dependencies of the package Pan, and start an interactive shell in which to build it:

$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' --attr pan
[nix-shell]$ eval ${unpackPhase:-unpackPhase}
[nix-shell]$ cd $sourceRoot
[nix-shell]$ eval ${patchPhase:-patchPhase}
[nix-shell]$ eval ${configurePhase:-configurePhase}
[nix-shell]$ eval ${buildPhase:-buildPhase}
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan

The reason we use form eval ${configurePhase:-configurePhase} here is because those packages that override these phases do so by exporting the overridden values in the environment variable of the same name. Here bash is being told to either evaluate the contents of 'configurePhase', if it exists as a variable, otherwise evaluate the configurePhase function.

To clear the environment first, and do some additional automatic initialisation of the interactive shell:

$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' --attr pan --pure \
    --command 'export NIX_DEBUG=1; export NIX_CORES=8; return'

Nix expressions can also be given on the command line using the -E and -p flags. For instance, the following starts a shell containing the packages sqlite and libX11:

$ nix-shell --expr 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ sqlite xorg.libX11 ]; } ""'

A shorter way to do the same is:

$ nix-shell --packages sqlite xorg.libX11
[nix-shell]$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
… -L/nix/store/j1zg5v…-sqlite-3.8.0.2/lib -L/nix/store/0gmcz9…-libX11-1.6.1/lib …

Note that -p accepts multiple full nix expressions that are valid in the buildInputs = [ ... ] shown above, not only package names. So the following is also legal:

$ nix-shell --packages sqlite 'git.override { withManual = false; }'

The -p flag looks up Nixpkgs in the Nix search path. You can override it by passing -I or setting NIX_PATH. For example, the following gives you a shell containing the Pan package from a specific revision of Nixpkgs:

$ nix-shell --packages pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz

[nix-shell:~]$ pan --version
Pan 0.139

Use as a `#!`-interpreter

You can use nix-shell as a script interpreter to allow scripts written in arbitrary languages to obtain their own dependencies via Nix. This is done by starting the script with the following lines:

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i real-interpreter --packages packages

where real-interpreter is the “real” script interpreter that will be invoked by nix-shell after it has obtained the dependencies and initialised the environment, and packages are the attribute names of the dependencies in Nixpkgs.

The lines starting with #! nix-shell specify nix-shell options (see above). Note that you cannot write #! /usr/bin/env nix-shell -i ... because many operating systems only allow one argument in #! lines.

For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and the prettytable package:

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i python3 --packages python3 python3Packages.prettytable

import prettytable

# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print(t)

Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it requires Perl and the HTML::TokeParser::Simple and LWP packages:

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i perl --packages perl perlPackages.HTMLTokeParserSimple perlPackages.LWP

use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;

# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple->new(url => 'http://nixos.org/');

while (my $token = $p->get_tag("a")) {
    my $href = $token->get_attr("href");
    print "$href\n" if $href;
}

Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize a package like Terraform:

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i bash --packages 'terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])'

terraform apply

Note

You must use single or double quotes (', ") when passing a simple Nix expression in a nix-shell shebang.

Finally, using the merging of multiple nix-shell shebangs the following Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the 20.03 stable branch):

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc --packages 'haskellPackages.ghcWithPackages (ps: [ps.download-curl ps.tagsoup])'
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-20.03.tar.gz

import Network.Curl.Download
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
import Data.Either
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (unpack)

-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
  resp <- openURI "https://nixos.org/"
  let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags $ unpack $ fromRight undefined resp
  let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
  mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'

If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific revision of Nixpkgs:

#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/0672315759b3e15e2121365f067c1c8c56bb4722.tar.gz

The examples above all used -p to get dependencies from Nixpkgs. You can also use a Nix expression to build your own dependencies. For example, the Python example could have been written as:

#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell deps.nix -i python

where the file deps.nix in the same directory as the #!-script contains:

with import <nixpkgs> {};

runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ python pythonPackages.prettytable ]; } ""

The script's file name is passed as the first argument to the interpreter specified by the -i flag.

Aside from the very first line, which is a directive to the operating system, the additional #! nix-shell lines do not need to be at the beginning of the file. This allows wrapping them in block comments for languages where # does not start a comment, such as ECMAScript, Erlang, PHP, or Ruby.

Name

nix-store - manipulate or query the Nix store

Synopsis

nix-store operation [options…] [arguments…] [--option name value] [--add-root path]

Description

The command nix-store performs primitive operations on the Nix store. You generally do not need to run this command manually.

nix-store takes exactly one operation flag which indicates the subcommand to be performed. The following operations are available:

These pages can be viewed offline:

man nix-store-<operation>.

Example: man nix-store-realise
nix-store --help --<operation>

Example: nix-store --help --realise

Name

nix-store --add-fixed - add paths to store using given hashing algorithm

Synopsis

nix-store --add-fixed [--recursive] algorithm paths…

Description

The operation --add-fixed adds the specified paths to the Nix store. Unlike --add paths are registered using the specified hashing algorithm, resulting in the same output path as a fixed-output derivation. This can be used for sources that are not available from a public url or broke since the download expression was written.

This operation has the following options:

--recursive

Use recursive instead of flat hashing mode, used when adding directories to the store.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --add-fixed sha256 ./hello-2.10.tar.gz
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz

Name

nix-store --add - add paths to Nix store

Synopsis

nix-store --add paths…

Description

The operation --add adds the specified paths to the Nix store. It prints the resulting paths in the Nix store on standard output.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --add ./foo.c
/nix/store/m7lrha58ph6rcnv109yzx1nk1cj7k7zf-foo.c

Name

nix-store --delete - delete store paths

Synopsis

nix-store --delete [--ignore-liveness] paths…

Description

The operation --delete deletes the store paths paths from the Nix store, but only if it is safe to do so; that is, when the path is not reachable from a root of the garbage collector. This means that you can only delete paths that would also be deleted by nix-store --gc. Thus, --delete is a more targeted version of --gc.

With the option --ignore-liveness, reachability from the roots is ignored. However, the path still won’t be deleted if there are other paths in the store that refer to it (i.e., depend on it).

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4
0 bytes freed (0.00 MiB)
error: cannot delete path `/nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4' since it is still alive

Name

nix-store --dump-db - export Nix database

Synopsis

nix-store --dump-db [paths…]

Description

The operation --dump-db writes a dump of the Nix database to standard output. It can be loaded into an empty Nix store using --load-db. This is useful for making backups and when migrating to different database schemas.

By default, --dump-db will dump the entire Nix database. When one or more store paths is passed, only the subset of the Nix database for those store paths is dumped. As with --export, the user is responsible for passing all the store paths for a closure. See --export for an example.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-store --dump - write a single path to a Nix Archive

Synopsis

nix-store --dump path

Description

The operation --dump produces a Nix archive (NAR) file containing the contents of the file system tree rooted at path. The archive is written to standard output.

A NAR archive is like a TAR or Zip archive, but it contains only the information that Nix considers important. For instance, timestamps are elided because all files in the Nix store have their timestamp set to 0 anyway. Likewise, all permissions are left out except for the execute bit, because all files in the Nix store have 444 or 555 permission.

Also, a NAR archive is canonical, meaning that “equal” paths always produce the same NAR archive. For instance, directory entries are always sorted so that the actual on-disk order doesn’t influence the result. This means that the cryptographic hash of a NAR dump of a path is usable as a fingerprint of the contents of the path. Indeed, the hashes of store paths stored in Nix’s database (see nix-store --query --hash) are SHA-256 hashes of the NAR dump of each store path.

NAR archives support filenames of unlimited length and 64-bit file sizes. They can contain regular files, directories, and symbolic links, but not other types of files (such as device nodes).

A Nix archive can be unpacked using nix-store --restore.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-store --export - export store paths to a Nix Archive

Synopsis

nix-store --export paths…

Description

The operation --export writes a serialisation of the given store objects to standard output in a format that can be imported into another Nix store with nix-store --import.

Warning

This command does not produce a closure of the specified store paths. Trying to import a store object that refers to store paths not available in the target Nix store will fail.

Use nix-store --query to obtain the closure of a store path.

This command is different from nix-store --dump, which produces a Nix archive that does not contain the set of references of a given store path.

Note

For efficient transfer of closures to remote machines over SSH, use nix-copy-closure.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Example

Deploy GNU Hello to an airgapped machine via USB stick.

Write the closure to the block device on a machine with internet connection:
[alice@itchy]$ storePath=$(nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable -A hello --no-out-link)
[alice@itchy]$ nix-store --export $(nix-store --query --requisites $storePath) | sudo dd of=/dev/usb
Read the closure from the block device on the machine without internet connection:
[bob@scratchy]$ hello=$(sudo dd if=/dev/usb | nix-store --import | tail -1)
[bob@scratchy]$ $hello/bin/hello
Hello, world!

Name

nix-store --gc - run garbage collection

Synopsis

nix-store --gc [--print-roots | --print-live | --print-dead] [--max-freed bytes]

Description

Without additional flags, the operation --gc performs a garbage collection on the Nix store. That is, all paths in the Nix store not reachable via file system references from a set of “roots”, are deleted.

The following suboperations may be specified:

--print-roots

This operation prints on standard output the set of roots used by the garbage collector.
--print-live

This operation prints on standard output the set of “live” store paths, which are all the store paths reachable from the roots. Live paths should never be deleted, since that would break consistency — it would become possible that applications are installed that reference things that are no longer present in the store.
--print-dead

This operation prints out on standard output the set of “dead” store paths, which is just the opposite of the set of live paths: any path in the store that is not live (with respect to the roots) is dead.

By default, all unreachable paths are deleted. The following options control what gets deleted and in what order:

--max-freed bytes

Keep deleting paths until at least bytes bytes have been deleted, then stop. The argument bytes can be followed by the multiplicative suffix K, M, G or T, denoting KiB, MiB, GiB or TiB units.

The behaviour of the collector is also influenced by the keep-outputs and keep-derivations settings in the Nix configuration file.

By default, the collector prints the total number of freed bytes when it finishes (or when it is interrupted). With --print-dead, it prints the number of bytes that would be freed.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To delete all unreachable paths, just do:

$ nix-store --gc
deleting `/nix/store/kq82idx6g0nyzsp2s14gfsc38npai7lf-cairo-1.0.4.tar.gz.drv'
...
8825586 bytes freed (8.42 MiB)

To delete at least 100 MiBs of unreachable paths:

$ nix-store --gc --max-freed $((100 * 1024 * 1024))

Name

nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key - generate key pair to use for a binary cache

Synopsis

nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key key-name secret-key-file public-key-file

Description

This command generates an Ed25519 key pair that can be used to create a signed binary cache. It takes three mandatory parameters:

A key name, such as cache.example.org-1, that is used to look up keys on the client when it verifies signatures. It can be anything, but it’s suggested to use the host name of your cache (e.g. cache.example.org) with a suffix denoting the number of the key (to be incremented every time you need to revoke a key).
The file name where the secret key is to be stored.
The file name where the public key is to be stored.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-store --import - import Nix Archive into the store

Synopsis

nix-store --import

Description

The operation --import reads a serialisation of a set of store objects produced by nix-store --export from standard input, and adds those store objects to the specified Nix store. Paths that already exist in the target Nix store are ignored. If a path refers to another path that doesn’t exist in the target Nix store, the import fails.

Note

For efficient transfer of closures to remote machines over SSH, use nix-copy-closure.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Example

Given a closure of GNU Hello as a file:

$ storePath="$(nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable -A hello --no-out-link)"
$ nix-store --export $(nix-store --query --requisites $storePath) > hello.closure

Import the closure into a remote SSH store using the --store option:

$ nix-store --import --store ssh://alice@itchy.example.org < hello.closure

Name

nix-store --load-db - import Nix database

Synopsis

nix-store --load-db

Description

The operation --load-db reads a dump of the Nix database created by --dump-db from standard input and loads it into the Nix database.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-store --optimise - reduce disk space usage

Synopsis

nix-store --optimise

Description

The operation --optimise reduces Nix store disk space usage by finding identical files in the store and hard-linking them to each other. It typically reduces the size of the store by something like 25-35%. Only regular files and symlinks are hard-linked in this manner. Files are considered identical when they have the same Nix Archive (NAR) serialisation: that is, regular files must have the same contents and permission (executable or non-executable), and symlinks must have the same contents.

After completion, or when the command is interrupted, a report on the achieved savings is printed on standard error.

Use -vv or -vvv to get some progress indication.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --optimise
hashing files in `/nix/store/qhqx7l2f1kmwihc9bnxs7rc159hsxnf3-gcc-4.1.1'
...
541838819 bytes (516.74 MiB) freed by hard-linking 54143 files;
there are 114486 files with equal contents out of 215894 files in total

Name

nix-store --print-env - print the build environment of a derivation

Synopsis

nix-store --print-env drvpath

Description

The operation --print-env prints out the environment of a derivation in a format that can be evaluated by a shell. The command line arguments of the builder are placed in the variable _args.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --print-env $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A firefox)
…
export src; src='/nix/store/plpj7qrwcz94z2psh6fchsi7s8yihc7k-firefox-12.0.source.tar.bz2'
export stdenv; stdenv='/nix/store/7c8asx3yfrg5dg1gzhzyq2236zfgibnn-stdenv'
export system; system='x86_64-linux'
export _args; _args='-e /nix/store/9krlzvny65gdc8s7kpb6lkx8cd02c25c-default-builder.sh'

Name

nix-store --query - display information about store paths

Synopsis

nix-store {--query | -q} {--outputs | --requisites | -R | --references | --referrers | --referrers-closure | --deriver | -d | --valid-derivers | --graph | --tree | --binding name | -b name | --hash | --size | --roots} [--use-output] [-u] [--force-realise] [-f] paths…

Description

The operation --query displays various bits of information about the store paths . The queries are described below. At most one query can be specified. The default query is --outputs.

The paths paths may also be symlinks from outside of the Nix store, to the Nix store. In that case, the query is applied to the target of the symlink.

Common query options

--use-output / -u

For each argument to the query that is a store derivation, apply the query to the output path of the derivation instead.
--force-realise / -f

Realise each argument to the query first (see nix-store --realise).

Queries

--outputs

Prints out the output paths of the store derivations paths. These are the paths that will be produced when the derivation is built.
--requisites / -R

Prints out the closure of the store path paths.

This query has one option:
- --include-outputs Also include the existing output paths of store derivations, and their closures.
This query can be used to implement various kinds of deployment. A source deployment is obtained by distributing the closure of a store derivation. A binary deployment is obtained by distributing the closure of an output path. A cache deployment (combined source/binary deployment, including binaries of build-time-only dependencies) is obtained by distributing the closure of a store derivation and specifying the option --include-outputs.
--references

Prints the set of references of the store paths paths, that is, their immediate dependencies. (For all dependencies, use --requisites.)
--referrers

Prints the set of referrers of the store paths paths, that is, the store paths currently existing in the Nix store that refer to one of paths. Note that contrary to the references, the set of referrers is not constant; it can change as store paths are added or removed.
--referrers-closure

Prints the closure of the set of store paths paths under the referrers relation; that is, all store paths that directly or indirectly refer to one of paths. These are all the path currently in the Nix store that are dependent on paths.
--deriver / -d

Prints the deriver that was used to build the store paths paths. If the path has no deriver (e.g., if it is a source file), or if the deriver is not known (e.g., in the case of a binary-only deployment), the string unknown-deriver is printed. The returned deriver is not guaranteed to exist in the local store, for example when paths were substituted from a binary cache. Use --valid-derivers instead to obtain valid paths only.
--valid-derivers

Prints a set of derivation files (.drv) which are supposed produce said paths when realized. Might print nothing, for example for source paths or paths subsituted from a binary cache.
--graph

Prints the references graph of the store paths paths in the format of the dot tool of AT&T's Graphviz package. This can be used to visualise dependency graphs. To obtain a build-time dependency graph, apply this to a store derivation. To obtain a runtime dependency graph, apply it to an output path.
--tree

Prints the references graph of the store paths paths as a nested ASCII tree. References are ordered by descending closure size; this tends to flatten the tree, making it more readable. The query only recurses into a store path when it is first encountered; this prevents a blowup of the tree representation of the graph.
--graphml

Prints the references graph of the store paths paths in the GraphML file format. This can be used to visualise dependency graphs. To obtain a build-time dependency graph, apply this to a store derivation. To obtain a runtime dependency graph, apply it to an output path.
--binding name / -b name

Prints the value of the attribute name (i.e., environment variable) of the store derivations paths. It is an error for a derivation to not have the specified attribute.
--hash

Prints the SHA-256 hash of the contents of the store paths paths (that is, the hash of the output of nix-store --dump on the given paths). Since the hash is stored in the Nix database, this is a fast operation.
--size

Prints the size in bytes of the contents of the store paths paths — to be precise, the size of the output of nix-store --dump on the given paths. Note that the actual disk space required by the store paths may be higher, especially on filesystems with large cluster sizes.
--roots

Prints the garbage collector roots that point, directly or indirectly, at the store paths paths.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Print the closure (runtime dependencies) of the svn program in the current user environment:

$ nix-store --query --requisites $(which svn)
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/9lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4
...

Print the build-time dependencies of svn:

$ nix-store --query --requisites $(nix-store --query --deriver $(which svn))
/nix/store/02iizgn86m42q905rddvg4ja975bk2i4-grep-2.5.1.tar.bz2.drv
/nix/store/07a2bzxmzwz5hp58nf03pahrv2ygwgs3-gcc-wrapper.sh
/nix/store/0ma7c9wsbaxahwwl04gbw3fcd806ski4-glibc-2.3.4.drv
... lots of other paths ...

The difference with the previous example is that we ask the closure of the derivation (-qd), not the closure of the output path that contains svn.

Show the build-time dependencies as a tree:

$ nix-store --query --tree $(nix-store --query --deriver $(which svn))
/nix/store/7i5082kfb6yjbqdbiwdhhza0am2xvh6c-subversion-1.1.4.drv
+---/nix/store/d8afh10z72n8l1cr5w42366abiblgn54-builder.sh
+---/nix/store/fmzxmpjx2lh849ph0l36snfj9zdibw67-bash-3.0.drv
|   +---/nix/store/570hmhmx3v57605cqg9yfvvyh0nnb8k8-bash
|   +---/nix/store/p3srsbd8dx44v2pg6nbnszab5mcwx03v-builder.sh
...

Show all paths that depend on the same OpenSSL library as svn:

$ nix-store --query --referrers $(nix-store --query --binding openssl $(nix-store --query --deriver $(which svn)))
/nix/store/23ny9l9wixx21632y2wi4p585qhva1q8-sylpheed-1.0.0
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/dpmvp969yhdqs7lm2r1a3gng7pyq6vy4-subversion-1.1.3
/nix/store/l51240xqsgg8a7yrbqdx1rfzyv6l26fx-lynx-2.8.5

Show all paths that directly or indirectly depend on the Glibc (C library) used by svn:

$ nix-store --query --referrers-closure $(ldd $(which svn) | grep /libc.so | awk '{print $3}')
/nix/store/034a6h4vpz9kds5r6kzb9lhh81mscw43-libgnomeprintui-2.8.2
/nix/store/15l3yi0d45prm7a82pcrknxdh6nzmxza-gawk-3.1.4
...

Note that ldd is a command that prints out the dynamic libraries used by an ELF executable.

Make a picture of the runtime dependency graph of the current user environment:

$ nix-store --query --graph ~/.nix-profile | dot -Tps > graph.ps
$ gv graph.ps

Show every garbage collector root that points to a store path that depends on svn:

$ nix-store --query --roots $(which svn)
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-81-link
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-82-link
/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-97-link

Name

nix-store --read-log - print build log

Synopsis

nix-store {--read-log | -l} paths…

Description

The operation --read-log prints the build log of the specified store paths on standard output. The build log is whatever the builder of a derivation wrote to standard output and standard error. If a store path is not a derivation, the deriver of the store path is used.

Build logs are kept in /nix/var/log/nix/drvs. However, there is no guarantee that a build log is available for any particular store path. For instance, if the path was downloaded as a pre-built binary through a substitute, then the log is unavailable.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

$ nix-store --read-log $(which ktorrent)
building /nix/store/dhc73pvzpnzxhdgpimsd9sw39di66ph1-ktorrent-2.2.1
unpacking sources
unpacking source archive /nix/store/p8n1jpqs27mgkjw07pb5269717nzf5f8-ktorrent-2.2.1.tar.gz
ktorrent-2.2.1/
ktorrent-2.2.1/NEWS
...

Name

nix-store --realise - build or fetch store objects

Synopsis

nix-store {--realise | -r} paths… [--dry-run]

Description

Each of paths is processed as follows:

If the path leads to a store derivation:
1. If it is not valid, substitute the store derivation file itself.
2. Realise its output paths:
- Try to fetch from substituters the store objects associated with the output paths in the store derivation's closure.
  - With content-addressed derivations (experimental): Determine the output paths to realise by querying content-addressed realisation entries in the Nix database.
- For any store paths that cannot be substituted, produce the required store objects:
  1. Realise all outputs of the derivation's dependencies
  2. Run the derivation's builder executable
Otherwise, and if the path is not already valid: Try to fetch the associated store objects in the path's closure from substituters.

If no substitutes are available and no store derivation is given, realisation fails.

The resulting paths are printed on standard output. For non-derivation arguments, the argument itself is printed.

Special exit codes for build failure

1xx status codes are used when requested builds failed. The following codes are in use:

100 Generic build failure

The builder process returned with a non-zero exit code.
101 Build timeout

The build was aborted because it did not complete within the specified timeout.
102 Hash mismatch

The build output was rejected because it does not match the outputHash attribute of the derivation.
104 Not deterministic

The build succeeded in check mode but the resulting output is not binary reproducible.

With the --keep-going flag it's possible for multiple failures to occur. In this case the 1xx status codes are or combined using bitwise OR.

0b1100100
     ^^^^
     |||`- timeout
     ||`-- output hash mismatch
     |`--- build failure
     `---- not deterministic

Options

--dry-run

Print on standard error a description of what packages would be built or downloaded, without actually performing the operation.
--ignore-unknown

If a non-derivation path does not have a substitute, then silently ignore it.
--check

This option allows you to check whether a derivation is deterministic. It rebuilds the specified derivation and checks whether the result is bitwise-identical with the existing outputs, printing an error if that’s not the case. The outputs of the specified derivation must already exist. When used with -K, if an output path is not identical to the corresponding output from the previous build, the new output path is left in /nix/store/name.check.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

This operation is typically used to build store derivations produced by nix-instantiate:

$ nix-store --realise $(nix-instantiate ./test.nix)
/nix/store/31axcgrlbfsxzmfff1gyj1bf62hvkby2-aterm-2.3.1

This is essentially what nix-build does.

To test whether a previously-built derivation is deterministic:

$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' --attr hello --check -K

Use nix-store --read-log to show the stderr and stdout of a build:

$ nix-store --read-log $(nix-instantiate ./test.nix)

Name

nix --repair-path - re-download path from substituter

Synopsis

nix-store --repair-path paths…

Description

The operation --repair-path attempts to “repair” the specified paths by redownloading them using the available substituters. If no substitutes are available, then repair is not possible.

Warning

During repair, there is a very small time window during which the old path (if it exists) is moved out of the way and replaced with the new path. If repair is interrupted in between, then the system may be left in a broken state (e.g., if the path contains a critical system component like the GNU C Library).

Example

$ nix-store --verify-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
path `/nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13' was modified!
  expected hash `2db57715ae90b7e31ff1f2ecb8c12ec1cc43da920efcbe3b22763f36a1861588',
  got `481c5aa5483ebc97c20457bb8bca24deea56550d3985cda0027f67fe54b808e4'

$ nix-store --repair-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
fetching path `/nix/store/d7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13'...
…

Name

nix-store --restore - extract a Nix archive

Synopsis

nix-store --restore path

Description

The operation --restore unpacks a Nix Archive (NAR) to path, which must not already exist. The archive is read from standard input.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-store --serve - serve local Nix store over SSH

Synopsis

nix-store --serve [--write]

Description

The operation --serve provides access to the Nix store over stdin and stdout, and is intended to be used as a means of providing Nix store access to a restricted ssh user.

The following flags are available:

--write

Allow the connected client to request the realization of derivations. In effect, this can be used to make the host act as a remote builder.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To turn a host into a build server, the authorized_keys file can be used to provide build access to a given SSH public key:

$ cat <<EOF >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
command="nice -n20 nix-store --serve --write" ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAA...
EOF

Name

nix-store --verify-path - check path contents against Nix database

Synopsis

nix-store --verify-path paths…

Description

The operation --verify-path compares the contents of the given store paths to their cryptographic hashes stored in Nix’s database. For every changed path, it prints a warning message. The exit status is 0 if no path has changed, and 1 otherwise.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

To verify the integrity of the svn command and all its dependencies:

$ nix-store --verify-path $(nix-store --query --requisites $(which svn))

Name

nix-store --verify - check Nix database for consistency

Synopsis

nix-store --verify [--check-contents] [--repair]

Description

The operation --verify verifies the internal consistency of the Nix database, and the consistency between the Nix database and the Nix store. Any inconsistencies encountered are automatically repaired. Inconsistencies are generally the result of the Nix store or database being modified by non-Nix tools, or of bugs in Nix itself.

This operation has the following options:

--check-contents

Checks that the contents of every valid store path has not been altered by computing a SHA-256 hash of the contents and comparing it with the hash stored in the Nix database at build time. Paths that have been modified are printed out. For large stores, --check-contents is obviously quite slow.
--repair

If any valid path is missing from the store, or (if --check-contents is given) the contents of a valid path has been modified, then try to repair the path by redownloading it. See nix-store --repair-path for details.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-store operations, but may not always have an effect.

--add-root path

Causes the result of a realisation (--realise and --force-realise) to be registered as a root of the garbage collector. path will be created as a symlink to the resulting store path. In addition, a uniquely named symlink to path will be created in /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/. For instance,
```
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --realise ...

$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -> /home/eelco/bla/result

$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx    1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -> /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10
```
Thus, when /home/eelco/bla/result is removed, the GC root in the auto directory becomes a dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.

Warning

Note that it is not possible to move or rename GC roots, since the symlink in the auto directory will still point to the old location.

If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one (e.g., foo, foo-2, foo-3, and so on).

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Name

nix-env - manipulate or query Nix user environments

Synopsis

nix-env operation [options] [arguments…] [--option name value] [--arg name value] [--argstr name value] [{--file | -f} path] [{--profile | -p} path] [--system-filter system] [--dry-run]

Description

The command nix-env is used to manipulate Nix user environments. User environments are sets of software packages available to a user at some point in time. In other words, they are a synthesised view of the programs available in the Nix store. There may be many user environments: different users can have different environments, and individual users can switch between different environments.

nix-env takes exactly one operation flag which indicates the subcommand to be performed. The following operations are available:

These pages can be viewed offline:

man nix-env-<operation>.

Example: man nix-env-install
nix-env --help --<operation>

Example: nix-env --help --install

Package sources

nix-env can obtain packages from multiple sources:

An attribute set of derivations from:
- The default Nix expression (by default)
- A Nix file, specified via --file
- A profile, specified via --from-profile
- A Nix expression that is a function which takes default expression as argument, specified via --from-expression
A store path

Selectors

Several operations, such as nix-env --query and nix-env --install, take a list of arguments that specify the packages on which to operate.

Packages are identified based on a name part and a version part of a symbolic derivation name:

name: Everything up to but not including the first dash (-) that is not followed by a letter.
version: The rest, excluding the separating dash.

Example

nix-env parses the symbolic derivation name apache-httpd-2.0.48 as:
{
  "name": "apache-httpd",
  "version": "2.0.48"
}

Example

nix-env parses the symbolic derivation name firefox.* as:
{
  "name": "firefox.*",
  "version": ""
}

The name parts of the arguments to nix-env are treated as extended regular expressions and matched against the name parts of derivation names in the package source. The match is case-sensitive. The regular expression can optionally be followed by a dash (-) and a version number; if omitted, any version of the package will match. For details on regular expressions, see regex(7).

Example

Common patterns for finding package names with nix-env:

firefox

Matches the package name firefox and any version.

firefox-32.0

Matches the package name firefox and version 32.0.

gtk\\+

Matches the package name gtk+. The + character must be escaped using a backslash (\) to prevent it from being interpreted as a quantifier, and the backslash must be escaped in turn with another backslash to ensure that the shell passes it on.

.\*

Matches any package name. This is the default for most commands.

'.*zip.*'

Matches any package name containing the string zip. Note the dots: '*zip*' does not work, because in a regular expression, the character * is interpreted as a quantifier.

'.*(firefox|chromium).*'

Matches any package name containing the strings firefox or chromium.

Files

nix-env operates on the following files.

Default Nix expression

The source for the default Nix expressions used by nix-env:

~/.nix-defexpr
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/defexpr if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

It is loaded as follows:

If the default expression is a file, it is loaded as a Nix expression.
If the default expression is a directory containing a default.nix file, that default.nix file is loaded as a Nix expression.
If the default expression is a directory without a default.nix file, then its contents (both files and subdirectories) are loaded as Nix expressions. The expressions are combined into a single attribute set, each expression under an attribute with the same name as the original file or subdirectory. Subdirectories without a default.nix file are traversed recursively in search of more Nix expressions, but the names of these intermediate directories are not added to the attribute paths of the default Nix expression.

Then, the resulting expression is interpreted like this:

If the expression is an attribute set, it is used as the default Nix expression.
If the expression is a function, an empty set is passed as argument and the return value is used as the default Nix expression.

For example, if the default expression contains two files, foo.nix and bar.nix, then the default Nix expression will be equivalent to

{
  foo = import ~/.nix-defexpr/foo.nix;
  bar = import ~/.nix-defexpr/bar.nix;
}

The file manifest.nix is always ignored.

The command nix-channel places a symlink to the user's current channels profile in this directory. This makes all subscribed channels available as attributes in the default expression.

User channel link

A symlink that ensures that nix-env can find your channels:

~/.nix-defexpr/channels
$XDG_STATE_HOME/defexpr/channels if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

This symlink points to:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/profiles/channels for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels for root

In a multi-user installation, you may also have ~/.nix-defexpr/channels_root, which links to the channels of the root user.nix-env: ../nix-env.md

Profiles

A directory that contains links to profiles managed by nix-env and nix profile:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root if the user is root

A profile is a directory of symlinks to files in the Nix store.

Filesystem layout

Profiles are versioned as follows. When using a profile named path, path is a symlink to path-N-link, where N is the version of the profile. In turn, path-N-link is a symlink to a path in the Nix store. For example:

$ ls -l ~alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 14 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile -> profile-7-link
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 28 16:18 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-5-link -> /nix/store/q69xad13ghpf7ir87h0b2gd28lafjj1j-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 29 13:20 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-6-link -> /nix/store/6bvhpysd7vwz7k3b0pndn7ifi5xr32dg-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link -> /nix/store/mp0x6xnsg0b8qhswy6riqvimai4gm677-profile

Each of these symlinks is a root for the Nix garbage collector.

The contents of the store path corresponding to each version of the profile is a tree of symlinks to the files of the installed packages, e.g.

$ ll -R ~eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/
/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/:
total 20
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 bin
-r--r--r-- 2 root root 1402 Jan  1  1970 manifest.nix
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 share

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/bin:
total 20
lrwxrwxrwx 5 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 chromium -> /nix/store/ijm5k0zqisvkdwjkc77mb9qzb35xfi4m-chromium-86.0.4240.111/bin/chromium
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 87 Jan  1  1970 spotify -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/bin/spotify
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 zoom-us -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/bin/zoom-us

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/share/applications:
total 12
lrwxrwxrwx 4 root root 120 Jan  1  1970 chromium-browser.desktop -> /nix/store/4cf803y4vzfm3gyk3vzhzb2327v0kl8a-chromium-unwrapped-86.0.4240.111/share/applications/chromium-browser.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 110 Jan  1  1970 spotify.desktop -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/share/applications/spotify.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 107 Jan  1  1970 us.zoom.Zoom.desktop -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/share/applications/us.zoom.Zoom.desktop

…

Each profile version contains a manifest file:

manifest.nix used by nix-env.
manifest.json used by nix profile (experimental).

User profile link

A symbolic link to the user's current profile:

~/.nix-profile
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profile if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

By default, this symlink points to:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/profile for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/profile for root

The PATH environment variable should include /bin subdirectory of the profile link (e.g. ~/.nix-profile/bin) for the user environment to be visible to the user. The installer sets this up by default, unless you enable use-xdg-base-directories.

Name

nix-env --delete-generations - delete profile generations

Synopsis

nix-env --delete-generations generations

Description

This operation deletes the specified generations of the current profile.

generations can be a one of the following:

<number>...

A list of generation numbers, each one a separate command-line argument.

Delete exactly the profile generations given by their generation number. Deleting the current generation is not allowed.
The special value old

Delete all generations except the current one.

WARNING

Older and newer generations will be deleted by this operation.

One might expect this to just delete older generations than the curent one, but that is only true if the current generation is also the latest. Because one can roll back to a previous generation, it is possible to have generations newer than the current one. They will also be deleted.
<number>d

The last number days

Example: 30d

Delete all generations created more than number days ago, except the most recent one of them. This allows rolling back to generations that were available within the specified period.
+<number>

The last number generations up to the present

Example: +5

Keep the last number generations, along with any newer than current.

Periodically deleting old generations is important to make garbage collection effective. The is because profiles are also garbage collection roots — any store object reachable from a profile is "alive" and ineligible for deletion.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Delete explicit generation numbers

$ nix-env --delete-generations 3 4 8

Delete the generations numbered 3, 4, and 8, so long as the current active generation is not any of those.

Keep most-recent by count (number of generations)

$ nix-env --delete-generations +5

Suppose 30 is the current generation, and we currently have generations numbered 20 through 32.

Then this command will delete generations 20 through 25 (<= 30 - 5), and keep generations 26 through 31 (> 30 - 5).

Keep most-recent by time (number of days)

$ nix-env --delete-generations 30d

This command will delete all generations older than 30 days, except for the generation that was active 30 days ago (if it currently exists).

Delete all older

$ nix-env --profile other_profile --delete-generations old

Name

nix-env --install - add packages to user environment

Synopsis

nix-env {--install | -i} args… [{--prebuilt-only | -b}] [{--attr | -A}] [--from-expression] [-E] [--from-profile path] [--preserve-installed | -P] [--remove-all | -r]

Description

The --install operation creates a new user environment. It is based on the current generation of the active profile, to which a set of store paths described by args is added.

The arguments args map to store paths in a number of possible ways:

By default, args is a set of derivation names denoting derivations in the default Nix expression. These are realised, and the resulting output paths are installed. Currently installed derivations with a name equal to the name of a derivation being added are removed unless the option --preserve-installed is specified.

If there are multiple derivations matching a name in args that have the same name (e.g., gcc-3.3.6 and gcc-4.1.1), then the derivation with the highest priority is used. A derivation can define a priority by declaring the meta.priority attribute. This attribute should be a number, with a higher value denoting a lower priority. The default priority is 5.

If there are multiple matching derivations with the same priority, then the derivation with the highest version will be installed.

You can force the installation of multiple derivations with the same name by being specific about the versions. For instance, nix-env --install gcc-3.3.6 gcc-4.1.1 will install both version of GCC (and will probably cause a user environment conflict!).
If --attr / -A is specified, the arguments are attribute paths that select attributes from the default Nix expression. This is faster than using derivation names and unambiguous. Show the attribute paths of available packages with nix-env --query:
```
nix-env --query --available --attr-path
```
If --from-profile path is given, args is a set of names denoting installed store paths in the profile path. This is an easy way to copy user environment elements from one profile to another.
If --from-expression is given, args are Nix language functions that are called with the default Nix expression as their single argument. The derivations returned by those function calls are installed. This allows derivations to be specified in an unambiguous way, which is necessary if there are multiple derivations with the same name.
If args are store derivations, then these are realised, and the resulting output paths are installed.
If args are store paths that are not store derivations, then these are realised and installed.

By default all outputs are installed for each derivation. This can be overridden by adding a meta.outputsToInstall attribute on the derivation listing a subset of the output names.

Example:

The file example.nix defines a derivation with two outputs foo and bar, each containing a file.

# example.nix
let
  pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
  command = ''
    ${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/mkdir -p $foo $bar
    echo foo > $foo/foo-file
    echo bar > $bar/bar-file
  '';
in
derivation {
  name = "example";
  builder = "${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash";
  args = [ "-c" command ];
  outputs = [ "foo" "bar" ];
  system = builtins.currentSystem;
}

Installing from this Nix expression will make files from both outputs appear in the current profile.

$ nix-env --install --file example.nix
installing 'example'
$ ls ~/.nix-profile
foo-file
bar-file
manifest.nix

Adding meta.outputsToInstall to that derivation will make nix-env only install files from the specified outputs.

# example-outputs.nix
import ./example.nix // { meta.outputsToInstall = [ "bar" ]; }

$ nix-env --install --file example-outputs.nix
installing 'example'
$ ls ~/.nix-profile
bar-file
manifest.nix

Options

--prebuilt-only / -b

Use only derivations for which a substitute is registered, i.e., there is a pre-built binary available that can be downloaded in lieu of building the derivation. Thus, no packages will be built from source.
--preserve-installed / -P

Do not remove derivations with a name matching one of the derivations being installed. Usually, trying to have two versions of the same package installed in the same generation of a profile will lead to an error in building the generation, due to file name clashes between the two versions. However, this is not the case for all packages.
--remove-all / -r

Remove all previously installed packages first. This is equivalent to running nix-env --uninstall '.*' first, except that everything happens in a single transaction.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To install a package using a specific attribute path from the active Nix expression:

$ nix-env --install --attr gcc40mips
installing `gcc-4.0.2'
$ nix-env --install --attr xorg.xorgserver
installing `xorg-server-1.2.0'

To install a specific version of gcc using the derivation name:

$ nix-env --install gcc-3.3.2
installing `gcc-3.3.2'
uninstalling `gcc-3.1'

Using attribute path for selecting a package is preferred, as it is much faster and there will not be multiple matches.

Note the previously installed version is removed, since --preserve-installed was not specified.

To install an arbitrary version:

$ nix-env --install gcc
installing `gcc-3.3.2'

To install all derivations in the Nix expression foo.nix:

$ nix-env --file ~/foo.nix --install '.*'

To copy the store path with symbolic name gcc from another profile:

$ nix-env --install --from-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/foo gcc

To install a specific [store derivation] (typically created by nix-instantiate):

$ nix-env --install /nix/store/fibjb1bfbpm5mrsxc4mh2d8n37sxh91i-gcc-3.4.3.drv

To install a specific output path:

$ nix-env --install /nix/store/y3cgx0xj1p4iv9x0pnnmdhr8iyg741vk-gcc-3.4.3

To install from a Nix expression specified on the command-line:

$ nix-env --file ./foo.nix --install --expr \
    'f: (f {system = "i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava'

I.e., this evaluates to (f: (f {system = "i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava) (import ./foo.nix), thus selecting the subversionWithJava attribute from the set returned by calling the function defined in ./foo.nix.

A dry-run tells you which paths will be downloaded or built from source:

$ nix-env --file '<nixpkgs>' --install --attr hello --dry-run
(dry run; not doing anything)
installing ‘hello-2.10’
this path will be fetched (0.04 MiB download, 0.19 MiB unpacked):
  /nix/store/wkhdf9jinag5750mqlax6z2zbwhqb76n-hello-2.10
  ...

To install Firefox from the latest revision in the Nixpkgs/NixOS 14.12 channel:

$ nix-env --file https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz --install --attr firefox

Name

nix-env --list-generations - list profile generations

Synopsis

nix-env --list-generations

Description

This operation print a list of all the currently existing generations for the active profile. These may be switched to using the --switch-generation operation. It also prints the creation date of the generation, and indicates the current generation.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --list-generations
  95   2004-02-06 11:48:24
  96   2004-02-06 11:49:01
  97   2004-02-06 16:22:45
  98   2004-02-06 16:24:33   (current)

Name

nix-env --query - display information about packages

Synopsis

nix-env {--query | -q} names… [--installed | --available | -a] [{--status | -s}] [{--attr-path | -P}] [--no-name] [{--compare-versions | -c}] [--system] [--drv-path] [--out-path] [--description] [--meta] [--xml] [--json] [{--prebuilt-only | -b}] [{--attr | -A} attribute-path]

Description

The query operation displays information about either the store paths that are installed in the current generation of the active profile (--installed), or the derivations that are available for installation in the active Nix expression (--available). It only prints information about derivations whose symbolic name matches one of names.

The derivations are sorted by their name attributes.

Source selection

The following flags specify the set of things on which the query operates.

--installed

The query operates on the store paths that are installed in the current generation of the active profile. This is the default.
--available / -a

The query operates on the derivations that are available in the active Nix expression.

Queries

The following flags specify what information to display about the selected derivations. Multiple flags may be specified, in which case the information is shown in the order given here. Note that the name of the derivation is shown unless --no-name is specified.

--xml

Print the result in an XML representation suitable for automatic processing by other tools. The root element is called items, which contains a item element for each available or installed derivation. The fields discussed below are all stored in attributes of the item elements.
--json

Print the result in a JSON representation suitable for automatic processing by other tools.
--prebuilt-only / -b

Show only derivations for which a substitute is registered, i.e., there is a pre-built binary available that can be downloaded in lieu of building the derivation. Thus, this shows all packages that probably can be installed quickly.
--status / -s

Print the status of the derivation. The status consists of three characters. The first is I or -, indicating whether the derivation is currently installed in the current generation of the active profile. This is by definition the case for --installed, but not for --available. The second is P or -, indicating whether the derivation is present on the system. This indicates whether installation of an available derivation will require the derivation to be built. The third is S or -, indicating whether a substitute is available for the derivation.
--attr-path / -P

Print the attribute path of the derivation, which can be used to unambiguously select it using the --attr option available in commands that install derivations like nix-env --install. This option only works together with --available
--no-name

Suppress printing of the name attribute of each derivation.
--compare-versions / -c

Compare installed versions to available versions, or vice versa (if --available is given). This is useful for quickly seeing whether upgrades for installed packages are available in a Nix expression. A column is added with the following meaning:
- < version
  
  A newer version of the package is available or installed.
- = version
  
  At most the same version of the package is available or installed.
- > version
  
  Only older versions of the package are available or installed.
- - ?
  
  No version of the package is available or installed.
--system

Print the system attribute of the derivation.
--drv-path

Print the path of the store derivation.
--out-path

Print the output path of the derivation.
--description

Print a short (one-line) description of the derivation, if available. The description is taken from the meta.description attribute of the derivation.
--meta

Print all of the meta-attributes of the derivation. This option is only available with --xml or --json.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To show installed packages:

$ nix-env --query
bison-1.875c
docbook-xml-4.2
firefox-1.0.4
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
…

To show available packages:

$ nix-env --query --available
firefox-1.0.7
GConf-2.4.0.1
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
…

To show the status of available packages:

$ nix-env --query --available --status
-P- firefox-1.0.7   (not installed but present)
--S GConf-2.4.0.1   (not present, but there is a substitute for fast installation)
--S MPlayer-1.0pre3 (i.e., this is not the installed MPlayer, even though the version is the same!)
IP- ORBit2-2.8.3    (installed and by definition present)
…

To show available packages in the Nix expression foo.nix:

$ nix-env --file ./foo.nix --query --available
foo-1.2.3

To compare installed versions to what’s available:

$ nix-env --query --compare-versions
...
acrobat-reader-7.0 - ?      (package is not available at all)
autoconf-2.59      = 2.59   (same version)
firefox-1.0.4      < 1.0.7  (a more recent version is available)
...

To show all packages with “zip” in the name:

$ nix-env --query --available '.*zip.*'
bzip2-1.0.6
gzip-1.6
zip-3.0
…

To show all packages with “firefox” or “chromium” in the name:

$ nix-env --query --available '.*(firefox|chromium).*'
chromium-37.0.2062.94
chromium-beta-38.0.2125.24
firefox-32.0.3
firefox-with-plugins-13.0.1
…

To show all packages in the latest revision of the Nixpkgs repository:

$ nix-env --file https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz --query --available

Name

nix-env --rollback - set user environment to previous generation

Synopsis

nix-env --rollback

Description

This operation switches to the “previous” generation of the active profile, that is, the highest numbered generation lower than the current generation, if it exists. It is just a convenience wrapper around --list-generations and --switch-generation.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --rollback
switching from generation 92 to 91

$ nix-env --rollback
error: no generation older than the current (91) exists

Name

nix-env --set-flag - modify meta attributes of installed packages

Synopsis

nix-env --set-flag name value drvnames

Description

The --set-flag operation allows meta attributes of installed packages to be modified. There are several attributes that can be usefully modified, because they affect the behaviour of nix-env or the user environment build script:

priority can be changed to resolve filename clashes. The user environment build script uses the meta.priority attribute of derivations to resolve filename collisions between packages. Lower priority values denote a higher priority. For instance, the GCC wrapper package and the Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file bin/ld, so previously if you tried to install both you would get a collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC wrapper declares a higher priority than Binutils, so the former’s bin/ld is symlinked in the user environment.
keep can be set to true to prevent the package from being upgraded or replaced. This is useful if you want to hang on to an older version of a package.
active can be set to false to “disable” the package. That is, no symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it remains part of the profile (so it won’t be garbage-collected). It can be set back to true to re-enable the package.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

To prevent the currently installed Firefox from being upgraded:

$ nix-env --set-flag keep true firefox

After this, nix-env --upgrade will ignore Firefox.

To disable the currently installed Firefox, then install a new Firefox while the old remains part of the profile:

$ nix-env --query
firefox-2.0.0.9 (the current one)

$ nix-env --preserve-installed --install firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'
building path(s) `/nix/store/myy0y59q3ig70dgq37jqwg1j0rsapzsl-user-environment'
collision between `/nix/store/...-firefox-2.0.0.11/bin/firefox'
  and `/nix/store/...-firefox-2.0.0.9/bin/firefox'.
(i.e., can’t have two active at the same time)

$ nix-env --set-flag active false firefox
setting flag on `firefox-2.0.0.9'

$ nix-env --preserve-installed --install firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'

$ nix-env --query
firefox-2.0.0.11 (the enabled one)
firefox-2.0.0.9 (the disabled one)

To make files from binutils take precedence over files from gcc:

$ nix-env --set-flag priority 5 binutils
$ nix-env --set-flag priority 10 gcc

Name

nix-env --set - set profile to contain a specified derivation

Synopsis

nix-env --set drvname

Description

The --set operation modifies the current generation of a profile so that it contains exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

The following updates a profile such that its current generation will contain just Firefox:

$ nix-env --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set firefox

Name

nix-env --switch-generation - set user environment to given profile generation

Synopsis

nix-env {--switch-generation | -G} generation

Description

This operation makes generation number generation the current generation of the active profile. That is, if the profile is the path to the active profile, then the symlink profile is made to point to profile-generation-link, which is in turn a symlink to the actual user environment in the Nix store.

Switching will fail if the specified generation does not exist.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --switch-generation 42
switching from generation 50 to 42

Name

nix-env --switch-profile - set user environment to given profile

Synopsis

nix-env {--switch-profile | -S} path

Description

This operation makes path the current profile for the user. That is, the symlink ~/.nix-profile is made to point to path.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --switch-profile ~/my-profile

Name

nix-env --uninstall - remove packages from user environment

Synopsis

nix-env {--uninstall | -e} drvnames…

Description

The uninstall operation creates a new user environment, based on the current generation of the active profile, from which the store paths designated by the symbolic names drvnames are removed.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --uninstall gcc
$ nix-env --uninstall '.*' (remove everything)

Name

nix-env --upgrade - upgrade packages in user environment

Synopsis

nix-env {--upgrade | -u} args [--lt | --leq | --eq | --always] [{--prebuilt-only | -b}] [{--attr | -A}] [--from-expression] [-E] [--from-profile path] [--preserve-installed | -P]

Description

The upgrade operation creates a new user environment, based on the current generation of the active profile, in which all store paths are replaced for which there are newer versions in the set of paths described by args. Paths for which there are no newer versions are left untouched; this is not an error. It is also not an error if an element of args matches no installed derivations.

For a description of how args is mapped to a set of store paths, see --install. If args describes multiple store paths with the same symbolic name, only the one with the highest version is installed.

Flags

--lt

Only upgrade a derivation to newer versions. This is the default.
--leq

In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also “upgrade” to derivations that have the same version. Version are not a unique identification of a derivation, so there may be many derivations that have the same version. This flag may be useful to force “synchronisation” between the installed and available derivations.
--eq

Only “upgrade” to derivations that have the same version. This may not seem very useful, but it actually is, e.g., when there is a new release of Nixpkgs and you want to replace installed applications with the same versions built against newer dependencies (to reduce the number of dependencies floating around on your system).
--always

In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also “upgrade” to derivations that have the same or a lower version. I.e., derivations may actually be downgraded depending on what is available in the active Nix expression.
--prebuilt-only / -b

Use only derivations for which a substitute is registered, i.e., there is a pre-built binary available that can be downloaded in lieu of building the derivation. Thus, no packages will be built from source.
--preserve-installed / -P

Do not remove derivations with a name matching one of the derivations being installed. Usually, trying to have two versions of the same package installed in the same generation of a profile will lead to an error in building the generation, due to file name clashes between the two versions. However, this is not the case for all packages.

Options

The following options are allowed for all nix-env operations, but may not always have an effect.

--file / -f path

Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as the active Nix expression) used by the --install, --upgrade, and --query --available operations to obtain derivations. The default is ~/.nix-defexpr.

If the argument starts with http:// or https://, it is interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory containing at least a file named default.nix.
--profile / -p path

Specifies the profile to be used by those operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the active profile). A profile is a sequence of user environments called generations, one of which is the current generation.
--dry-run

For the --install, --upgrade, --uninstall, --switch-generation, --delete-generations and --rollback operations, this flag will cause nix-env to print what would be done if this flag had not been specified, without actually doing it.

--dry-run also prints out which paths will be substituted (i.e., downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no substitute is available).
--system-filter system

By default, operations such as --query --available show derivations matching any platform. This option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform system.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_PROFILE

Location of the Nix profile. Defaults to the target of the symlink ~/.nix-profile, if it exists, or /nix/var/nix/profiles/default otherwise.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

$ nix-env --upgrade --attr nixpkgs.gcc
upgrading `gcc-3.3.1' to `gcc-3.4'

When there are no updates available, nothing will happen:

$ nix-env --upgrade --attr nixpkgs.pan

Using -A is preferred when possible, as it is faster and unambiguous but it is also possible to upgrade to a specific version by matching the derivation name:

$ nix-env --upgrade gcc-3.3.2 --always
upgrading `gcc-3.4' to `gcc-3.3.2'

To try to upgrade everything (matching packages based on the part of the derivation name without version):

$ nix-env --upgrade
upgrading `hello-2.1.2' to `hello-2.1.3'
upgrading `mozilla-1.2' to `mozilla-1.4'

Versions

The upgrade operation determines whether a derivation y is an upgrade of a derivation x by looking at their respective name attributes. The names (e.g., gcc-3.3.1 are split into two parts: the package name (gcc), and the version (3.3.1). The version part starts after the first dash not followed by a letter. y is considered an upgrade of x if their package names match, and the version of y is higher than that of x.

The versions are compared by splitting them into contiguous components of numbers and letters. E.g., 3.3.1pre5 is split into [3, 3, 1, "pre", 5]. These lists are then compared lexicographically (from left to right). Corresponding components a and b are compared as follows. If they are both numbers, integer comparison is used. If a is an empty string and b is a number, a is considered less than b. The special string component pre (for pre-release) is considered to be less than other components. String components are considered less than number components. Otherwise, they are compared lexicographically (i.e., using case-sensitive string comparison).

This is illustrated by the following examples:

1.0 < 2.3
2.1 < 2.3
2.3 = 2.3
2.5 > 2.3
3.1 > 2.3
2.3.1 > 2.3
2.3.1 > 2.3a
2.3pre1 < 2.3
2.3pre3 < 2.3pre12
2.3a < 2.3c
2.3pre1 < 2.3c
2.3pre1 < 2.3q

Utilities

This section lists utilities that you can use when you work with Nix.

Name

nix-channel - manage Nix channels

Synopsis

nix-channel {--add url [name] | --remove name | --list | --update [names…] | --list-generations | --rollback [generation] }

Description

Channels are a mechanism for referencing remote Nix expressions and conveniently retrieving their latest version.

The moving parts of channels are:

The official channels listed at https://nixos.org/channels
The user-specific list of subscribed channels
The downloaded channel contents
The Nix expression search path, set with the -I option or the NIX_PATH environment variable

Note

The state of a subscribed channel is external to the Nix expressions relying on it. This may limit reproducibility.

Dependencies on other Nix expressions can be declared explicitly with:

fetchurl, fetchTarball, or fetchGit in Nix expressions

the -I option in command line invocations

This command has the following operations:

--add url [name]

Add a channel name located at url to the list of subscribed channels. If name is omitted, default to the last component of url, with the suffixes -stable or -unstable removed.

Note

--add does not automatically perform an update. Use --update explicitly.

A channel URL must point to a directory containing a file nixexprs.tar.gz. At the top level, that tarball must contain a single directory with a default.nix file that serves as the channel’s entry point.
--remove name

Remove the channel name from the list of subscribed channels.
--list

Print the names and URLs of all subscribed channels on standard output.
--update [names…]

Download the Nix expressions of subscribed channels and create a new generation. Update all channels if none is specified, and only those included in names otherwise.
--list-generations

Prints a list of all the current existing generations for the channel profile.

Works the same way as
```
nix-env --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/$USER/channels --list-generations
```
--rollback [generation]

Revert channels to the state before the last call to nix-channel --update. Optionally, you can specify a specific channel generation number to restore.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Files

nix-channel operates on the following files.

Channels

A directory containing symlinks to Nix channels, managed by nix-channel:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/channels for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels for root

nix-channel uses a profile to store channels. This profile contains symlinks to the contents of those channels.

Subscribed channels

The list of subscribed channels is stored in

~/.nix-channels
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/channels if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true

in the following format:

<url> <name>
...

Examples

Subscribe to the Nixpkgs channel and run hello from the GNU Hello package:

$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable
$ nix-channel --list
nixpkgs https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs
$ nix-channel --update
$ nix-shell -p hello --run hello
hello

Revert channel updates using --rollback:

$ nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>' --attr lib.version
"22.11pre296212.530a53dcbc9"

$ nix-channel --rollback
switching from generation 483 to 482

$ nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>' --attr lib.version
"22.11pre281526.d0419badfad"

Remove a channel:

$ nix-channel --remove nixpkgs
$ nix-channel --list

Name

nix-collect-garbage - delete unreachable store objects

Synopsis

nix-collect-garbage [--delete-old] [-d] [--delete-older-than period] [--max-freed bytes] [--dry-run]

Description

The command nix-collect-garbage is mostly an alias of nix-store --gc. That is, it deletes all unreachable store objects in the Nix store to clean up your system.

However, it provides two additional options, --delete-old and --delete-older-than, which also delete old profiles, allowing potentially more store objects to be deleted because profiles are also garbage collection roots. These options are the equivalent of running nix-env --delete-generations with various augments on multiple profiles, prior to running nix-collect-garbage (or just nix-store --gc) without any flags.

Note

Deleting previous configurations makes rollbacks to them impossible.

These flags should be used with care, because they potentially delete generations of profiles used by other users on the system.

Locations searched for profiles

nix-collect-garbage cannot know about all profiles; that information doesn't exist. Instead, it looks in a few locations, and acts on all profiles it finds there:

The default profile locations as specified in the profiles section of the manual.
NOTE

Not stable; subject to change

Do not rely on this functionality; it just exists for migration purposes and is may change in the future. These deprecated paths remain a private implementation detail of Nix.

$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles and $NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user.

With the exception of $NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root and $NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/default, these directories are no longer used by other commands. nix-collect-garbage looks there anyways in order to clean up profiles from older versions of Nix.

Options

These options are for deleting old profiles prior to deleting unreachable store objects.

--delete-old / -d

Delete all old generations of profiles.

This is the equivalent of invoking nix-env --delete-generations old on each found profile.
--delete-older-than period

Delete all generations of profiles older than the specified amount (except for the generations that were active at that point in time). period is a value such as 30d, which would mean 30 days.

This is the equivalent of invoking nix-env --delete-generations <period> on each found profile. See the documentation of that command for additional information about the period argument.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Example

To delete from the Nix store everything that is not used by the current generations of each profile, do

$ nix-collect-garbage -d

Name

nix-copy-closure - copy store objects to or from a remote machine via SSH

Synopsis

nix-copy-closure [--to | --from ] [--gzip] [--include-outputs] [--use-substitutes | -s] [-v] [user@]machine[:port] paths

Description

Given paths from one machine, nix-copy-closure computes the closure of those paths (i.e. all their dependencies in the Nix store), and copies store objects in that closure to another machine via SSH. It doesn’t copy store objects that are already present on the other machine.

Note

While the Nix store to use on the local machine can be specified on the command line with the --store option, the Nix store to be accessed on the remote machine can only be configured statically on that remote machine.

Since nix-copy-closure calls ssh, you may need to authenticate with the remote machine. In fact, you may be asked for authentication twice because nix-copy-closure currently connects twice to the remote machine: first to get the set of paths missing on the target machine, and second to send the dump of those paths. When using public key authentication, you can avoid typing the passphrase with ssh-agent.

Options

--to

Copy the closure of paths from a Nix store accessible from the local machine to the Nix store on the remote machine. This is the default behavior.
--from

Copy the closure of paths from the Nix store on the remote machine to the local machine's specified Nix store.
--gzip

Enable compression of the SSH connection.
--include-outputs

Also copy the outputs of store derivations included in the closure.
--use-substitutes / -s

Attempt to download missing store objects on the target from substituters. Any store objects that cannot be substituted on the target are still copied normally from the source. This is useful, for instance, if the connection between the source and target machine is slow, but the connection between the target machine and cache.nixos.org (the default binary cache server) is fast.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Environment variables

NIX_SSHOPTS

Additional options to be passed to ssh on the command line.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Example

Copy GNU Hello with all its dependencies to a remote machine:

$ storePath="$(nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable -A hello --no-out-link)"
$ nix-copy-closure --to alice@itchy.example.org "$storePath"
copying 5 paths...
copying path '/nix/store/nrwkk6ak3rgkrxbqhsscb01jpzmslf2r-xgcc-13.2.0-libgcc' to 'ssh://alice@itchy.example.org'...
copying path '/nix/store/gm61h1y42pqyl6178g90x8zm22n6pyy5-libunistring-1.1' to 'ssh://alice@itchy.example.org'...
copying path '/nix/store/ddfzjdykw67s20c35i7a6624by3iz5jv-libidn2-2.3.7' to 'ssh://alice@itchy.example.org'...
copying path '/nix/store/apab5i73dqa09wx0q27b6fbhd1r18ihl-glibc-2.39-31' to 'ssh://alice@itchy.example.org'...
copying path '/nix/store/g1n2vryg06amvcc1avb2mcq36faly0mh-hello-2.12.1' to 'ssh://alice@itchy.example.org'...

Example

Copy GNU Hello from a remote machine using a known store path, and run it:

$ storePath="$(nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>' -I nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable -A hello.outPath | tr -d '"')"
$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@itchy.example.org "$storePath"
$ "$storePath"/bin/hello
Hello, world!

Name

nix-daemon - Nix multi-user support daemon

Synopsis

nix-daemon

Description

The Nix daemon is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. It runs build tasks and other operations on the Nix store on behalf of unprivileged users.

Name

nix-hash - compute the cryptographic hash of a path

Synopsis

nix-hash [--flat] [--base32] [--truncate] [--type hashAlgo] path…

nix-hash [--to-base16|--to-base32|--to-base64|--to-sri] [--type hashAlgo] hash…

Description

The command nix-hash computes the cryptographic hash of the contents of each path and prints it on standard output. By default, it computes an MD5 hash, but other hash algorithms are available as well. The hash is printed in hexadecimal. To generate the same hash as nix-prefetch-url you have to specify multiple arguments, see below for an example.

The hash is computed over a serialisation of each path: a dump of the file system tree rooted at the path. This allows directories and symlinks to be hashed as well as regular files. The dump is in the Nix Archive (NAR) format produced by nix-store --dump. Thus, nix-hash path yields the same cryptographic hash as nix-store --dump path | md5sum.

Options

--flat

Print the cryptographic hash of the contents of each regular file path. That is, instead of computing the hash of the Nix Archive (NAR) of path, just [directly hash]((../store/file-system-object/content-address.md#serial-flat) path as is. This requires path to resolve to a regular file rather than directory. The result is identical to that produced by the GNU commands md5sum and sha1sum.
--base16

Print the hash in a hexadecimal representation (default).
--base32

Print the hash in a base-32 representation rather than hexadecimal. This base-32 representation is more compact and can be used in Nix expressions (such as in calls to fetchurl).
--base64

Similar to --base32, but print the hash in a base-64 representation, which is more compact than the base-32 one.
--sri

Print the hash in SRI format with base-64 encoding. The type of hash algorithm will be prepended to the hash string, followed by a hyphen (-) and the base-64 hash body.
--truncate

Truncate hashes longer than 160 bits (such as SHA-256) to 160 bits.
--type hashAlgo

Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm, which can be one of md5, sha1, sha256, and sha512.
--to-base16

Don’t hash anything, but convert the base-32 hash representation hash to hexadecimal.
--to-base32

Don’t hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal hash representation hash to base-32.
--to-base64

Don’t hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal hash representation hash to base-64.
--to-sri

Don’t hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal hash representation hash to SRI.

Examples

Computing the same hash as nix-prefetch-url:

$ nix-prefetch-url file://<(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat --base32 <(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj

Computing hashes:

$ mkdir test
$ echo "hello" > test/world

$ nix-hash test/ (MD5 hash; default)
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04

$ nix-store --dump test/ | md5sum (for comparison)
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04  -

$ nix-hash --type sha1 test/
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base16 test/
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base32 test/
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base64 test/
5P2Lpfe76upazon+ECVVNs1g2rY=

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --sri test/
sha1-5P2Lpfe76upazon+ECVVNs1g2rY=

$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/
error: reading file `test/': Is a directory

$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/world
5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fbd9d21bb4fc7163af34d08286a2e846f6be03

Converting between hexadecimal, base-32, base-64, and SRI:

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base32 e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base16 nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base64 e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
5P2Lpfe76upazon+ECVVNs1g2rY=

$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-sri nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
sha1-5P2Lpfe76upazon+ECVVNs1g2rY=

$ nix-hash --to-base16 sha1-5P2Lpfe76upazon+ECVVNs1g2rY=
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6

Name

nix-instantiate - instantiate store derivations from Nix expressions

Synopsis

nix-instantiate [--parse | --eval [--strict] [--json] [--xml] ] [--read-write-mode] [--arg name value] [{--attr| -A} attrPath] [--add-root path] [--expr | -E] files…

nix-instantiate --find-file files…

Description

The command nix-instantiate produces store derivations from (high-level) Nix expressions. It evaluates the Nix expressions in each of files (which defaults to ./default.nix). Each top-level expression should evaluate to a derivation, a list of derivations, or a set of derivations. The paths of the resulting store derivations are printed on standard output.

If files is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input.

Options

--add-root path

See the corresponding option in nix-store.
--parse

Just parse the input files, and print their abstract syntax trees on standard output as a Nix expression.
--eval

Just parse and evaluate the input files, and print the resulting values on standard output. No instantiation of store derivations takes place.
Warning

This option produces output which can be parsed as a Nix expression which will produce a different result than the input expression when evaluated. For example, these two Nix expressions print the same result despite having different meaning:
```
$ nix-instantiate --eval --expr '{ a = {}; }'
{ a = <CODE>; }
$ nix-instantiate --eval --expr '{ a = <CODE>; }'
{ a = <CODE>; }
```
For human-readable output, nix eval (experimental) is more informative:
```
$ nix-instantiate --eval --expr 'a: a'
<LAMBDA>
$ nix eval --expr 'a: a'
«lambda @ «string»:1:1»
```
For machine-readable output, the --xml option produces unambiguous output:
```
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --expr '{ foo = <CODE>; }'
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
  <attrs>
    <attr column="3" line="1" name="foo">
      <unevaluated />
    </attr>
  </attrs>
</expr>
```
--find-file

Look up the given files in Nix’s search path (as specified by the NIX_PATH environment variable). If found, print the corresponding absolute paths on standard output. For instance, if NIX_PATH is nixpkgs=/home/alice/nixpkgs, then nix-instantiate --find-file nixpkgs/default.nix will print /home/alice/nixpkgs/default.nix.
--strict

When used with --eval, recursively evaluate list elements and attributes. Normally, such sub-expressions are left unevaluated (since the Nix language is lazy).

Warning

This option can cause non-termination, because lazy data structures can be infinitely large.
--json

When used with --eval, print the resulting value as an JSON representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as a Nix expression.
--xml

When used with --eval, print the resulting value as an XML representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as a Nix expression. The schema is the same as that used by the toXML built-in.
--read-write-mode

When used with --eval, perform evaluation in read/write mode so nix language features that require it will still work (at the cost of needing to do instantiation of every evaluated derivation). If this option is not enabled, there may be uninstantiated store paths in the final output.

Common Options

Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:

--help

Prints out a summary of the command syntax and exits.
--version

Prints out the Nix version number on standard output and exits.
--verbose / -v

Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic information is printed on standard error, never on standard output.

This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the following verbosity levels exist:
- 0 “Errors only”
  
  Only print messages explaining why the Nix invocation failed.
- 1 “Informational”
  
  Print useful messages about what Nix is doing. This is the default.
- 2 “Talkative”
  
  Print more informational messages.
- 3 “Chatty”
  
  Print even more informational messages.
- 4 “Debug”
  
  Print debug information.
- 5 “Vomit”
  
  Print vast amounts of debug information.
--quiet

Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to -v / --verbose.

This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous verbosity levels list.
--log-format format

This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with format being one of:
- raw
  
  This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.
- internal-json
  
  Outputs the logs in a structured manner.
  
  Warning
  
  While the schema itself is relatively stable, the format of the error-messages (namely of the msg-field) can change between releases.
- bar
  
  Only display a progress bar during the builds.
- bar-with-logs
  
  Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.
--no-build-output / -Q

By default, output written by builders to standard output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file in prefix/nix/var/log/nix.
--max-jobs / -j number

Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify auto to use the number of CPUs in the system. The default is specified by the max-jobs configuration setting, which itself defaults to 1. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to exploit I/O latency.

Setting it to 0 disallows building on the local machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote builders.
--cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding is set to true, the builder passes the -jN flag to GNU Make. It defaults to the value of the cores configuration setting, if set, or 1 otherwise. The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.
--max-silent-time

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. The default is specified by the max-silent-time configuration setting. 0 means no time-out.
--timeout

Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. The default is specified by the timeout configuration setting. 0 means no timeout.
--keep-going / -k

Keep going in case of failed builds, to the greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).
--keep-failed / -K

Specifies that in case of a build failure, the temporary directory (usually in /tmp) in which the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build directory is printed as an informational message.
--fallback

Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the derivation.

The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus, installation from binaries falls back on installation from source. This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a full build from source (with the related consumption of resources).
--readonly-mode

When this option is used, no attempt is made to open the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so those operations will fail.
--arg name value

This option is accepted by nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-shell and nix-build. When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every argument has a default value (e.g., { argName ? defaultValue }: ...).

With --arg, you can also call functions that have arguments without a default value (or override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument named name, it will call it with value value.

For instance, the top-level default.nix in Nixpkgs is actually a function:
```
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
  system ? builtins.currentSystem
  ...
}: ...
```
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do nix-env --install --attr pkgname), the function will be called automatically using the value builtins.currentSystem for the system argument. You can override this using --arg, e.g., nix-env --install --attr pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\". (Note that since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)
--argstr name value

This option is like --arg, only the value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of --arg system \"i686-linux\" (the outer quotes are to keep the shell happy) you can say --argstr system i686-linux.
--attr / -A attrPath

Select an attribute from the top-level Nix expression being evaluated. (nix-env, nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.) The attribute path attrPath is a sequence of attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level Nix expression e, the attribute path xorg.xorgserver would cause the expression e.xorg.xorgserver to be used. See nix-env --install for some concrete examples.

In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array indices. For instance, the attribute path foo.3.bar selects the bar attribute of the fourth element of the array in the foo attribute of the top-level expression.
--expr / -E

Interpret the command line arguments as a list of Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list of file names of Nix expressions. (nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell only.)

For nix-shell, this option is commonly used to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the built packages ready for use, give your expression to the nix-shell --packages convenience flag instead.
-I / --include path

Add an entry to the list of search paths used to resolve lookup paths. This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration option name to value. This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see nix.conf5).
--repair

Fix corrupted or missing store paths by redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under nix-store --repair-path.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Common Environment Variables

Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:

IN_NIX_SHELL

Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by nix-shell. It can have the values pure or impure.
NIX_PATH

A colon-separated list of search path entries used to resolve lookup paths.

This environment variable overrides the value of the nix-path configuration setting.

It can be extended using the -I option.
Example
```
$ export NIX_PATH=`/home/eelco/Dev:nixos-config=/etc/nixos
```
If NIX_PATH is set to an empty string, resolving search paths will always fail.
Example
```
$ NIX_PATH= nix-instantiate --eval '<nixpkgs>'
error: file 'nixpkgs' was not found in the Nix search path (add it using $NIX_PATH or -I)
```
NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE

Normally, the Nix store directory (typically /nix/store) is not allowed to contain any symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components. Thus, builds on different machines (with /nix/store resolving to different locations) could yield different results. This is generally not a problem, except when builds are deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves differently. If you are sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE to 1.

Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux you’re better off using bind mount points, e.g.,
```
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix
```
Consult the mount 8 manual page for details.
NIX_STORE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix store (default prefix/store).
NIX_DATA_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix static data directory (default prefix/share).
NIX_LOG_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix log directory (default prefix/var/log/nix).
NIX_STATE_DIR

Overrides the location of the Nix state directory (default prefix/var/nix).
NIX_CONF_DIR

Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration directory (default prefix/etc/nix).
NIX_CONFIG

Applies settings from Nix configuration from the environment. The content is treated as if it was read from a Nix configuration file. Settings are separated by the newline character.
NIX_USER_CONF_FILES

Overrides the location of the Nix user configuration files to load from.

The default are the locations according to the XDG Base Directory Specification. See the XDG Base Directories sub-section for details.

The variable is treated as a list separated by the : token.
TMPDIR

Use the specified directory to store temporary files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories; these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is /tmp.
NIX_REMOTE

This variable should be set to daemon if you want to use the Nix daemon to execute Nix operations. This is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path, this variable should be set to unix://path/to/socket. Otherwise, it should be left unset.
NIX_SHOW_STATS

If set to 1, Nix will print some evaluation statistics, such as the number of values allocated.
NIX_COUNT_CALLS

If set to 1, Nix will print how often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.
GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE

If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes. It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of garbage collection.

XDG Base Directories

Nix follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.

For backwards compatibility, Nix commands will follow the standard only when use-xdg-base-directories is enabled. New Nix commands (experimental) conform to the standard by default.

The following environment variables are used to determine locations of various state and configuration files:

XDG_CONFIG_HOME (default ~/.config)
XDG_STATE_HOME (default ~/.local/state)
XDG_CACHE_HOME (default ~/.cache)

Examples

Instantiate store derivations from a Nix expression, and build them using nix-store:

$ nix-instantiate test.nix (instantiate)
/nix/store/cigxbmvy6dzix98dxxh9b6shg7ar5bvs-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26.drv

$ nix-store --realise $(nix-instantiate test.nix) (build)
...
/nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26 (output path)

$ ls -l /nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26
dr-xr-xr-x    2 eelco    users        4096 1970-01-01 01:00 lib
...

You can also give a Nix expression on the command line:

$ nix-instantiate --expr 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; hello'
/nix/store/j8s4zyv75a724q38cb0r87rlczaiag4y-hello-2.8.drv

This is equivalent to:

$ nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' --attr hello

Parsing and evaluating Nix expressions:

$ nix-instantiate --parse --expr '1 + 2'
1 + 2

$ nix-instantiate --eval --expr '1 + 2'
3

$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --expr '1 + 2'
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
  <int value="3" />
</expr>

The difference between non-strict and strict evaluation:

$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --expr '{ x = {}; }'
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
  <attrs>
    <attr column="3" line="1" name="x">
      <unevaluated />
    </attr>
  </attrs>
</expr>

$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --strict --expr '{ x = {}; }'
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
  <attrs>
    <attr column="3" line="1" name="x">
      <attrs>
      </attrs>
    </attr>
  </attrs>
</expr>

Name

nix-prefetch-url - copy a file from a URL into the store and print its hash

Synopsis

nix-prefetch-url url [hash] [--type hashAlgo] [--print-path] [--unpack] [--name name]

Description

The command nix-prefetch-url downloads the file referenced by the URL url, prints its cryptographic hash, and copies it into the Nix store. The file name in the store is hash-baseName, where baseName is everything following the final slash in url.

This command is just a convenience for Nix expression writers. Often a Nix expression fetches some source distribution from the network using the fetchurl expression contained in Nixpkgs. However, fetchurl requires a cryptographic hash. If you don't know the hash, you would have to download the file first, and then fetchurl would download it again when you build your Nix expression. Since fetchurl uses the same name for the downloaded file as nix-prefetch-url, the redundant download can be avoided.

If hash is specified, then a download is not performed if the Nix store already contains a file with the same hash and base name. Otherwise, the file is downloaded, and an error is signaled if the actual hash of the file does not match the specified hash.

This command prints the hash on standard output. The hash is printed using base-32 unless --type md5 is specified, in which case it's printed using base-16. Additionally, if the option --print-path is used, the path of the downloaded file in the Nix store is also printed.

Options

--type hashAlgo

Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm, which can be one of md5, sha1, sha256, and sha512. The default is sha256.
--print-path

Print the store path of the downloaded file on standard output.
--unpack

Unpack the archive (which must be a tarball or zip file) and add the result to the Nix store. The resulting hash can be used with functions such as Nixpkgs’s fetchzip or fetchFromGitHub.
--executable

Set the executable bit on the downloaded file.
--name name

Override the name of the file in the Nix store. By default, this is hash-basename, where basename is the last component of url. Overriding the name is necessary when basename contains characters that are not allowed in Nix store paths.

Examples

$ nix-prefetch-url ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i

$ nix-prefetch-url --print-path mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz

$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack --print-path https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
079agjlv0hrv7fxnx9ngipx14gyncbkllxrp9cccnh3a50fxcmy7
/nix/store/19zrmhm3m40xxaw81c8cqm6aljgrnwj2-0.8.tar.gz

Experimental Commands

This section lists experimental commands.

Warning

These commands may be removed in the future, or their syntax may change in incompatible ways.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix - a tool for reproducible and declarative configuration management

Synopsis

nix [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

Help commands:

nix help - show help about nix or a particular subcommand
nix help-stores - show help about store types and their settings

Main commands:

nix build - build a derivation or fetch a store path
nix develop - run a bash shell that provides the build environment of a derivation
nix flake - manage Nix flakes
nix profile - manage Nix profiles
nix run - run a Nix application
nix search - search for packages

Main commands:

nix repl - start an interactive environment for evaluating Nix expressions

Infrequently used commands:

nix bundle - bundle an application so that it works outside of the Nix store
nix copy - copy paths between Nix stores
nix edit - open the Nix expression of a Nix package in $EDITOR
nix eval - evaluate a Nix expression
nix fmt - reformat your code in the standard style
nix log - show the build log of the specified packages or paths, if available
nix path-info - query information about store paths
nix registry - manage the flake registry
nix why-depends - show why a package has another package in its closure

Utility/scripting commands:

nix config - manipulate the Nix configuration
nix daemon - daemon to perform store operations on behalf of non-root clients
nix derivation - Work with derivations, Nix's notion of a build plan.
nix env - manipulate the process environment
nix hash - compute and convert cryptographic hashes
nix key - generate and convert Nix signing keys
nix nar - create or inspect NAR files
nix print-dev-env - print shell code that can be sourced by bash to reproduce the build environment of a derivation
nix realisation - manipulate a Nix realisation
nix store - manipulate a Nix store

Commands for upgrading or troubleshooting your Nix installation:

nix upgrade-nix - upgrade Nix to the latest stable version

Examples

Create a new flake:
```
# nix flake new hello
# cd hello
```

Build the flake in the current directory:

# nix build
# ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!

Run the flake in the current directory:
```
# nix run
Hello, world!
```

Start a development shell for hacking on this flake:

# nix develop
# unpackPhase
# cd hello-*
# configurePhase
# buildPhase
# ./hello
Hello, world!
# installPhase
# ../outputs/out/bin/hello
Hello, world!

Description

Nix is a tool for building software, configurations and other artifacts in a reproducible and declarative way. For more information, see the Nix homepage or the Nix manual.

Installables

Warning
Installables are part of the unstable nix-command experimental feature, and subject to change without notice.

Many nix subcommands operate on one or more installables. These are command line arguments that represent something that can be realised in the Nix store.

The following types of installable are supported by most commands:

Flake output attribute (experimental)
- This is the default
Store path
- This is assumed if the argument is a Nix store path or a symlink to a Nix store path
Nix file, optionally qualified by an attribute path
- Specified with --file/-f
Nix expression, optionally qualified by an attribute path
- Specified with --expr/-E

For most commands, if no installable is specified, . is assumed. That is, Nix will operate on the default flake output attribute of the flake in the current directory.

Flake output attribute

Warning
Flake output attribute installables depend on both the flakes and nix-command experimental features, and subject to change without notice.

Example: nixpkgs#hello

These have the form flakeref[#attrpath], where flakeref is a flake reference and attrpath is an optional attribute path. For more information on flakes, see the nix flake manual page. Flake references are most commonly a flake identifier in the flake registry (e.g. nixpkgs), or a raw path (e.g. /path/to/my-flake or . or ../foo), or a full URL (e.g. github:nixos/nixpkgs or path:.)

When the flake reference is a raw path (a path without any URL scheme), it is interpreted as a path: or git+file: url in the following way:

If the path is within a Git repository, then the url will be of the form git+file://[GIT_REPO_ROOT]?dir=[RELATIVE_FLAKE_DIR_PATH] where GIT_REPO_ROOT is the path to the root of the git repository, and RELATIVE_FLAKE_DIR_PATH is the path (relative to the directory root) of the closest parent of the given path that contains a flake.nix within the git repository. If no such directory exists, then Nix will error-out.

Note that the search will only include files indexed by git. In particular, files which are matched by .gitignore or have never been git add-ed will not be available in the flake. If this is undesirable, specify path:<directory> explicitly;

For example, if /foo/bar is a git repository with the following structure:
```
.
└── baz
    ├── blah
    │   └── file.txt
    └── flake.nix
```
Then /foo/bar/baz/blah will resolve to git+file:///foo/bar?dir=baz
If the supplied path is not a git repository, then the url will have the form path:FLAKE_DIR_PATH where FLAKE_DIR_PATH is the closest parent of the supplied path that contains a flake.nix file (within the same file-system). If no such directory exists, then Nix will error-out.

For example, if /foo/bar/flake.nix exists, then /foo/bar/baz/ will resolve to path:/foo/bar

If attrpath is omitted, Nix tries some default values; for most subcommands, the default is packages.system.default (e.g. packages.x86_64-linux.default), but some subcommands have other defaults. If attrpath is specified, attrpath is interpreted as relative to one or more prefixes; for most subcommands, these are packages.system, legacyPackages.*system* and the empty prefix. Thus, on x86_64-linux nix build nixpkgs#hello will try to build the attributes packages.x86_64-linux.hello, legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.hello and hello.

If attrpath begins with . then no prefixes or defaults are attempted. This allows the form flakeref[#.attrpath], such as github:NixOS/nixpkgs#.lib.fakeSha256 to avoid a search of packages.*system*.lib.fakeSha256

Store path

Example: /nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10

These are paths inside the Nix store, or symlinks that resolve to a path in the Nix store.

A store derivation is also addressed by store path.

Example: /nix/store/p7gp6lxdg32h4ka1q398wd9r2zkbbz2v-hello-2.10.drv

If you want to refer to an output path of that store derivation, add the output name preceded by a caret (^).

Example: /nix/store/p7gp6lxdg32h4ka1q398wd9r2zkbbz2v-hello-2.10.drv^out

All outputs can be referred to at once with the special syntax ^*.

Example: /nix/store/p7gp6lxdg32h4ka1q398wd9r2zkbbz2v-hello-2.10.drv^*

Nix file

Example: --file /path/to/nixpkgs hello

When the option -f / --file path [attrpath...] is given, installables are interpreted as the value of the expression in the Nix file at path. If attribute paths are provided, commands will operate on the corresponding values accessible at these paths. The Nix expression in that file, or any selected attribute, must evaluate to a derivation.

Nix expression

Example: --expr 'import <nixpkgs> {}' hello

When the option --expr expression [attrpath...] is given, installables are interpreted as the value of the of the Nix expression. If attribute paths are provided, commands will operate on the corresponding values accessible at these paths. The Nix expression, or any selected attribute, must evaluate to a derivation.

You may need to specify --impure if the expression references impure inputs (such as <nixpkgs>).

Derivation output selection

Derivations can have multiple outputs, each corresponding to a different store path. For instance, a package can have a bin output that contains programs, and a dev output that provides development artifacts like C/C++ header files. The outputs on which nix commands operate are determined as follows:

You can explicitly specify the desired outputs using the syntax installable^output1,...,outputN — that is, a caret followed immediately by a comma-separated list of derivation outputs to select. For installables specified as Flake output attributes or Store paths, the output is specified in the same argument:

For example, you can obtain the dev and static outputs of the glibc package:
```
# nix build 'nixpkgs#glibc^dev,static'
# ls ./result-dev/include/ ./result-static/lib/
…
```
and likewise, using a store path to a "drv" file to specify the derivation:
```
# nix build '/nix/store/gzaflydcr6sb3567hap9q6srzx8ggdgg-glibc-2.33-78.drv^dev,static'
…
```
For -e/--expr and -f/--file, the derivation output is specified as part of the attribute path:
```
$ nix build -f '<nixpkgs>' 'glibc^dev,static'
$ nix build --impure -E 'import <nixpkgs> { }' 'glibc^dev,static'
```
This syntax is the same even if the actual attribute path is empty:
```
$ nix build -E 'let pkgs = import <nixpkgs> { }; in pkgs.glibc' '^dev,static'
```

You can also specify that all outputs should be used using the syntax installable^*. For example, the following shows the size of all outputs of the glibc package in the binary cache:

# nix path-info --closure-size --eval-store auto --store https://cache.nixos.org 'nixpkgs#glibc^*'
/nix/store/g02b1lpbddhymmcjb923kf0l7s9nww58-glibc-2.33-123                 33208200
/nix/store/851dp95qqiisjifi639r0zzg5l465ny4-glibc-2.33-123-bin             36142896
/nix/store/kdgs3q6r7xdff1p7a9hnjr43xw2404z7-glibc-2.33-123-debug          155787312
/nix/store/n4xa8h6pbmqmwnq0mmsz08l38abb06zc-glibc-2.33-123-static          42488328
/nix/store/q6580lr01jpcsqs4r5arlh4ki2c1m9rv-glibc-2.33-123-dev             44200560

and likewise, using a store path to a "drv" file to specify the derivation:

# nix path-info --closure-size '/nix/store/gzaflydcr6sb3567hap9q6srzx8ggdgg-glibc-2.33-78.drv^*'
…

If you didn't specify the desired outputs, but the derivation has an attribute meta.outputsToInstall, Nix will use those outputs. For example, since the package nixpkgs#libxml2 has this attribute:
```
# nix eval 'nixpkgs#libxml2.meta.outputsToInstall'
[ "bin" "man" ]
```
a command like nix shell nixpkgs#libxml2 will provide only those two outputs by default.

Note that a store derivation (given by its .drv file store path) doesn't have any attributes like meta, and thus this case doesn't apply to it.
Otherwise, Nix will use all outputs of the derivation.

Nix stores

Most nix subcommands operate on a Nix store. The various store types are documented in the Store Types section of the manual.

The same information is also available from the nix help-stores command.

Shebang interpreter

The nix command can be used as a #! interpreter. Arguments to Nix can be passed on subsequent lines in the script.

Verbatim strings may be passed in double backtick (``) quotes. Sequences of n backticks of 3 or longer are parsed as n-1 literal backticks. A single space before the closing `` is ignored if present.

--file and --expr resolve relative paths based on the script location.

Examples:

#!/usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell --file ``<nixpkgs>`` hello cowsay --command bash

hello | cowsay

or with flakes:

#!/usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell nixpkgs#bash nixpkgs#hello nixpkgs#cowsay --command bash

hello | cowsay

or with an expression:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell --impure --expr ``
#! nix with (import (builtins.getFlake "nixpkgs") {});
#! nix terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])
#! nix ``
#! nix --command bash

terraform "$@"

or with cascading interpreters. Note that the #! nix lines don't need to follow after the first line, to accomodate other interpreters.

#!/usr/bin/env nix
//! ```cargo
//! [dependencies]
//! time = "0.1.25"
//! ```
/*
#!nix shell nixpkgs#rustc nixpkgs#rust-script nixpkgs#cargo --command rust-script
*/
fn main() {
    for argument in std::env::args().skip(1) {
        println!("{}", argument);
    };
    println!("{}", std::env::var("HOME").expect(""));
    println!("{}", time::now().rfc822z());
}
// vim: ft=rust

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix build - build a derivation or fetch a store path

Synopsis

nix build [option...] installables...

Examples

Build the default package from the flake in the current directory:
```
# nix build
```

Build and run GNU Hello from the nixpkgs flake:

# nix build nixpkgs#hello
# ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!

Build GNU Hello and Cowsay, leaving two result symlinks:

# nix build nixpkgs#hello nixpkgs#cowsay
# ls -l result*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 … result -> /nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10
lrwxrwxrwx 1 … result-1 -> /nix/store/rkfrm0z6x6jmi7d3gsmma4j53h15mg33-cowsay-3.03+dfsg2

Build GNU Hello and print the resulting store path.

# nix build nixpkgs#hello --print-out-paths
/nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10

Build a specific output:

# nix build nixpkgs#glibc.dev
# ls -ld ./result-dev
lrwxrwxrwx 1 … ./result-dev -> /nix/store/dkm3gwl0xrx0wrw6zi5x3px3lpgjhlw4-glibc-2.32-dev

Build all outputs:

# nix build "nixpkgs#openssl^*" --print-out-paths
/nix/store/gvad6v0cmq1qccmc4wphsazqbj0xzjsl-openssl-3.0.13-bin
/nix/store/a07jqdrc8afnk8r6f3lnhh4gvab7chk4-openssl-3.0.13-debug
/nix/store/yg75achq89wgqn2fi3gglgsd77kjpi03-openssl-3.0.13-dev
/nix/store/bvdcihi8c88fw31cg6gzzmpnwglpn1jv-openssl-3.0.13-doc
/nix/store/gjqcvq47cmxazxga0cirspm3jywkmvfv-openssl-3.0.13-man
/nix/store/7nmrrad8skxr47f9hfl3xc0pfqmwq51b-openssl-3.0.13

Build attribute build.x86_64-linux from (non-flake) Nix expression release.nix:
```
# nix build --file release.nix build.x86_64-linux
```

Build a NixOS system configuration from a flake, and make a profile point to the result:

# nix build --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system \
    ~/my-configurations#nixosConfigurations.machine.config.system.build.toplevel

(This is essentially what nixos-rebuild does.)

Build an expression specified on the command line:

# nix build --impure --expr \
    'with import <nixpkgs> {};
     runCommand "foo" {
       buildInputs = [ hello ];
     }
     "hello > $out"'
# cat ./result
Hello, world!

Note that --impure is needed because we're using <nixpkgs>, which relies on the $NIX_PATH environment variable.

Fetch a store path from the configured substituters, if it doesn't already exist:
```
# nix build /nix/store/rkfrm0z6x6jmi7d3gsmma4j53h15mg33-cowsay-3.03+dfsg2
```

Description

nix build builds the specified installables. Installables that resolve to derivations are built (or substituted if possible). Store path installables are substituted.

Unless --no-link is specified, after a successful build, it creates symlinks to the store paths of the installables. These symlinks have the prefix ./result by default; this can be overridden using the --out-link option. Each symlink has a suffix -<N>-<outname>, where N is the index of the installable (with the left-most installable having index 0), and outname is the symbolic derivation output name (e.g. bin, dev or lib). -<N> is omitted if N = 0, and -<outname> is omitted if outname = out (denoting the default output).

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--no-link

Do not create symlinks to the build results.
--out-link / -o path

Use path as prefix for the symlinks to the build results. It defaults to result.
--print-out-paths

Print the resulting output paths
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--rebuild

Rebuild an already built package and compare the result to the existing store paths.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix bundle - bundle an application so that it works outside of the Nix store

Synopsis

nix bundle [option...] installable

Examples

Bundle Hello:

# nix bundle nixpkgs#hello
# ./hello
Hello, world!

Bundle a specific version of Nix:

# nix bundle github:NixOS/nix/e3ddffb27e5fc37a209cfd843c6f7f6a9460a8ec
# ./nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.4pre20201215_e3ddffb

Bundle a Hello using a specific bundler:

# nix bundle --bundler github:NixOS/bundlers#toDockerImage nixpkgs#hello
# docker load < hello-2.10.tar.gz
# docker run hello-2.10:latest hello
Hello, world!

Description

nix bundle, by default, packs the closure of the installable into a single self-extracting executable. See the bundlers homepage for more details.

Note

This command only works on Linux.

Flake output attributes

If no flake output attribute is given, nix bundle tries the following flake output attributes:

bundlers.<system>.default

If an attribute name is given, nix bundle tries the following flake output attributes:

bundlers.<system>.<name>

Bundlers

A bundler is specified by a flake output attribute named bundlers.<system>.<name>. It looks like this:

bundlers.x86_64-linux = rec {
  identity = drv: drv;

  blender_2_79 = drv: self.packages.x86_64-linux.blender_2_79;

  default = identity;
};

A bundler must be a function that accepts an arbitrary value (typically a derivation or app definition) and returns a derivation.

Options

--bundler flake-url

Use a custom bundler instead of the default (github:NixOS/bundlers).
--out-link / -o path

Override the name of the symlink to the build result. It defaults to the base name of the app.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix config - manipulate the Nix configuration

Synopsis

nix config [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix config show - show the Nix configuration or the value of a specific setting

nix config check - check your system for potential problems and print a PASS or FAIL for each check

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix config check - check your system for potential problems and print a PASS or FAIL for each check

Synopsis

nix config check [option...]

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix config show - show the Nix configuration or the value of a specific setting

Synopsis

nix config show [option...] name

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix copy - copy paths between Nix stores

Synopsis

nix copy [option...] installables...

Examples

Copy Firefox from the local store to a binary cache in /tmp/cache:
```
# nix copy --to file:///tmp/cache $(type -p firefox)
```
Note the file:// - without this, the destination is a chroot store, not a binary cache.
Copy all store paths from a local binary cache in /tmp/cache to the local store:
```
# nix copy --all --from file:///tmp/cache
```
Copy the entire current NixOS system closure to another machine via SSH:
```
# nix copy --substitute-on-destination --to ssh://server /run/current-system
```
The -s flag causes the remote machine to try to substitute missing store paths, which may be faster if the link between the local and remote machines is slower than the link between the remote machine and its substituters (e.g. https://cache.nixos.org).

Copy a closure from another machine via SSH:

# nix copy --from ssh://server /nix/store/a6cnl93nk1wxnq84brbbwr6hxw9gp2w9-blender-2.79-rc2

Copy Hello to a binary cache in an Amazon S3 bucket:
```
# nix copy --to s3://my-bucket?region=eu-west-1 nixpkgs#hello
```
or to an S3-compatible storage system:
```
# nix copy --to s3://my-bucket?region=eu-west-1&endpoint=example.com nixpkgs#hello
```
Note that this only works if Nix is built with AWS support.
Copy a closure from /nix/store to the chroot store /tmp/nix/nix/store:
```
# nix copy --to /tmp/nix nixpkgs#hello --no-check-sigs
```

Description

nix copy copies store path closures between two Nix stores. The source store is specified using --from and the destination using --to. If one of these is omitted, it defaults to the local store.

Options

--from store-uri

URL of the source Nix store.
--no-check-sigs

Do not require that paths are signed by trusted keys.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--substitute-on-destination / -s

Whether to try substitutes on the destination store (only supported by SSH stores).
--to store-uri

URL of the destination Nix store.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--no-recursive

Apply operation to specified paths only.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix daemon - daemon to perform store operations on behalf of non-root clients

Synopsis

nix daemon [option...]

Examples

Run the daemon:
```
# nix daemon
```
Run the daemon and listen on standard I/O instead of binding to a UNIX socket:
```
# nix daemon --stdio
```
Run the daemon and force all connections to be trusted:
```
# nix daemon --force-trusted
```
Run the daemon and force all connections to be untrusted:
```
# nix daemon --force-untrusted
```
Run the daemon, listen on standard I/O, and force all connections to use Nix's default trust:
```
# nix daemon --stdio --default-trust
```

Description

This command runs the Nix daemon, which is a required component in multi-user Nix installations. It runs build tasks and other operations on the Nix store on behalf of non-root users. Usually you don't run the daemon directly; instead it's managed by a service management framework such as systemd on Linux, or launchctl on Darwin.

Note that this daemon does not fork into the background.

Options

--default-trust

Use Nix's default trust.
--force-trusted

Force the daemon to trust connecting clients.
--force-untrusted

Force the daemon to not trust connecting clients. The connection will be processed by the receiving daemon before forwarding commands.

--process-ops

Forces the daemon to process received commands itself rather than forwarding the commands straight to the remote store.

        This is useful for the `mounted-ssh://` store where some actions need to be performed on the remote end but as connected user, and not as the user of the underlying daemon on the remote end.

--stdio

Attach to standard I/O, instead of trying to bind to a UNIX socket.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix derivation - Work with derivations, Nix's notion of a build plan.

Synopsis

nix derivation [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix derivation add - Add a store derivation
nix derivation show - show the contents of a store derivation

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix derivation add - Add a store derivation

Synopsis

nix derivation add [option...]

Description

This command reads from standard input a JSON representation of a store derivation to which an installable evaluates.

Store derivations are used internally by Nix. They are store paths with extension .drv that represent the build-time dependency graph to which a Nix expression evaluates.

nix derivation add takes a single derivation in the following format:

Derivation JSON Format

Warning

This JSON format is currently experimental and subject to change.

The JSON serialization of a derivations is a JSON object with the following fields:

name: The name of the derivation. This is used when calculating the store paths of the derivation's outputs.
outputs: Information about the output paths of the derivation. This is a JSON object with one member per output, where the key is the output name and the value is a JSON object with these fields:
- path: The output path, if it is known in advanced. Otherwise, null.
- method: For an output which will be [content addresed], a string representing the method of content addressing that is chosen. Valid method strings are:
  - flat
  - nar
  - text
  - git
  Otherwise, null.
- hashAlgo: For an output which will be [content addresed], the name of the hash algorithm used. Valid algorithm strings are:
  - md5
  - sha1
  - sha256
  - sha512
- hash: For fixed-output derivations, the expected content hash in base-16.
Example
```
"outputs": {
  "out": {
    "path": "/nix/store/2543j7c6jn75blc3drf4g5vhb1rhdq29-source",
    "method": "nar",
    "hashAlgo": "sha256",
    "hash": "6fc80dcc62179dbc12fc0b5881275898f93444833d21b89dfe5f7fbcbb1d0d62"
  }
}
```
inputSrcs: A list of store paths on which this derivation depends.
inputDrvs: A JSON object specifying the derivations on which this derivation depends, and what outputs of those derivations.
Example
```
"inputDrvs": {
  "/nix/store/6lkh5yi7nlb7l6dr8fljlli5zfd9hq58-curl-7.73.0.drv": ["dev"],
  "/nix/store/fn3kgnfzl5dzym26j8g907gq3kbm8bfh-unzip-6.0.drv": ["out"]
}
```
specifies that this derivation depends on the dev output of curl, and the out output of unzip.
system: The system type on which this derivation is to be built (e.g. x86_64-linux).
builder: The absolute path of the program to be executed to run the build. Typically this is the bash shell (e.g. /nix/store/r3j288vpmczbl500w6zz89gyfa4nr0b1-bash-4.4-p23/bin/bash).
args: The command-line arguments passed to the builder.
env: The environment passed to the builder.

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix derivation show - show the contents of a store derivation

Synopsis

nix derivation show [option...] installables...

Examples

Show the store derivation that results from evaluating the Hello package:

# nix derivation show nixpkgs#hello
{
  "/nix/store/s6rn4jz1sin56rf4qj5b5v8jxjm32hlk-hello-2.10.drv": {
    …
  }
}

Show the full derivation graph (if available) that produced your NixOS system:
```
# nix derivation show -r /run/current-system
```
Print all files fetched using fetchurl by Firefox's dependency graph:
```
# nix derivation show -r nixpkgs#firefox \
  | jq -r '.[] | select(.outputs.out.hash and .env.urls) | .env.urls' \
  | uniq | sort
```
Note that .outputs.out.hash selects fixed-output derivations (derivations that produce output with a specified content hash), while .env.urls selects derivations with a urls attribute.

Description

This command prints on standard output a JSON representation of the store derivations to which installables evaluate.

Store derivations are used internally by Nix. They are store paths with extension .drv that represent the build-time dependency graph to which a Nix expression evaluates.

By default, this command only shows top-level derivations, but with --recursive, it also shows their dependencies.

nix derivation show outputs a JSON map of store paths to derivations in the following format:

Derivation JSON Format

Warning

This JSON format is currently experimental and subject to change.

The JSON serialization of a derivations is a JSON object with the following fields:

name: The name of the derivation. This is used when calculating the store paths of the derivation's outputs.
outputs: Information about the output paths of the derivation. This is a JSON object with one member per output, where the key is the output name and the value is a JSON object with these fields:
- path: The output path, if it is known in advanced. Otherwise, null.
- method: For an output which will be [content addresed], a string representing the method of content addressing that is chosen. Valid method strings are:
  - flat
  - nar
  - text
  - git
  Otherwise, null.
- hashAlgo: For an output which will be [content addresed], the name of the hash algorithm used. Valid algorithm strings are:
  - md5
  - sha1
  - sha256
  - sha512
- hash: For fixed-output derivations, the expected content hash in base-16.
Example
```
"outputs": {
  "out": {
    "path": "/nix/store/2543j7c6jn75blc3drf4g5vhb1rhdq29-source",
    "method": "nar",
    "hashAlgo": "sha256",
    "hash": "6fc80dcc62179dbc12fc0b5881275898f93444833d21b89dfe5f7fbcbb1d0d62"
  }
}
```
inputSrcs: A list of store paths on which this derivation depends.
inputDrvs: A JSON object specifying the derivations on which this derivation depends, and what outputs of those derivations.
Example
```
"inputDrvs": {
  "/nix/store/6lkh5yi7nlb7l6dr8fljlli5zfd9hq58-curl-7.73.0.drv": ["dev"],
  "/nix/store/fn3kgnfzl5dzym26j8g907gq3kbm8bfh-unzip-6.0.drv": ["out"]
}
```
specifies that this derivation depends on the dev output of curl, and the out output of unzip.
system: The system type on which this derivation is to be built (e.g. x86_64-linux).
builder: The absolute path of the program to be executed to run the build. Typically this is the bash shell (e.g. /nix/store/r3j288vpmczbl500w6zz89gyfa4nr0b1-bash-4.4-p23/bin/bash).
args: The command-line arguments passed to the builder.
env: The environment passed to the builder.

Options

--recursive / -r

Include the dependencies of the specified derivations.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix develop - run a bash shell that provides the build environment of a derivation

Synopsis

nix develop [option...] installable

Examples

Start a shell with the build environment of the default package of the flake in the current directory:
```
# nix develop
```
Typical commands to run inside this shell are:
```
# configurePhase
# buildPhase
# installPhase
```
Alternatively, you can run whatever build tools your project uses directly, e.g. for a typical Unix project:
```
# ./configure --prefix=$out
# make
# make install
```

Run a particular build phase directly:

# nix develop --unpack
# nix develop --configure
# nix develop --build
# nix develop --check
# nix develop --install
# nix develop --installcheck

Start a shell with the build environment of GNU Hello:
```
# nix develop nixpkgs#hello
```

Record a build environment in a profile:

# nix develop --profile /tmp/my-build-env nixpkgs#hello

Use a build environment previously recorded in a profile:
```
# nix develop /tmp/my-build-env
```
Replace all occurrences of the store path corresponding to glibc.dev with a writable directory:
```
# nix develop --redirect nixpkgs#glibc.dev ~/my-glibc/outputs/dev
```
Note that this is useful if you're running a nix develop shell for nixpkgs#glibc in ~/my-glibc and want to compile another package against it.

Run a series of script commands:

# nix develop --command bash -c "mkdir build && cmake .. && make"

Description

nix develop starts a bash shell that provides an interactive build environment nearly identical to what Nix would use to build installable. Inside this shell, environment variables and shell functions are set up so that you can interactively and incrementally build your package.

Nix determines the build environment by building a modified version of the derivation installable that just records the environment initialised by stdenv and exits. This build environment can be recorded into a profile using --profile.

The prompt used by the bash shell can be customised by setting the bash-prompt, bash-prompt-prefix, and bash-prompt-suffix settings in nix.conf or in the flake's nixConfig attribute.

Flake output attributes

If no flake output attribute is given, nix develop tries the following flake output attributes:

devShells.<system>.default
packages.<system>.default

If a flake output name is given, nix develop tries the following flake output attributes:

devShells.<system>.<name>
packages.<system>.<name>
legacyPackages.<system>.<name>

Options

--build

Run the build phase.
--check

Run the check phase.
--command / -c command args

Instead of starting an interactive shell, start the specified command and arguments.
--configure

Run the configure phase.
--ignore-environment / -i

Clear the entire environment (except those specified with --keep).
--install

Run the install phase.
--installcheck

Run the installcheck phase.
--keep / -k name

Keep the environment variable name.
--phase phase-name

The stdenv phase to run (e.g. build or configure).
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--redirect installable outputs-dir

Redirect a store path to a mutable location.
--unpack

Run the unpack phase.
--unset / -u name

Unset the environment variable name.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix edit - open the Nix expression of a Nix package in $EDITOR

Synopsis

nix edit [option...] installable

Examples

Open the Nix expression of the GNU Hello package:
```
# nix edit nixpkgs#hello
```

Get the filename and line number used by nix edit:

# nix eval --raw nixpkgs#hello.meta.position
/nix/store/fvafw0gvwayzdan642wrv84pzm5bgpmy-source/pkgs/applications/misc/hello/default.nix:15

Description

This command opens the Nix expression of a derivation in an editor. The filename and line number of the derivation are taken from its meta.position attribute. Nixpkgs' stdenv.mkDerivation sets this attribute to the location of the definition of the meta.description, version or name derivation attributes.

The editor to invoke is specified by the EDITOR environment variable. It defaults to cat. If the editor is emacs, nano, vim or kak, it is passed the line number of the derivation using the argument +<lineno>.

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix env - manipulate the process environment

Synopsis

nix env [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix env shell - run a shell in which the specified packages are available

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix env shell - run a shell in which the specified packages are available

Synopsis

nix env shell [option...] installables...

Examples

Start a shell providing youtube-dl from the nixpkgs flake:

# nix shell nixpkgs#youtube-dl
# youtube-dl --version
2020.11.01.1

Start a shell providing GNU Hello from NixOS 20.03:
```
# nix shell nixpkgs/nixos-20.03#hello
```

Run GNU Hello:

# nix shell nixpkgs#hello --command hello --greeting 'Hi everybody!'
Hi everybody!

Run multiple commands in a shell environment:

# nix shell nixpkgs#gnumake --command sh -c "cd src && make"

Run GNU Hello in a chroot store:

# nix shell --store ~/my-nix nixpkgs#hello --command hello

Start a shell providing GNU Hello in a chroot store:
```
# nix shell --store ~/my-nix nixpkgs#hello nixpkgs#bashInteractive --command bash
```
Note that it's necessary to specify bash explicitly because your default shell (e.g. /bin/bash) generally will not exist in the chroot.

Description

nix shell runs a command in an environment in which the $PATH variable provides the specified installables. If no command is specified, it starts the default shell of your user account specified by $SHELL.

Use as a `#!`-interpreter

You can use nix as a script interpreter to allow scripts written in arbitrary languages to obtain their own dependencies via Nix. This is done by starting the script with the following lines:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell installables --command real-interpreter

where real-interpreter is the “real” script interpreter that will be invoked by nix shell after it has obtained the dependencies and initialised the environment, and installables are the attribute names of the dependencies in Nixpkgs.

The lines starting with #! nix specify options (see above). Note that you cannot write #! /usr/bin/env nix shell -i ... because many operating systems only allow one argument in #! lines.

For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and the prettytable package:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell github:tomberek/-#python3With.prettytable --command python

import prettytable

# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print t

Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it requires Perl and the HTML::TokeParser::Simple and LWP packages:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell github:tomberek/-#perlWith.HTMLTokeParserSimple.LWP --command perl -x

use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;

# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple->new(url => 'http://nixos.org/');

while (my $token = $p->get_tag("a")) {
    my $href = $token->get_attr("href");
    print "$href\n" if $href;
}

Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize a package like Terraform:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell --impure --expr ``
#! nix with (import (builtins.getFlake ''nixpkgs'') {});
#! nix terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])
#! nix ``
#! nix --command bash

terraform "$@"

Note

You must use double backticks (``) when passing a simple Nix expression in a nix shell shebang.

Finally, using the merging of multiple nix shell shebangs the following Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the 21.11 stable branch):

#!/usr/bin/env nix
#!nix shell --override-input nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-21.11
#!nix github:tomberek/-#haskellWith.download-curl.tagsoup --command runghc

import Network.Curl.Download
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
import Data.Either
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (unpack)

-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
  resp <- openURI "https://nixos.org/"
  let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags $ unpack $ fromRight undefined resp
  let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
  mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'

If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific revision of Nixpkgs:

#!nix shell --override-input nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs/eabc38219184cc3e04a974fe31857d8e0eac098d

You can also use a Nix expression to build your own dependencies. For example, the Python example could have been written as:

#! /usr/bin/env nix
#! nix shell --impure --file deps.nix -i python

where the file deps.nix in the same directory as the #!-script contains:

with import <nixpkgs> {};
python3.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ prettytable ])

Options

--command / -c command args

Command and arguments to be executed, defaulting to $SHELL
--ignore-environment / -i

Clear the entire environment (except those specified with --keep).
--keep / -k name

Keep the environment variable name.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--unset / -u name

Unset the environment variable name.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix eval - evaluate a Nix expression

Synopsis

nix eval [option...] installable

Examples

Evaluate a Nix expression given on the command line:
```
# nix eval --expr '1 + 2'
```

Evaluate a Nix expression to JSON:

# nix eval --json --expr '{ x = 1; }'
{"x":1}

Evaluate a Nix expression from a file:

# nix eval --file ./my-nixpkgs hello.name

Get the current version of the nixpkgs flake:
```
# nix eval --raw nixpkgs#lib.version
```
Print the store path of the Hello package:
```
# nix eval --raw nixpkgs#hello
```

Get a list of checks in the nix flake:

# nix eval nix#checks.x86_64-linux --apply builtins.attrNames

Generate a directory with the specified contents:

# nix eval --write-to ./out --expr '{ foo = "bar"; subdir.bla = "123"; }'
# cat ./out/foo
bar
# cat ./out/subdir/bla
123

Description

This command evaluates the given Nix expression and prints the result on standard output.

Output format

nix eval can produce output in several formats:

By default, the evaluation result is printed as a Nix expression.
With --json, the evaluation result is printed in JSON format. Note that this fails if the result contains values that are not representable as JSON, such as functions.
With --raw, the evaluation result must be a string, which is printed verbatim, without any quoting.
With --write-to path, the evaluation result must be a string or a nested attribute set whose leaf values are strings. These strings are written to files named path/attrpath. path must not already exist.

Options

--apply expr

Apply the function expr to each argument.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--raw

Print strings without quotes or escaping.
--read-only

Do not instantiate each evaluated derivation. This improves performance, but can cause errors when accessing store paths of derivations during evaluation.
--write-to path

Write a string or attrset of strings to path.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake - manage Nix flakes

Synopsis

nix flake [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix flake archive - copy a flake and all its inputs to a store
nix flake check - check whether the flake evaluates and run its tests
nix flake clone - clone flake repository
nix flake info - show flake metadata
nix flake init - create a flake in the current directory from a template
nix flake lock - create missing lock file entries
nix flake metadata - show flake metadata
nix flake new - create a flake in the specified directory from a template
nix flake prefetch - download the source tree denoted by a flake reference into the Nix store
nix flake show - show the outputs provided by a flake
nix flake update - update flake lock file

Description

nix flake provides subcommands for creating, modifying and querying Nix flakes. Flakes are the unit for packaging Nix code in a reproducible and discoverable way. They can have dependencies on other flakes, making it possible to have multi-repository Nix projects.

A flake is a filesystem tree (typically fetched from a Git repository or a tarball) that contains a file named flake.nix in the root directory. flake.nix specifies some metadata about the flake such as dependencies (called inputs), as well as its outputs (the Nix values such as packages or NixOS modules provided by the flake).

Flake references

Flake references (flakerefs) are a way to specify the location of a flake. These have two different forms:

Attribute set representation

Example:

{
  type = "github";
  owner = "NixOS";
  repo = "nixpkgs";
}

The only required attribute is type. The supported types are listed below.

URL-like syntax

Example:

github:NixOS/nixpkgs

These are used on the command line as a more convenient alternative to the attribute set representation. For instance, in the command

# nix build github:NixOS/nixpkgs#hello

github:NixOS/nixpkgs is a flake reference (while hello is an output attribute). They are also allowed in the inputs attribute of a flake, e.g.

inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs";

is equivalent to

inputs.nixpkgs = {
  type = "github";
  owner = "NixOS";
  repo = "nixpkgs";
};

Following RFC 3986, characters outside of the allowed range (i.e. neither reserved characters nor unreserved characters) must be percent-encoded.

Examples

Here are some examples of flake references in their URL-like representation:

nixpkgs: The nixpkgs entry in the flake registry.
nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293: The nixpkgs entry in the flake registry, with its Git revision overridden to a specific value.
github:NixOS/nixpkgs: The master branch of the NixOS/nixpkgs repository on GitHub.
github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.09: The nixos-20.09 branch of the nixpkgs repository.
github:NixOS/nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293: A specific revision of the nixpkgs repository.
github:edolstra/nix-warez?dir=blender: A flake in a subdirectory of a GitHub repository.
git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf: A Git repository.
git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf?ref=master: A specific branch of a Git repository.
git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf?ref=master&rev=f34751b88bd07d7f44f5cd3200fb4122bf916c7e: A specific branch and revision of a Git repository.
https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/master.tar.gz: A tarball flake.

Path-like syntax

Flakes corresponding to a local path can also be referred to by a direct path reference, either /absolute/path/to/the/flake or./relative/path/to/the/flake. Note that the leading ./ is mandatory for relative paths. If it is omitted, the path will be interpreted as URL-like syntax, which will cause error messages like this:

error: cannot find flake 'flake:relative/path/to/the/flake' in the flake registries

The semantic of such a path is as follows:

If the directory is part of a Git repository, then the input will be treated as a git+file: URL, otherwise it will be treated as a path: url;
If the directory doesn't contain a flake.nix file, then Nix will search for such a file upwards in the file system hierarchy until it finds any of:
1. The Git repository root, or
2. The filesystem root (/), or
3. A folder on a different mount point.

Contrary to URL-like references, path-like flake references can contain arbitrary unicode characters (except # and ?).

Examples

.: The flake to which the current directory belongs to.
/home/alice/src/patchelf: A flake in some other directory.
./../sub directory/with Ûñî©ôδ€: A flake in another relative directory that has Unicode characters in its name.

Flake reference attributes

The following generic flake reference attributes are supported:

dir: The subdirectory of the flake in which flake.nix is located. This parameter enables having multiple flakes in a repository or tarball. The default is the root directory of the flake.
narHash: The hash of the Nix Archive (NAR) serialisation (in SRI format) of the contents of the flake. This is useful for flake types such as tarballs that lack a unique content identifier such as a Git commit hash.

In addition, the following attributes are common to several flake reference types:

rev: A Git or Mercurial commit hash.
ref: A Git or Mercurial branch or tag name.

Finally, some attribute are typically not specified by the user, but can occur in locked flake references and are available to Nix code:

revCount: The number of ancestors of the commit rev.
lastModified: The timestamp (in seconds since the Unix epoch) of the last modification of this version of the flake. For Git/Mercurial flakes, this is the commit time of commit rev, while for tarball flakes, it's the most recent timestamp of any file inside the tarball.

Types

Currently the type attribute can be one of the following:

indirect: The default. Indirection through the flake registry. These have the form
```
[flake:]<flake-id>(/<rev-or-ref>(/rev)?)?
```
These perform a lookup of <flake-id> in the flake registry. For example, nixpkgs and nixpkgs/release-20.09 are indirect flake references. The specified rev and/or ref are merged with the entry in the registry; see nix registry for details.

For example, these are valid indirect flake references:
- nixpkgs
- nixpkgs/nixos-unstable
- nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293
- nixpkgs/nixos-unstable/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293
- sub/dir (if a flake named sub is in the registry)
path: arbitrary local directories. The required attribute path specifies the path of the flake. The URL form is
```
path:<path>(\?<params>)?
```
where path is an absolute path to a directory in the file system containing a file named flake.nix.

If the flake at path is not inside a git repository, the path: prefix is implied and can be omitted.

path generally must be an absolute path. However, on the command line, it can be a relative path (e.g. . or ./foo) which is interpreted as relative to the current directory. In this case, it must start with . to avoid ambiguity with registry lookups (e.g. nixpkgs is a registry lookup; ./nixpkgs is a relative path).

For example, these are valid path flake references:
- path:/home/user/sub/dir
- /home/user/sub/dir (if dir/flake.nix is not in a git repository)
- ./sub/dir (when used on the command line and dir/flake.nix is not in a git repository)
git: Git repositories. The location of the repository is specified by the attribute url.

They have the URL form
```
git(+http|+https|+ssh|+git|+file):(//<server>)?<path>(\?<params>)?
```
If path starts with / (or ./ when used as an argument on the command line) and is a local path to a git repository, the leading git: or +file prefixes are implied and can be omitted.

The ref attribute defaults to resolving the HEAD reference.

The rev attribute must denote a commit that exists in the branch or tag specified by the ref attribute, since Nix doesn't do a full clone of the remote repository by default (and the Git protocol doesn't allow fetching a rev without a known ref). The default is the commit currently pointed to by ref.

When git+file is used without specifying ref or rev, files are fetched directly from the local path as long as they have been added to the Git repository. If there are uncommitted changes, the reference is treated as dirty and a warning is printed.

For example, the following are valid Git flake references:
- git:/home/user/sub/dir
- /home/user/sub/dir (if dir/flake.nix is in a git repository)
- ./sub/dir (when used on the command line and dir/flake.nix is in a git repository)
- git+https://example.org/my/repo
- git+https://example.org/my/repo?dir=flake1
- git+ssh://git@github.com/NixOS/nix?ref=v1.2.3
- git://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs?ref=unstable&rev=e486d8d40e626a20e06d792db8cc5ac5aba9a5b4
- git+file:///home/my-user/some-repo/some-repo
mercurial: Mercurial repositories. The URL form is similar to the git type, except that the URL schema must be one of hg+http, hg+https, hg+ssh or hg+file.
tarball: Tarballs. The location of the tarball is specified by the attribute url.

In URL form, the schema must be tarball+http://, tarball+https:// or tarball+file://. If the extension corresponds to a known archive format (.zip, .tar, .tgz, .tar.gz, .tar.xz, .tar.bz2 or .tar.zst), then the tarball+ can be dropped.

This can also be used to set the location of gitea/forgejo branches. See here
file: Plain files or directory tarballs, either over http(s) or from the local disk.

In URL form, the schema must be file+http://, file+https:// or file+file://. If the extension doesn’t correspond to a known archive format (as defined by the tarball fetcher), then the file+ prefix can be dropped.
github: A more efficient way to fetch repositories from GitHub. The following attributes are required:
- owner: The owner of the repository.
- repo: The name of the repository.
These are downloaded as tarball archives, rather than through Git. This is often much faster and uses less disk space since it doesn't require fetching the entire history of the repository. On the other hand, it doesn't allow incremental fetching (but full downloads are often faster than incremental fetches!).

The URL syntax for github flakes is:
```
github:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?
```
<rev-or-ref> specifies the name of a branch or tag (ref), or a commit hash (rev). Note that unlike Git, GitHub allows fetching by commit hash without specifying a branch or tag.

You can also specify host as a parameter, to point to a custom GitHub Enterprise server.

Some examples:
- github:edolstra/dwarffs
- github:edolstra/dwarffs/unstable
- github:edolstra/dwarffs/d3f2baba8f425779026c6ec04021b2e927f61e31
- github:internal/project?host=company-github.example.org
gitlab: Similar to github, is a more efficient way to fetch GitLab repositories. The following attributes are required:
- owner: The owner of the repository.
- repo: The name of the repository.
Like github, these are downloaded as tarball archives.

The URL syntax for gitlab flakes is:

gitlab:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?

<rev-or-ref> works the same as github. Either a branch or tag name (ref), or a commit hash (rev) can be specified.

Since GitLab allows for self-hosting, you can specify host as a parameter, to point to any instances other than gitlab.com.

Some examples:
- gitlab:veloren/veloren
- gitlab:veloren/veloren/master
- gitlab:veloren/veloren/80a4d7f13492d916e47d6195be23acae8001985a
- gitlab:openldap/openldap?host=git.openldap.org
When accessing a project in a (nested) subgroup, make sure to URL-encode any slashes, i.e. replace / with %2F:
- gitlab:veloren%2Fdev/rfcs
sourcehut: Similar to github, is a more efficient way to fetch SourceHut repositories. The following attributes are required:
- owner: The owner of the repository (including leading ~).
- repo: The name of the repository.
Like github, these are downloaded as tarball archives.

The URL syntax for sourcehut flakes is:

sourcehut:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?

<rev-or-ref> works the same as github. Either a branch or tag name (ref), or a commit hash (rev) can be specified.

Since SourceHut allows for self-hosting, you can specify host as a parameter, to point to any instances other than git.sr.ht.

Currently, ref name resolution only works for Git repositories. You can refer to Mercurial repositories by simply changing host to hg.sr.ht (or any other Mercurial instance). With the caveat that you must explicitly specify a commit hash (rev).

Some examples:
- sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors
- sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/main
- sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors?host=git.example.org
- sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/182b4b8709b8ffe4e9774a4c5d6877bf6bb9a21c
- sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/21c1a380a6915d890d408e9f22203436a35bb2de?host=hg.sr.ht

Flake format

As an example, here is a simple flake.nix that depends on the Nixpkgs flake and provides a single package (i.e. an installable derivation):

{
  description = "A flake for building Hello World";

  inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.03";

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: {

    packages.x86_64-linux.default =
      # Notice the reference to nixpkgs here.
      with import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
      stdenv.mkDerivation {
        name = "hello";
        src = self;
        buildPhase = "gcc -o hello ./hello.c";
        installPhase = "mkdir -p $out/bin; install -t $out/bin hello";
      };

  };
}

The following attributes are supported in flake.nix:

description: A short, one-line description of the flake.
inputs: An attrset specifying the dependencies of the flake (described below).
outputs: A function that, given an attribute set containing the outputs of each of the input flakes keyed by their identifier, yields the Nix values provided by this flake. Thus, in the example above, inputs.nixpkgs contains the result of the call to the outputs function of the nixpkgs flake.

In addition to the outputs of each input, each input in inputs also contains some metadata about the inputs. These are:
- outPath: The path in the Nix store of the flake's source tree. This way, the attribute set can be passed to import as if it was a path, as in the example above (import nixpkgs).
- rev: The commit hash of the flake's repository, if applicable.
- revCount: The number of ancestors of the revision rev. This is not available for github repositories, since they're fetched as tarballs rather than as Git repositories.
- lastModifiedDate: The commit time of the revision rev, in the format %Y%m%d%H%M%S (e.g. 20181231100934). Unlike revCount, this is available for both Git and GitHub repositories, so it's useful for generating (hopefully) monotonically increasing version strings.
- lastModified: The commit time of the revision rev as an integer denoting the number of seconds since 1970.
- narHash: The SHA-256 (in SRI format) of the Nix Archive (NAR) serialisation NAR serialization of the flake's source tree.
The value returned by the outputs function must be an attribute set. The attributes can have arbitrary values; however, various nix subcommands require specific attributes to have a specific value (e.g. packages.x86_64-linux must be an attribute set of derivations built for the x86_64-linux platform).
nixConfig: a set of nix.conf options to be set when evaluating any part of a flake. In the interests of security, only a small set of set of options is allowed to be set without confirmation so long as accept-flake-config is not enabled in the global configuration:

Flake inputs

The attribute inputs specifies the dependencies of a flake, as an attrset mapping input names to flake references. For example, the following specifies a dependency on the nixpkgs and import-cargo repositories:

# A GitHub repository.
inputs.import-cargo = {
  type = "github";
  owner = "edolstra";
  repo = "import-cargo";
};

# An indirection through the flake registry.
inputs.nixpkgs = {
  type = "indirect";
  id = "nixpkgs";
};

Alternatively, you can use the URL-like syntax:

inputs.import-cargo.url = "github:edolstra/import-cargo";
inputs.nixpkgs.url = "nixpkgs";

Each input is fetched, evaluated and passed to the outputs function as a set of attributes with the same name as the corresponding input. The special input named self refers to the outputs and source tree of this flake. Thus, a typical outputs function looks like this:

outputs = { self, nixpkgs, import-cargo }: {
  ... outputs ...
};

It is also possible to omit an input entirely and only list it as expected function argument to outputs. Thus,

outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: ...;

without an inputs.nixpkgs attribute is equivalent to

inputs.nixpkgs = {
  type = "indirect";
  id = "nixpkgs";
};

Repositories that don't contain a flake.nix can also be used as inputs, by setting the input's flake attribute to false:

inputs.grcov = {
  type = "github";
  owner = "mozilla";
  repo = "grcov";
  flake = false;
};

outputs = { self, nixpkgs, grcov }: {
  packages.x86_64-linux.grcov = stdenv.mkDerivation {
    src = grcov;
    ...
  };
};

Transitive inputs can be overridden from a flake.nix file. For example, the following overrides the nixpkgs input of the nixops input:

inputs.nixops.inputs.nixpkgs = {
  type = "github";
  owner = "my-org";
  repo = "nixpkgs";
};

It is also possible to "inherit" an input from another input. This is useful to minimize flake dependencies. For example, the following sets the nixpkgs input of the top-level flake to be equal to the nixpkgs input of the dwarffs input of the top-level flake:

inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "dwarffs/nixpkgs";

The value of the follows attribute is a /-separated sequence of input names denoting the path of inputs to be followed from the root flake.

Overrides and follows can be combined, e.g.

inputs.nixops.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "dwarffs/nixpkgs";

sets the nixpkgs input of nixops to be the same as the nixpkgs input of dwarffs. It is worth noting, however, that it is generally not useful to eliminate transitive nixpkgs flake inputs in this way. Most flakes provide their functionality through Nixpkgs overlays or NixOS modules, which are composed into the top-level flake's nixpkgs input; so their own nixpkgs input is usually irrelevant.

Lock files

Inputs specified in flake.nix are typically "unlocked" in the sense that they don't specify an exact revision. To ensure reproducibility, Nix will automatically generate and use a lock file called flake.lock in the flake's directory. The lock file contains a graph structure isomorphic to the graph of dependencies of the root flake. Each node in the graph (except the root node) maps the (usually) unlocked input specifications in flake.nix to locked input specifications. Each node also contains some metadata, such as the dependencies (outgoing edges) of the node.

For example, if flake.nix has the inputs in the example above, then the resulting lock file might be:

{
  "version": 7,
  "root": "n1",
  "nodes": {
    "n1": {
      "inputs": {
        "nixpkgs": "n2",
        "import-cargo": "n3",
        "grcov": "n4"
      }
    },
    "n2": {
      "inputs": {},
      "locked": {
        "owner": "edolstra",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
        "rev": "7f8d4b088e2df7fdb6b513bc2d6941f1d422a013",
        "type": "github",
        "lastModified": 1580555482,
        "narHash": "sha256-OnpEWzNxF/AU4KlqBXM2s5PWvfI5/BS6xQrPvkF5tO8="
      },
      "original": {
        "id": "nixpkgs",
        "type": "indirect"
      }
    },
    "n3": {
      "inputs": {},
      "locked": {
        "owner": "edolstra",
        "repo": "import-cargo",
        "rev": "8abf7b3a8cbe1c8a885391f826357a74d382a422",
        "type": "github",
        "lastModified": 1567183309,
        "narHash": "sha256-wIXWOpX9rRjK5NDsL6WzuuBJl2R0kUCnlpZUrASykSc="
      },
      "original": {
        "owner": "edolstra",
        "repo": "import-cargo",
        "type": "github"
      }
    },
    "n4": {
      "inputs": {},
      "locked": {
        "owner": "mozilla",
        "repo": "grcov",
        "rev": "989a84bb29e95e392589c4e73c29189fd69a1d4e",
        "type": "github",
        "lastModified": 1580729070,
        "narHash": "sha256-235uMxYlHxJ5y92EXZWAYEsEb6mm+b069GAd+BOIOxI="
      },
      "original": {
        "owner": "mozilla",
        "repo": "grcov",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "flake": false
    }
  }
}

This graph has 4 nodes: the root flake, and its 3 dependencies. The nodes have arbitrary labels (e.g. n1). The label of the root node of the graph is specified by the root attribute. Nodes contain the following fields:

inputs: The dependencies of this node, as a mapping from input names (e.g. nixpkgs) to node labels (e.g. n2).
original: The original input specification from flake.lock, as a set of builtins.fetchTree arguments.
locked: The locked input specification, as a set of builtins.fetchTree arguments. Thus, in the example above, when we build this flake, the input nixpkgs is mapped to revision 7f8d4b088e2df7fdb6b513bc2d6941f1d422a013 of the edolstra/nixpkgs repository on GitHub.

It also includes the attribute narHash, specifying the expected contents of the tree in the Nix store (as computed by nix hash-path), and may include input-type-specific attributes such as the lastModified or revCount. The main reason for these attributes is to allow flake inputs to be substituted from a binary cache: narHash allows the store path to be computed, while the other attributes are necessary because they provide information not stored in the store path.
flake: A Boolean denoting whether this is a flake or non-flake dependency. Corresponds to the flake attribute in the inputs attribute in flake.nix.

The original and locked attributes are omitted for the root node. This is because we cannot record the commit hash or content hash of the root flake, since modifying flake.lock will invalidate these.

The graph representation of lock files allows circular dependencies between flakes. For example, here are two flakes that reference each other:

{
  inputs.b = ... location of flake B ...;
  # Tell the 'b' flake not to fetch 'a' again, to ensure its 'a' is
  # *this* 'a'.
  inputs.b.inputs.a.follows = "";
  outputs = { self, b }: {
    foo = 123 + b.bar;
    xyzzy = 1000;
  };
}

and

{
  inputs.a = ... location of flake A ...;
  inputs.a.inputs.b.follows = "";
  outputs = { self, a }: {
    bar = 456 + a.xyzzy;
  };
}

Lock files transitively lock direct as well as indirect dependencies. That is, if a lock file exists and is up to date, Nix will not look at the lock files of dependencies. However, lock file generation itself does use the lock files of dependencies by default.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake archive - copy a flake and all its inputs to a store

Synopsis

nix flake archive [option...] flake-url

Examples

Copy the dwarffs flake and its dependencies to a binary cache:
```
# nix flake archive --to file:///tmp/my-cache dwarffs
```
Fetch the dwarffs flake and its dependencies to the local Nix store:
```
# nix flake archive dwarffs
```
Print the store paths of the flake sources of NixOps without fetching them:
```
# nix flake archive --json --dry-run nixops
```

Description

FIXME

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--to store-uri

URI of the destination Nix store

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake check - check whether the flake evaluates and run its tests

Synopsis

nix flake check [option...] flake-url

Examples

Evaluate the flake in the current directory, and build its checks:
```
# nix flake check
```
Verify that the patchelf flake evaluates, but don't build its checks:
```
# nix flake check --no-build github:NixOS/patchelf
```

Description

This command verifies that the flake specified by flake reference flake-url can be evaluated successfully (as detailed below), and that the derivations specified by the flake's checks output can be built successfully.

If the keep-going option is set to true, Nix will keep evaluating as much as it can and report the errors as it encounters them. Otherwise it will stop at the first error.

Evaluation checks

The following flake output attributes must be derivations:

checks.system.name
defaultPackage.system
devShell.system
devShells.system.name
nixosConfigurations.name.config.system.build.toplevel
packages.system.name

The following flake output attributes must be app definitions:

apps.system.name
defaultApp.system

The following flake output attributes must be template definitions:

defaultTemplate
templates.name

The following flake output attributes must be Nixpkgs overlays:

overlay
overlays.name

The following flake output attributes must be NixOS modules:

nixosModule
nixosModules.name

The following flake output attributes must be bundlers:

bundlers.name
defaultBundler

In addition, the hydraJobs output is evaluated in the same way as Hydra's hydra-eval-jobs (i.e. as a arbitrarily deeply nested attribute set of derivations). Similarly, the legacyPackages.system output is evaluated like nix-env --query --available .

Options

--all-systems

Check the outputs for all systems.
--no-build

Do not build checks.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake clone - clone flake repository

Synopsis

nix flake clone [option...] flake-url

Examples

Check out the source code of the dwarffs flake and build it:

# nix flake clone dwarffs --dest dwarffs
# cd dwarffs
# nix build

Description

This command performs a Git or Mercurial clone of the repository containing the source code of the flake flake-url.

Options

--dest / -f path

Clone the flake to path dest.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake info - show flake metadata

Synopsis

nix flake info [option...] flake-url

Examples

Show what dwarffs resolves to:

# nix flake metadata dwarffs
Resolved URL:  github:edolstra/dwarffs
Locked URL:    github:edolstra/dwarffs/f691e2c991e75edb22836f1dbe632c40324215c5
Description:   A filesystem that fetches DWARF debug info from the Internet on demand
Path:          /nix/store/769s05vjydmc2lcf6b02az28wsa9ixh1-source
Revision:      f691e2c991e75edb22836f1dbe632c40324215c5
Last modified: 2021-01-21 15:41:26
Inputs:
├───nix: github:NixOS/nix/6254b1f5d298ff73127d7b0f0da48f142bdc753c
│   ├───lowdown-src: github:kristapsdz/lowdown/1705b4a26fbf065d9574dce47a94e8c7c79e052f
│   └───nixpkgs: github:NixOS/nixpkgs/ad0d20345219790533ebe06571f82ed6b034db31
└───nixpkgs follows input 'nix/nixpkgs'

Show information about dwarffs in JSON format:

# nix flake metadata dwarffs --json | jq .
{
  "description": "A filesystem that fetches DWARF debug info from the Internet on demand",
  "lastModified": 1597153508,
  "locked": {
    "lastModified": 1597153508,
    "narHash": "sha256-VHg3MYVgQ12LeRSU2PSoDeKlSPD8PYYEFxxwkVVDRd0=",
    "owner": "edolstra",
    "repo": "dwarffs",
    "rev": "d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5",
    "type": "github"
  },
  "locks": { ... },
  "original": {
    "id": "dwarffs",
    "type": "indirect"
  },
  "originalUrl": "flake:dwarffs",
  "path": "/nix/store/hang3792qwdmm2n0d9nsrs5n6bsws6kv-source",
  "resolved": {
    "owner": "edolstra",
    "repo": "dwarffs",
    "type": "github"
  },
  "resolvedUrl": "github:edolstra/dwarffs",
  "revision": "d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5",
  "url": "github:edolstra/dwarffs/d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5"
}

Description

This command shows information about the flake specified by the flake reference flake-url. It resolves the flake reference using the flake registry, fetches it, and prints some meta data. This includes:

Resolved URL: If flake-url is a flake identifier, then this is the flake reference that specifies its actual location, looked up in the flake registry.
Locked URL: A flake reference that contains a commit or content hash and thus uniquely identifies a specific flake version.
Description: A one-line description of the flake, taken from the description field in flake.nix.
Path: The store path containing the source code of the flake.
Revision: The Git or Mercurial commit hash of the locked flake.
Revisions: The number of ancestors of the Git or Mercurial commit of the locked flake. Note that this is not available for github flakes.
Last modified: For Git or Mercurial flakes, this is the commit time of the commit of the locked flake; for tarball flakes, it's the most recent timestamp of any file inside the tarball.
Inputs: The flake inputs with their corresponding lock file entries.

With --json, the output is a JSON object with the following fields:

original and originalUrl: The flake reference specified by the user (flake-url) in attribute set and URL representation.
resolved and resolvedUrl: The resolved flake reference (see above) in attribute set and URL representation.
locked and lockedUrl: The locked flake reference (see above) in attribute set and URL representation.
description: See Description above.
path: See Path above.
revision: See Revision above.
revCount: See Revisions above.
lastModified: See Last modified above.
locks: The contents of flake.lock.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake init - create a flake in the current directory from a template

Synopsis

nix flake init [option...]

Examples

Create a flake using the default template:
```
# nix flake init
```
List available templates:
```
# nix flake show templates
```

Create a flake from a specific template:

# nix flake init -t templates#simpleContainer

Description

This command creates a flake in the current directory by copying the files of a template. It will not overwrite existing files. The default template is templates#templates.default, but this can be overridden using -t.

Template definitions

A flake can declare templates through its templates output attribute. A template has the following attributes:

description: A one-line description of the template, in CommonMark syntax.
path: The path of the directory to be copied.
welcomeText: A block of markdown text to display when a user initializes a new flake based on this template.

Here is an example:

outputs = { self }: {

  templates.rust = {
    path = ./rust;
    description = "A simple Rust/Cargo project";
    welcomeText = ''
      # Simple Rust/Cargo Template
      ## Intended usage
      The intended usage of this flake is...

      ## More info
      - [Rust language](https://www.rust-lang.org/)
      - [Rust on the NixOS Wiki](https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Rust)
      - ...
    '';
  };

  templates.default = self.templates.rust;
}

Options

--template / -t template

The template to use.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake lock - create missing lock file entries

Synopsis

nix flake lock [option...] flake-url

Examples

Create the lock file for the flake in the current directory:

# nix flake lock
warning: creating lock file '/home/myself/repos/testflake/flake.lock':
• Added input 'nix':
    'github:NixOS/nix/9fab14adbc3810d5cc1f88672fde1eee4358405c' (2023-06-28)
• Added input 'nixpkgs':
    'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/3d2d8f281a27d466fa54b469b5993f7dde198375' (2023-06-30)

Add missing inputs to the lock file for a flake in a different directory:
```
# nix flake lock ~/repos/another
warning: updating lock file '/home/myself/repos/another/flake.lock':
• Added input 'nixpkgs':
    'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/3d2d8f281a27d466fa54b469b5993f7dde198375' (2023-06-30)
```
Note

When trying to refer to a flake in a subdirectory, write ./another instead of another. Otherwise Nix will try to look up the flake in the registry.

Description

This command adds inputs to the lock file of a flake (flake.lock) so that it contains a lock for every flake input specified in flake.nix. Existing lock file entries are not updated.

If you want to update existing lock entries, use nix flake update

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake metadata - show flake metadata

Synopsis

nix flake metadata [option...] flake-url

Examples

Show what dwarffs resolves to:

# nix flake metadata dwarffs
Resolved URL:  github:edolstra/dwarffs
Locked URL:    github:edolstra/dwarffs/f691e2c991e75edb22836f1dbe632c40324215c5
Description:   A filesystem that fetches DWARF debug info from the Internet on demand
Path:          /nix/store/769s05vjydmc2lcf6b02az28wsa9ixh1-source
Revision:      f691e2c991e75edb22836f1dbe632c40324215c5
Last modified: 2021-01-21 15:41:26
Inputs:
├───nix: github:NixOS/nix/6254b1f5d298ff73127d7b0f0da48f142bdc753c
│   ├───lowdown-src: github:kristapsdz/lowdown/1705b4a26fbf065d9574dce47a94e8c7c79e052f
│   └───nixpkgs: github:NixOS/nixpkgs/ad0d20345219790533ebe06571f82ed6b034db31
└───nixpkgs follows input 'nix/nixpkgs'

Show information about dwarffs in JSON format:

# nix flake metadata dwarffs --json | jq .
{
  "description": "A filesystem that fetches DWARF debug info from the Internet on demand",
  "lastModified": 1597153508,
  "locked": {
    "lastModified": 1597153508,
    "narHash": "sha256-VHg3MYVgQ12LeRSU2PSoDeKlSPD8PYYEFxxwkVVDRd0=",
    "owner": "edolstra",
    "repo": "dwarffs",
    "rev": "d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5",
    "type": "github"
  },
  "locks": { ... },
  "original": {
    "id": "dwarffs",
    "type": "indirect"
  },
  "originalUrl": "flake:dwarffs",
  "path": "/nix/store/hang3792qwdmm2n0d9nsrs5n6bsws6kv-source",
  "resolved": {
    "owner": "edolstra",
    "repo": "dwarffs",
    "type": "github"
  },
  "resolvedUrl": "github:edolstra/dwarffs",
  "revision": "d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5",
  "url": "github:edolstra/dwarffs/d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5"
}

Description

Resolved URL: If flake-url is a flake identifier, then this is the flake reference that specifies its actual location, looked up in the flake registry.
Locked URL: A flake reference that contains a commit or content hash and thus uniquely identifies a specific flake version.
Description: A one-line description of the flake, taken from the description field in flake.nix.
Path: The store path containing the source code of the flake.
Revision: The Git or Mercurial commit hash of the locked flake.
Revisions: The number of ancestors of the Git or Mercurial commit of the locked flake. Note that this is not available for github flakes.
Last modified: For Git or Mercurial flakes, this is the commit time of the commit of the locked flake; for tarball flakes, it's the most recent timestamp of any file inside the tarball.
Inputs: The flake inputs with their corresponding lock file entries.

With --json, the output is a JSON object with the following fields:

original and originalUrl: The flake reference specified by the user (flake-url) in attribute set and URL representation.
resolved and resolvedUrl: The resolved flake reference (see above) in attribute set and URL representation.
locked and lockedUrl: The locked flake reference (see above) in attribute set and URL representation.
description: See Description above.
path: See Path above.
revision: See Revision above.
revCount: See Revisions above.
lastModified: See Last modified above.
locks: The contents of flake.lock.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake new - create a flake in the specified directory from a template

Synopsis

nix flake new [option...] dest-dir

Examples

Create a flake using the default template in the directory hello:
```
# nix flake new hello
```
List available templates:
```
# nix flake show templates
```
Create a flake from a specific template in the directory hello:
```
# nix flake new hello -t templates#trivial
```

Description

This command creates a flake in the directory dest-dir, which must not already exist. It's equivalent to:

# mkdir dest-dir
# cd dest-dir
# nix flake init

Options

--template / -t template

The template to use.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake prefetch - download the source tree denoted by a flake reference into the Nix store

Synopsis

nix flake prefetch [option...] flake-url

Examples

Download a tarball and unpack it:

# nix flake prefetch https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.10.5.tar.xz
Downloaded 'https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.10.5.tar.xz?narHash=sha256-3XYHZANT6AFBV0BqegkAZHbba6oeDkIUCDwbATLMhAY='
to '/nix/store/sl5vvk8mb4ma1sjyy03kwpvkz50hd22d-source' (hash
'sha256-3XYHZANT6AFBV0BqegkAZHbba6oeDkIUCDwbATLMhAY=').

Download the dwarffs flake (looked up in the flake registry):

# nix flake prefetch dwarffs --json
{"hash":"sha256-VHg3MYVgQ12LeRSU2PSoDeKlSPD8PYYEFxxwkVVDRd0="
,"storePath":"/nix/store/hang3792qwdmm2n0d9nsrs5n6bsws6kv-source"}

Description

This command downloads the source tree denoted by flake reference flake-url. Note that this does not need to be a flake (i.e. it does not have to contain a flake.nix file).

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake show - show the outputs provided by a flake

Synopsis

nix flake show [option...] flake-url

Examples

Show the output attributes provided by the patchelf flake:

github:NixOS/patchelf/f34751b88bd07d7f44f5cd3200fb4122bf916c7e
├───checks
│   ├───aarch64-linux
│   │   └───build: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   ├───i686-linux
│   │   └───build: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   └───x86_64-linux
│       └───build: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
├───packages
│   ├───aarch64-linux
│   │   └───default: package 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   ├───i686-linux
│   │   └───default: package 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   └───x86_64-linux
│       └───default: package 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
├───hydraJobs
│   ├───build
│   │   ├───aarch64-linux: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   │   ├───i686-linux: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   │   └───x86_64-linux: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   ├───coverage: derivation 'patchelf-coverage-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   ├───release: derivation 'patchelf-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
│   └───tarball: derivation 'patchelf-tarball-0.12.20201207.f34751b'
└───overlay: Nixpkgs overlay

Description

This command shows the output attributes provided by the flake specified by flake reference flake-url. These are the top-level attributes in the outputs of the flake, as well as lower-level attributes for some standard outputs (e.g. packages or checks).

With --json, the output is in a JSON representation suitable for automatic processing by other tools.

Options

--all-systems

Show the contents of outputs for all systems.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--legacy

Show the contents of the legacyPackages output.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix flake update - update flake lock file

Synopsis

nix flake update [option...] inputs...

Examples

Update all inputs (i.e. recreate the lock file from scratch):

# nix flake update
warning: updating lock file '/home/myself/repos/testflake/flake.lock':
• Updated input 'nix':
    'github:NixOS/nix/9fab14adbc3810d5cc1f88672fde1eee4358405c' (2023-06-28)
  → 'github:NixOS/nix/8927cba62f5afb33b01016d5c4f7f8b7d0adde3c' (2023-07-11)
• Updated input 'nixpkgs':
    'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/3d2d8f281a27d466fa54b469b5993f7dde198375' (2023-06-30)
  → 'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293' (2023-07-05)

Update only a single input:

# nix flake update nixpkgs
warning: updating lock file '/home/myself/repos/testflake/flake.lock':
• Updated input 'nixpkgs':
    'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/3d2d8f281a27d466fa54b469b5993f7dde198375' (2023-06-30)
  → 'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293' (2023-07-05)

Update only a single input of a flake in a different directory:

# nix flake update nixpkgs --flake ~/repos/another
warning: updating lock file '/home/myself/repos/another/flake.lock':
• Updated input 'nixpkgs':
    'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/3d2d8f281a27d466fa54b469b5993f7dde198375' (2023-06-30)
  → 'github:NixOS/nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293' (2023-07-05)

Note

When trying to refer to a flake in a subdirectory, write ./another instead of another. Otherwise Nix will try to look up the flake in the registry.

Description

This command updates the inputs in a lock file (flake.lock). By default, all inputs are updated. If the lock file doesn't exist yet, it will be created. If inputs are not in the lock file yet, they will be added.

Unlike other nix flake commands, nix flake update takes a list of names of inputs to update as its positional arguments and operates on the flake in the current directory. You can pass a different flake-url with --flake to override that default.

The related command nix flake lock also creates lock files and adds missing inputs, but is safer as it will never update inputs already in the lock file.

Options

--flake flake-url

The flake to operate on. Default is the current directory.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix fmt - reformat your code in the standard style

Synopsis

nix fmt [option...] args...

Examples

With nixpkgs-fmt:

# flake.nix
{
  outputs = { nixpkgs, self }: {
    formatter.x86_64-linux = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.nixpkgs-fmt;
  };
}

Format the current flake: $ nix fmt
Format a specific folder or file: $ nix fmt ./folder ./file.nix

With nixfmt:

# flake.nix
{
  outputs = { nixpkgs, self }: {
    formatter.x86_64-linux = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.nixfmt;
  };
}

Format specific files: $ nix fmt ./file1.nix ./file2.nix

With Alejandra:

# flake.nix
{
  outputs = { nixpkgs, self }: {
    formatter.x86_64-linux = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.alejandra;
  };
}

Format the current flake: $ nix fmt
Format a specific folder or file: $ nix fmt ./folder ./file.nix

Description

nix fmt will rewrite all Nix files (*.nix) to a canonical format using the formatter specified in your flake.

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash - compute and convert cryptographic hashes

Synopsis

nix hash [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

Available commands:

nix hash file - print cryptographic hash of a regular file
nix hash path - print cryptographic hash of the NAR serialisation of a path
nix hash to-base16 - convert a hash to base-16 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)
nix hash to-base32 - convert a hash to base-32 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)
nix hash to-base64 - convert a hash to base-64 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)
nix hash to-sri - convert a hash to SRI representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)

nix hash convert - convert between hash formats

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash convert - convert between hash formats

Synopsis

nix hash convert [option...] hashes...

Examples

Convert a hash to nix32 (a base-32 encoding with a Nix-specific character set).

$ nix hash convert --hash-algo sha1 --to nix32 800d59cfcd3c05e900cb4e214be48f6b886a08df
vw46m23bizj4n8afrc0fj19wrp7mj3c0

Convert a hash to the sri format that includes an algorithm specification:

# nix hash convert --hash-algo sha1 800d59cfcd3c05e900cb4e214be48f6b886a08df
sha1-gA1Zz808BekAy04hS+SPa4hqCN8=

or with an explicit --to format:

# nix hash convert --hash-algo sha1 --to sri 800d59cfcd3c05e900cb4e214be48f6b886a08df
sha1-gA1Zz808BekAy04hS+SPa4hqCN8=

Assert the input format of the hash:

# nix hash convert --hash-algo sha256 --from nix32 ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=
error: input hash 'ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=' does not have the expected format '--from nix32'

# nix hash convert --hash-algo sha256 --from nix32 1b8m03r63zqhnjf7l5wnldhh7c134ap5vpj0850ymkq1iyzicy5s
sha256-ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=

Description

nix hash convert converts hashes from one encoding to another.

Options

--from hash-format

Hash format (base16, nix32, base64, sri).
--hash-algo hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512). Can be omitted for SRI hashes.
--to hash-format

Hash format (base16, nix32, base64, sri). Default: sri.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash file - print cryptographic hash of a regular file

Synopsis

nix hash file [option...] paths...

Options

--base16

Print the hash in base-16 format.
--base32

Print the hash in base-32 (Nix-specific) format.
--base64

Print the hash in base-64 format.
--sri

Print the hash in SRI format.
--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash path - print cryptographic hash of the NAR serialisation of a path

Synopsis

nix hash path [option...] paths...

Options

--algo hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).
--base16

Print the hash in base-16 format.
--base32

Print the hash in base-32 (Nix-specific) format.
--base64

Print the hash in base-64 format.
--format hash-format

Hash format (base16, nix32, base64, sri). Default: sri.
--mode file-ingestion-method

How to compute the hash of the input. One of:
- nar (the default): Serialises the input as a Nix Archive and passes that to the hash function.
- flat: Assumes that the input is a single file and directly passes it to the hash function.
--sri

Print the hash in SRI format.
--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash to-base16 - convert a hash to base-16 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)

Synopsis

nix hash to-base16 [option...] strings...

Options

--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512). Can be omitted for SRI hashes.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash to-base32 - convert a hash to base-32 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)

Synopsis

nix hash to-base32 [option...] strings...

Options

--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512). Can be omitted for SRI hashes.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash to-base64 - convert a hash to base-64 representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)

Synopsis

nix hash to-base64 [option...] strings...

Options

--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512). Can be omitted for SRI hashes.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix hash to-sri - convert a hash to SRI representation (deprecated, use nix hash convert instead)

Synopsis

nix hash to-sri [option...] strings...

Options

--type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512). Can be omitted for SRI hashes.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix help - show help about nix or a particular subcommand

Synopsis

nix help [option...] subcommand...

Examples

Show help about nix in general:
```
# nix help
```
Show help about a particular subcommand:
```
    # nix help flake info
```

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix help-stores - show help about store types and their settings

Synopsis

nix help-stores [option...]

Nix supports different types of stores:

Store URL format

Stores are specified using a URL-like syntax. For example, the command

# nix path-info --store https://cache.nixos.org/ --json \
  /nix/store/a7gvj343m05j2s32xcnwr35v31ynlypr-coreutils-9.1

fetches information about a store path in the HTTP binary cache located at https://cache.nixos.org/, which is a type of store.

Store URLs can specify store settings using URL query strings, i.e. by appending ?name1=value1&name2=value2&... to the URL. For instance,

--store ssh://machine.example.org?ssh-key=/path/to/my/key

tells Nix to access the store on a remote machine via the SSH protocol, using /path/to/my/key as the SSH private key. The supported settings for each store type are documented below.

The special store URL auto causes Nix to automatically select a store as follows:

Use the local store /nix/store if /nix/var/nix is writable by the current user.
Otherwise, if /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket exists, connect to the Nix daemon listening on that socket.
Otherwise, on Linux only, use the local chroot store ~/.local/share/nix/root, which will be created automatically if it does not exist.
Otherwise, use the local store /nix/store.

Dummy Store

Store URL format: dummy://

This store type represents a store that contains no store paths and cannot be written to. It's useful when you want to use the Nix evaluator when no actual Nix store exists, e.g.

# nix eval --store dummy:// --expr '1 + 2'

Settings

path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental Local Overlay Store

Warning

This store is part of an experimental feature.

To use this store, make sure the local-overlay-store experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = local-overlay-store

Store URL format: local-overlay

Conceptual parts of a local overlay store

This is a more abstract/conceptual description of the parts of a layered store, an authoritative reference. For more "practical" instructions, see the worked-out example in the next subsection.

The parts of a local overlay store are as follows:

Lower store:

Specified with the lower-store setting.

This is any store implementation that includes a store directory as part of the native operating system filesystem. For example, this could be a [local store], [local daemon store], or even another local overlay store.

The local overlay store never tries to modify the lower store in any way. Something else could modify the lower store, but there are restrictions on this Nix itself requires that this store only grow, and not change in other ways. For example, new store objects can be added, but deleting or modifying store objects is not allowed in general, because that will confuse and corrupt any local overlay store using those objects. (In addition, the underlying filesystem overlay mechanism may impose additional restrictions, see below.)

The lower store must not change while it is mounted as part of an overlay store. To ensure it does not, you might want to mount the store directory read-only (which then requires the [read-only] parameter to be set to true).
- Lower store directory:
  
  Specified with lower-store.real setting.
  
  This is the directory used/exposed by the lower store.
  
  As specified above, Nix requires the local store can only grow not change in other ways. Linux's OverlayFS in addition imposes the further requirement that this directory cannot change at all. That means that, while any local overlay store exists that is using this store as a lower store, this directory must not change.
- Lower metadata source:
  
  Not directly specified. A consequence of the lower-store setting, depending on the type of lower store chosen.
  
  This is abstract, just some way to read the metadata of lower store store objects. For example it could be a SQLite database (for the [local store]), or a socket connection (for the [local daemon store]).
  
  This need not be writable. As stated above a local overlay store never tries to modify its lower store. The lower store's metadata is considered part of the lower store, just as the store's file system objects that appear in the store directory are.
Upper almost-store:

Not directly specified. Instead the constituent parts are independently specified as described below.

This is almost but not quite just a [local store]. That is because taken in isolation, not as part of a local overlay store, by itself, it would appear corrupted. But combined with everything else as part of an overlay local store, it is valid.
- Upper layer directory:
  
  Specified with upper-layer setting.
  
  This contains additional store objects (or, strictly speaking, their file system objects that the local overlay store will extend the lower store with).
- Upper store directory:
  
  Specified with the real setting. This the same as the base local store setting, and can also be indirectly specified with the root setting.
  
  This contains all the store objects from each of the two directories.
  
  The lower store directory and upper layer directory are combined via OverlayFS to create this directory. Nix doesn't do this itself, because it typically wouldn't have the permissions to do so, so it is the responsibility of the user to set this up first. Nix can, however, optionally check that that the OverlayFS mount settings appear as expected, matching Nix's own settings.
- Upper SQLite database:
  
  Not directly specified. The location of the database instead depends on the state setting. It is is always ${state}/db.
  
  This contains the metadata of all of the upper layer store objects (everything beyond their file system objects), and also duplicate copies of some lower layer store object's metadta. The duplication is so the metadata for the closure of upper layer store objects can be found entirely within the upper layer. (This allows us to use the same SQL Schema as the [local store]'s SQLite database, as foreign keys in that schema enforce closure metadata to be self-contained in this way.)

Example filesystem layout

Here is a worked out example of usage, following the concepts in the previous section.

Say we have the following paths:

/mnt/example/merged-store/nix/store
/mnt/example/store-a/nix/store
/mnt/example/store-b

Then the following store URI can be used to access a local-overlay store at /mnt/example/merged-store:

local-overlay://?root=/mnt/example/merged-store&lower-store=/mnt/example/store-a&upper-layer=/mnt/example/store-b

The lower store directory is located at /mnt/example/store-a/nix/store, while the upper layer is at /mnt/example/store-b.

Before accessing the overlay store you will need to ensure the OverlayFS mount is set up correctly:

mount -t overlay overlay \
  -o lowerdir="/mnt/example/store-a/nix/store" \
  -o upperdir="/mnt/example/store-b" \
  -o workdir="/mnt/example/workdir" \
  "/mnt/example/merged-store/nix/store"

Note that OverlayFS requires /mnt/example/workdir to be on the same volume as the upperdir.

By default, Nix will check that the mountpoint as been set up correctly and fail with an error if it has not. You can override this behaviour by passing check-mount=false if you need to.

Settings

check-mount

Check that the overlay filesystem is correctly mounted.

Nix does not manage the overlayfs mount point itself, but the correct functioning of the overlay store does depend on this mount point being set up correctly. Rather than just assume this is the case, check that the lowerdir and upperdir options are what we expect them to be. This check is on by default, but can be disabled if needed.

Default: true
log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
lower-store

Store URL for the lower store. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Must be a store with a store dir on the file system. Must be used as OverlayFS lower layer for this store's store dir.

Default: empty
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
read-only

Allow this store to be opened when its database is on a read-only filesystem.

Normally Nix will attempt to open the store database in read-write mode, even for querying (when write access is not needed), causing it to fail if the database is on a read-only filesystem.

Enable read-only mode to disable locking and open the SQLite database with the immutable parameter set.

Warning Do not use this unless the filesystem is read-only.

Using it when the filesystem is writable can cause incorrect query results or corruption errors if the database is changed by another process. While the filesystem the database resides on might appear to be read-only, consider whether another user or system might have write access to it.

Default: false
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
remount-hook

Script or other executable to run when overlay filesystem needs remounting.

This is occasionally necessary when deleting a store path that exists in both upper and lower layers. In such a situation, bypassing OverlayFS and deleting the path in the upper layer directly is the only way to perform the deletion without creating a "whiteout". However this causes the OverlayFS kernel data structures to get out-of-sync, and can lead to 'stale file handle' errors; remounting solves the problem.

The store directory is passed as an argument to the invoked executable.

Default: empty
require-sigs

Whether store paths copied into this store should have a trusted signature.

Default: true
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
upper-layer

Directory containing the OverlayFS upper layer for this store's store dir.

Default: empty
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental SSH Store with filesystem mounted

Warning

This store is part of an experimental feature.

To use this store, make sure the mounted-ssh-store experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
extra-experimental-features = mounted-ssh-store

Store URL format: mounted-ssh-ng://[username@]hostname

Experimental store type that allows full access to a Nix store on a remote machine, and additionally requires that store be mounted in the local file system.

The mounting of that store is not managed by Nix, and must by managed manually. It could be accomplished with SSHFS or NFS, for example.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
remote-program

Path to the nix-daemon executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-daemon
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Experimental SSH Store

Store URL format: ssh-ng://[username@]hostname

Experimental store type that allows full access to a Nix store on a remote machine.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
remote-program

Path to the nix-daemon executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-daemon
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

HTTP Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: http://..., https://...

This store allows a binary cache to be accessed via the HTTP protocol.

Settings

compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

Local Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: file://path

This store allows reading and writing a binary cache stored in path in the local filesystem. If path does not exist, it will be created.

For example, the following builds or downloads nixpkgs#hello into the local store and then copies it to the binary cache in /tmp/binary-cache:

# nix copy --to file:///tmp/binary-cache nixpkgs#hello

Settings

compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

Local Daemon Store

Store URL format: daemon, unix://path

This store type accesses a Nix store by talking to a Nix daemon listening on the Unix domain socket path. The store pseudo-URL daemon is equivalent to unix:///nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket.

Settings

log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
max-connection-age

Maximum age of a connection before it is closed.

Default: 4294967295
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent connections to the Nix daemon.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Local Store

Store URL format: local, root

For example, the following uses /tmp/root as the chroot environment to build or download nixpkgs#hello and then execute it:

# nix run --store /tmp/root nixpkgs#hello
Hello, world!

Here, the "physical" store location is /tmp/root/nix/store, and Nix's store metadata is in /tmp/root/nix/var/nix/db.

# nix build --store 'local?store=/tmp/my-nix/store&state=/tmp/my-nix/state&log=/tmp/my-nix/log' nixpkgs#hello

Settings

log

directory where Nix will store log files.

Default: /nix/var/log/nix
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
read-only

Allow this store to be opened when its database is on a read-only filesystem.

Normally Nix will attempt to open the store database in read-write mode, even for querying (when write access is not needed), causing it to fail if the database is on a read-only filesystem.

Enable read-only mode to disable locking and open the SQLite database with the immutable parameter set.

Warning Do not use this unless the filesystem is read-only.

Using it when the filesystem is writable can cause incorrect query results or corruption errors if the database is changed by another process. While the filesystem the database resides on might appear to be read-only, consider whether another user or system might have write access to it.

Default: false
real

Physical path of the Nix store.

Default: /nix/store
require-sigs

Whether store paths copied into this store should have a trusted signature.

Default: true
root

Directory prefixed to all other paths.

Default: ``
state

Directory where Nix will store state.

Default: /dummy
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

S3 Binary Cache Store

Store URL format: s3://bucket-name

This store allows reading and writing a binary cache stored in an AWS S3 (or S3-compatible service) bucket. This store shares many idioms with the HTTP Binary Cache Store.

For AWS S3, the binary cache URL for a bucket named example-nix-cache will be exactly s3://example-nix-cache. For S3 compatible binary caches, consult that cache's documentation.

Anonymous reads to your S3-compatible binary cache

If your binary cache is publicly accessible and does not require authentication, it is simplest to use the [HTTP Binary Cache Store] rather than S3 Binary Cache Store with https://example-nix-cache.s3.amazonaws.com instead of s3://example-nix-cache.

Your bucket will need a bucket policy like the following to be accessible:

{
    "Id": "DirectReads",
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Sid": "AllowDirectReads",
            "Action": [
                "s3:GetObject",
                "s3:GetBucketLocation"
            ],
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
                "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
            ],
            "Principal": "*"
        }
    ]
}

Authentication

Nix will use the default credential provider chain for authenticating requests to Amazon S3.

Authenticated reads to your S3 binary cache

Authenticated writes to your S3-compatible binary cache

Your account will need an IAM policy to support uploading to the bucket:

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "UploadToCache",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:AbortMultipartUpload",
        "s3:GetBucketLocation",
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket",
        "s3:ListBucketMultipartUploads",
        "s3:ListMultipartUploadParts",
        "s3:PutObject"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
        "arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Examples

With bucket policies and authentication set up as described above, uploading works via nix copy (experimental).

To upload with a specific credential profile for Amazon S3:

$ nix copy nixpkgs.hello \
  --to 's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&region=eu-west-2'

To upload to an S3-compatible binary cache:

$ nix copy nixpkgs.hello --to \
  's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&scheme=https&endpoint=minio.example.com'

Settings

buffer-size

Size (in bytes) of each part in multi-part uploads.

Default: 5242880
compression

NAR compression method (xz, bzip2, gzip, zstd, or none).

Default: xz
compression-level

The preset level to be used when compressing NARs. The meaning and accepted values depend on the compression method selected. -1 specifies that the default compression level should be used.

Default: -1
endpoint

The URL of the endpoint of an S3-compatible service such as MinIO. Do not specify this setting if you're using Amazon S3.

Note

This endpoint must support HTTPS and will use path-based addressing instead of virtual host based addressing.

Default: empty
index-debug-info

Whether to index DWARF debug info files by build ID. This allows dwarffs to fetch debug info on demand

Default: false
local-nar-cache

Path to a local cache of NARs fetched from this binary cache, used by commands such as nix store cat.

Default: empty
log-compression

Compression method for log/* files. It is recommended to use a compression method supported by most web browsers (e.g. brotli).

Default: empty
ls-compression

Compression method for .ls files.

Default: empty
multipart-upload

Whether to use multi-part uploads.

Default: false
narinfo-compression

Compression method for .narinfo files.

Default: empty
parallel-compression

Enable multi-threaded compression of NARs. This is currently only available for xz and zstd.

Default: false
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
profile

The name of the AWS configuration profile to use. By default Nix will use the default profile.

Default: empty
region

The region of the S3 bucket. If your bucket is not in us–east-1, you should always explicitly specify the region parameter.

Default: us-east-1
scheme

The scheme used for S3 requests, https (default) or http. This option allows you to disable HTTPS for binary caches which don't support it.

Note

HTTPS should be used if the cache might contain sensitive information.

Default: empty
secret-key

Path to the secret key used to sign the binary cache.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false
write-nar-listing

Whether to write a JSON file that lists the files in each NAR.

Default: false

SSH Store

Store URL format: ssh://[username@]hostname

This store type allows limited access to a remote store on another machine via SSH.

Settings

base64-ssh-public-host-key

The public host key of the remote machine.

Default: empty
compress

Whether to enable SSH compression.

Default: false
max-connections

Maximum number of concurrent SSH connections.

Default: 1
path-info-cache-size

Size of the in-memory store path metadata cache.

Default: 65536
priority

Priority of this store when used as a substituter. A lower value means a higher priority.

Default: 0
remote-program

Path to the nix-store executable on the remote machine.

Default: nix-store
remote-store

Store URL to be used on the remote machine. The default is auto (i.e. use the Nix daemon or /nix/store directly).

Default: empty
ssh-key

Path to the SSH private key used to authenticate to the remote machine.

Default: empty
store

Logical location of the Nix store, usually /nix/store. Note that you can only copy store paths between stores if they have the same store setting.

Default: /nix/store
system-features

Optional system features available on the system this store uses to build derivations.

Example: "kvm"

Default: machine-specific
trusted

Whether paths from this store can be used as substitutes even if they are not signed by a key listed in the trusted-public-keys setting.

Default: false
want-mass-query

Whether this store can be queried efficiently for path validity when used as a substituter.

Default: false

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix key - generate and convert Nix signing keys

Synopsis

nix key [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix key convert-secret-to-public - generate a public key for verifying store paths from a secret key read from standard input
nix key generate-secret - generate a secret key for signing store paths

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix key convert-secret-to-public - generate a public key for verifying store paths from a secret key read from standard input

Synopsis

nix key convert-secret-to-public [option...]

Examples

Convert a secret key to a public key:

# echo cache.example.org-0:E7lAO+MsPwTFfPXsdPtW8GKui/5ho4KQHVcAGnX+Tti1V4dUxoVoqLyWJ4YESuZJwQ67GVIksDt47og+tPVUZw== \
  | nix key convert-secret-to-public
cache.example.org-0:tVeHVMaFaKi8lieGBErmScEOuxlSJLA7eO6IPrT1VGc=

Description

This command reads a Ed25519 secret key from standard input, and writes the corresponding public key to standard output. For more details, see nix key generate-secret.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix key generate-secret - generate a secret key for signing store paths

Synopsis

nix key generate-secret [option...]

Examples

Generate a new secret key:

# nix key generate-secret --key-name cache.example.org-1 > ./secret-key

We can then use this key to sign the closure of the Hello package:

# nix build nixpkgs#hello
# nix store sign --key-file ./secret-key --recursive ./result

Finally, we can verify the store paths using the corresponding public key:

# nix store verify --trusted-public-keys $(nix key convert-secret-to-public < ./secret-key) ./result

Description

This command generates a new Ed25519 secret key for signing store paths and prints it on standard output. Use nix key convert-secret-to-public to get the corresponding public key for verifying signed store paths.

The mandatory argument --key-name specifies a key name (such as cache.example.org-1). It is used to look up keys on the client when it verifies signatures. It can be anything, but it’s suggested to use the host name of your cache (e.g. cache.example.org) with a suffix denoting the number of the key (to be incremented every time you need to revoke a key).

Format

Both secret and public keys are represented as the key name followed by a base-64 encoding of the Ed25519 key data, e.g.

cache.example.org-0:E7lAO+MsPwTFfPXsdPtW8GKui/5ho4KQHVcAGnX+Tti1V4dUxoVoqLyWJ4YESuZJwQ67GVIksDt47og+tPVUZw==

Options

--key-name name

Identifier of the key (e.g. cache.example.org-1).

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix log - show the build log of the specified packages or paths, if available

Synopsis

nix log [option...] installable

Examples

Get the build log of GNU Hello:
```
# nix log nixpkgs#hello
```

Get the build log of a specific store path:

# nix log /nix/store/lmngj4wcm9rkv3w4dfhzhcyij3195hiq-thunderbird-52.2.1

Get a build log from a specific binary cache:

# nix log --store https://cache.nixos.org nixpkgs#hello

Description

This command prints the log of a previous build of the installable on standard output.

Nix looks for build logs in two places:

In the directory /nix/var/log/nix/drvs, which contains logs for locally built derivations.
In the binary caches listed in the substituters setting. Logs should be named <cache>/log/<base-name-of-store-path>, where store-path is a derivation, e.g. https://cache.nixos.org/log/dvmig8jgrdapvbyxb1rprckdmdqx08kv-hello-2.10.drv. For non-derivation store paths, Nix will first try to determine the deriver by fetching the .narinfo file for this store path.

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix nar - create or inspect NAR files

Synopsis

nix nar [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix nar cat - print the contents of a file inside a NAR file on stdout
nix nar dump-path - serialise a path to stdout in NAR format
nix nar ls - show information about a path inside a NAR file
nix nar pack - serialise a path to stdout in NAR format

Description

nix nar provides several subcommands for creating and inspecting Nix Archives (NARs).

File format

For the definition of the Nix Archive file format, see within the protocols chapter of the manual.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix nar cat - print the contents of a file inside a NAR file on stdout

Synopsis

nix nar cat [option...] nar path

Examples

List a file in a Nix Archive (NAR) and pipe it through gunzip:

# nix nar cat ./hello.nar /share/man/man1/hello.1.gz | gunzip
.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE!  It was generated by help2man 1.46.4.
.TH HELLO "1" "November 2014" "hello 2.10" "User Commands"
…

Description

This command prints on standard output the contents of the regular file path inside the NAR file nar.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix nar dump-path - serialise a path to stdout in NAR format

Synopsis

nix nar dump-path [option...] path

Examples

To serialise directory foo as a Nix Archive (NAR):
```
# nix nar pack ./foo > foo.nar
```

Description

This command generates a Nix Archive (NAR) file containing the serialisation of path, which must contain only regular files, directories and symbolic links. The NAR is written to standard output.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix nar ls - show information about a path inside a NAR file

Synopsis

nix nar ls [option...] nar path

Examples

To list a specific file in a NAR:

# nix nar ls --long ./hello.nar /bin/hello
-r-xr-xr-x                38184 hello

To recursively list the contents of a directory inside a NAR, in JSON format:

# nix nar ls --json --recursive ./hello.nar /bin
{"type":"directory","entries":{"hello":{"type":"regular","size":38184,"executable":true,"narOffset":400}}}

Description

This command shows information about a path inside Nix Archive (NAR) file nar.

Options

--directory / -d

Show directories rather than their contents.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--long / -l

Show detailed file information.
--recursive / -R

List subdirectories recursively.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix nar pack - serialise a path to stdout in NAR format

Synopsis

nix nar pack [option...] path

Examples

To serialise directory foo as a Nix Archive (NAR):
```
# nix nar pack ./foo > foo.nar
```

Description

This command generates a Nix Archive (NAR) file containing the serialisation of path, which must contain only regular files, directories and symbolic links. The NAR is written to standard output.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix path-info - query information about store paths

Synopsis

nix path-info [option...] installables...

Examples

Print the store path produced by nixpkgs#hello:

# nix path-info nixpkgs#hello
/nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10

Show the closure sizes of every path in the current NixOS system closure, sorted by size:

# nix path-info --recursive --closure-size /run/current-system | sort -nk2
/nix/store/hl5xwp9kdrd1zkm0idm3kkby9q66z404-empty                                                96
/nix/store/27324qvqhnxj3rncazmxc4mwy79kz8ha-nameservers                                         112
…
/nix/store/539jkw9a8dyry7clcv60gk6na816j7y8-etc                                          5783255504
/nix/store/zqamz3cz4dbzfihki2mk7a63mbkxz9xq-nixos-system-machine-20.09.20201112.3090c65  5887562256

Show a package's closure size and all its dependencies with human readable sizes:

# nix path-info --recursive --size --closure-size --human-readable nixpkgs#rustc
/nix/store/01rrgsg5zk3cds0xgdsq40zpk6g51dz9-ncurses-6.2-dev      386.7 KiB   69.1 MiB
/nix/store/0q783wnvixpqz6dxjp16nw296avgczam-libpfm-4.11.0          5.9 MiB   37.4 MiB
…

Check the existence of a path in a binary cache:

# nix path-info --recursive /nix/store/blzxgyvrk32ki6xga10phr4sby2xf25q-geeqie-1.5.1 --store https://cache.nixos.org/
path '/nix/store/blzxgyvrk32ki6xga10phr4sby2xf25q-geeqie-1.5.1' is not valid

Print the 10 most recently added paths (using --json and the jq(1) command):

# nix path-info --json --all | jq -r 'to_entries | sort_by(.value.registrationTime) | .[-11:-1][] | .key'

Show the size of the entire Nix store:

# nix path-info --json --all | jq 'map(.narSize) | add'
49812020936

Show every path whose closure is bigger than 1 GB, sorted by closure size:

# nix path-info --json --all --closure-size \
  | jq 'map_values(.closureSize | select(. < 1e9)) | to_entries | sort_by(.value)'
[
  …,
  {
    .key = "/nix/store/zqamz3cz4dbzfihki2mk7a63mbkxz9xq-nixos-system-machine-20.09.20201112.3090c65",
    .value = 5887562256,
  }
]

Print the path of the store derivation produced by nixpkgs#hello:

# nix path-info --derivation nixpkgs#hello
/nix/store/s6rn4jz1sin56rf4qj5b5v8jxjm32hlk-hello-2.10.drv

Description

This command shows information about the store paths produced by installables, or about all paths in the store if you pass --all.

By default, this command only prints the store paths. You can get additional information by passing flags such as --closure-size, --size, --sigs or --json.

Warning

Note that nix path-info does not build or substitute the installables you specify. Thus, if the corresponding store paths don't already exist, this command will fail. You can use nix build to ensure that they exist.

Options

--closure-size / -S

Print the sum of the sizes of the NAR serialisations of the closure of each path.
--human-readable / -h

With -s and -S, print sizes in a human-friendly format such as 5.67G.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--sigs

Show signatures.
--size / -s

Print the size of the NAR serialisation of each path.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix print-dev-env - print shell code that can be sourced by bash to reproduce the build environment of a derivation

Synopsis

nix print-dev-env [option...] installable

Examples

Apply the build environment of GNU hello to the current shell:
```
# . <(nix print-dev-env nixpkgs#hello)
```

Get the build environment in JSON format:

# nix print-dev-env nixpkgs#hello --json

The output will look like this:

{
  "bashFunctions": {
    "buildPhase": " \n    runHook preBuild;\n...",
    ...
  },
  "variables": {
    "src": {
      "type": "exported",
      "value": "/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz"
    },
    "postUnpackHooks": {
      "type": "array",
      "value": ["_updateSourceDateEpochFromSourceRoot"]
    },
    ...
  }
}

Description

This command prints a shell script that can be sourced by bash and that sets the variables and shell functions defined by the build process of installable. This allows you to get a similar build environment in your current shell rather than in a subshell (as with nix develop).

With --json, the output is a JSON serialisation of the variables and functions defined by the build process.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--redirect installable outputs-dir

Redirect a store path to a mutable location.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile - manage Nix profiles

Synopsis

nix profile [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix profile diff-closures - show the closure difference between each version of a profile
nix profile history - show all versions of a profile
nix profile install - install a package into a profile
nix profile list - list installed packages
nix profile remove - remove packages from a profile
nix profile rollback - roll back to the previous version or a specified version of a profile
nix profile upgrade - upgrade packages using their most recent flake
nix profile wipe-history - delete non-current versions of a profile

Description

nix profile allows you to create and manage Nix profiles. A Nix profile is a set of packages that can be installed and upgraded independently from each other. Nix profiles are versioned, allowing them to be rolled back easily.

Files

Profiles

A directory that contains links to profiles managed by nix-env and nix profile:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root if the user is root

A profile is a directory of symlinks to files in the Nix store.

Filesystem layout

$ ls -l ~alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 14 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile -> profile-7-link
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 28 16:18 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-5-link -> /nix/store/q69xad13ghpf7ir87h0b2gd28lafjj1j-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 29 13:20 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-6-link -> /nix/store/6bvhpysd7vwz7k3b0pndn7ifi5xr32dg-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link -> /nix/store/mp0x6xnsg0b8qhswy6riqvimai4gm677-profile

Each of these symlinks is a root for the Nix garbage collector.

The contents of the store path corresponding to each version of the profile is a tree of symlinks to the files of the installed packages, e.g.

$ ll -R ~eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/
/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/:
total 20
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 bin
-r--r--r-- 2 root root 1402 Jan  1  1970 manifest.nix
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 share

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/bin:
total 20
lrwxrwxrwx 5 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 chromium -> /nix/store/ijm5k0zqisvkdwjkc77mb9qzb35xfi4m-chromium-86.0.4240.111/bin/chromium
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 87 Jan  1  1970 spotify -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/bin/spotify
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 zoom-us -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/bin/zoom-us

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/share/applications:
total 12
lrwxrwxrwx 4 root root 120 Jan  1  1970 chromium-browser.desktop -> /nix/store/4cf803y4vzfm3gyk3vzhzb2327v0kl8a-chromium-unwrapped-86.0.4240.111/share/applications/chromium-browser.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 110 Jan  1  1970 spotify.desktop -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/share/applications/spotify.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 107 Jan  1  1970 us.zoom.Zoom.desktop -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/share/applications/us.zoom.Zoom.desktop

…

Each profile version contains a manifest file:

manifest.nix used by nix-env.
manifest.json used by nix profile (experimental).

User profile link

A symbolic link to the user's current profile:

~/.nix-profile
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profile if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

By default, this symlink points to:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/profile for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/profile for root

Profile compatibility

Warning

Once you have used nix profile you can no longer use nix-env without first deleting $XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/profile

Once you installed a package with nix profile, you get the following error message when using nix-env:

$ nix-env -f '<nixpkgs>' -iA 'hello'
error: nix-env
profile '/home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile' is incompatible with 'nix-env'; please use 'nix profile' instead

To migrate back to nix-env you can delete your current profile:

Warning

This will delete packages that have been installed before, so you may want to back up this information before running the command.

 $ rm -rf "${XDG_STATE_HOME-$HOME/.local/state}/nix/profiles/profile"

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile diff-closures - show the closure difference between each version of a profile

Synopsis

nix profile diff-closures [option...]

Examples

Show what changed between each version of the NixOS system profile:

# nix profile diff-closures --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system
Version 13 -> 14:
  acpi-call: 2020-04-07-5.8.13 → 2020-04-07-5.8.14
  aws-sdk-cpp: -6723.1 KiB
  …

Version 14 -> 15:
  acpi-call: 2020-04-07-5.8.14 → 2020-04-07-5.8.16
  attica: -996.2 KiB
  breeze-icons: -78713.5 KiB
  brotli: 1.0.7 → 1.0.9, +44.2 KiB

Description

This command shows the difference between the closures of subsequent versions of a profile. See nix store diff-closures for details.

Options

--profile path

The profile to operate on.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile history - show all versions of a profile

Synopsis

nix profile history [option...]

Examples

Show the changes between each version of your default profile:

# nix profile history
Version 508 (2020-04-10):
  flake:nixpkgs#legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.awscli: ∅ -> 1.17.13

Version 509 (2020-05-16) <- 508:
  flake:nixpkgs#legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.awscli: 1.17.13 -> 1.18.211

Description

This command shows what packages were added, removed or upgraded between subsequent versions of a profile. It only shows top-level packages, not dependencies; for that, use nix profile diff-closures.

The addition of a package to a profile is denoted by the string ∅ -> version, whereas the removal is denoted by version -> ∅.

Options

--profile path

The profile to operate on.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile install - install a package into a profile

Synopsis

nix profile install [option...] installables...

Examples

Install a package from Nixpkgs:
```
# nix profile install nixpkgs#hello
```
Install a package from a specific branch of Nixpkgs:
```
# nix profile install nixpkgs/release-20.09#hello
```

Install a package from a specific revision of Nixpkgs:

# nix profile install nixpkgs/d73407e8e6002646acfdef0e39ace088bacc83da#hello

Install a specific output of a package:
```
# nix profile install nixpkgs#bash^man
```

Description

This command adds installables to a Nix profile.

Options

--priority priority

The priority of the package to install.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile list - list installed packages

Synopsis

nix profile list [option...]

Examples

Show what packages are installed in the default profile:

# nix profile list
Name:               gdb
Flake attribute:    legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.gdb
Original flake URL: flake:nixpkgs
Locked flake URL:   github:NixOS/nixpkgs/7b38b03d76ab71bdc8dc325e3f6338d984cc35ca
Store paths:        /nix/store/indzcw5wvlhx6vwk7k4iq29q15chvr3d-gdb-11.1

Name:               blender-bin
Flake attribute:    packages.x86_64-linux.default
Original flake URL: flake:blender-bin
Locked flake URL:   github:edolstra/nix-warez/91f2ffee657bf834e4475865ae336e2379282d34?dir=blender
Store paths:        /nix/store/i798sxl3j40wpdi1rgf391id1b5klw7g-blender-bin-3.1.2

Note that you can unambiguously rebuild a package from a profile through its locked flake URL and flake attribute, e.g.

# nix build github:edolstra/nix-warez/91f2ffee657bf834e4475865ae336e2379282d34?dir=blender#packages.x86_64-linux.default

will build the package blender-bin shown above.

Description

This command shows what packages are currently installed in a profile. For each installed package, it shows the following information:

Name: A unique name used to unambiguously identify the package in invocations of nix profile remove and nix profile upgrade.
Index: An integer that can be used to unambiguously identify the package in invocations of nix profile remove and nix profile upgrade. (Deprecated, will be removed in a future version in favor of Name.)
Flake attribute: The flake output attribute path that provides the package (e.g. packages.x86_64-linux.hello).
Original flake URL: The original ("unlocked") flake reference specified by the user when the package was first installed via nix profile install.
Locked flake URL: The locked flake reference to which the original flake reference was resolved.
Store paths: The store path(s) of the package.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile remove - remove packages from a profile

Synopsis

nix profile remove [option...] elements...

Examples

Remove a package by name:
```
# nix profile remove hello
```
Remove all packages:
```
# nix profile remove --all
```
Remove packages by regular expression:
```
# nix profile remove --regex '.*vim.*'
```

Remove a package by store path:

# nix profile remove /nix/store/rr3y0c6zyk7kjjl8y19s4lsrhn4aiq1z-hello-2.10

Description

This command removes a package from a profile.

Options

--all

Match all packages in the profile.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--regex pattern

A regular expression to match one or more packages in the profile.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile rollback - roll back to the previous version or a specified version of a profile

Synopsis

nix profile rollback [option...]

Examples

Roll back your default profile to the previous version:

# nix profile rollback
switching profile from version 519 to 518

Switch your default profile to version 510:

# nix profile rollback --to 510
switching profile from version 518 to 510

Description

This command switches a profile to the most recent version older than the currently active version, or if --to N is given, to version N of the profile. To see the available versions of a profile, use nix profile history.

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--to version

The profile version to roll back to.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile upgrade - upgrade packages using their most recent flake

Synopsis

nix profile upgrade [option...] elements...

Examples

Upgrade all packages that were installed using an unlocked flake reference:
```
# nix profile upgrade --all
```
Upgrade a specific package by name:
```
# nix profile upgrade hello
```
Upgrade all packages that include 'vim' in their name:
```
# nix profile upgrade --regex '.*vim.*'
```

Description

This command upgrades a previously installed package in a Nix profile, by fetching and evaluating the latest version of the flake from which the package was installed.

Warning

This only works if you used an unlocked flake reference at installation time, e.g. nixpkgs#hello. It does not work if you used a locked flake reference (e.g. github:NixOS/nixpkgs/13d0c311e3ae923a00f734b43fd1d35b47d8943a#hello), since in that case the "latest version" is always the same.

Options

--all

Match all packages in the profile.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.
--regex pattern

A regular expression to match one or more packages in the profile.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix profile wipe-history - delete non-current versions of a profile

Synopsis

nix profile wipe-history [option...]

Examples

Delete all versions of the default profile older than 100 days:

# nix profile wipe-history --profile /tmp/profile --older-than 100d
removing profile version 515
removing profile version 514

Description

This command deletes non-current versions of a profile, making it impossible to roll back to these versions. By default, all non-current versions are deleted. With --older-than Nd, all non-current versions older than N days are deleted.

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--older-than age

Delete versions older than the specified age. age must be in the format Nd, where N denotes a number of days.
--profile path

The profile to operate on.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix realisation - manipulate a Nix realisation

Synopsis

nix realisation [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix realisation info - query information about one or several realisations

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix realisation info - query information about one or several realisations

Synopsis

nix realisation info [option...] installables...

Description

Display some information about the given realisation

Examples

Show some information about the realisation of the hello package:

$ nix realisation info nixpkgs#hello --json
[{"id":"sha256:3d382378a00588e064ee30be96dd0fa7e7df7cf3fbcace85a0e7b7dada1eef25!out","outPath":"fd3m7xawvrqcg98kgz5hc2vk3x9q0lh7-hello"}]

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix registry - manage the flake registry

Synopsis

nix registry [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix registry add - add/replace flake in user flake registry
nix registry list - list available Nix flakes
nix registry pin - pin a flake to its current version or to the current version of a flake URL
nix registry remove - remove flake from user flake registry

Description

nix registry provides subcommands for managing flake registries. Flake registries are a convenience feature that allows you to refer to flakes using symbolic identifiers such as nixpkgs, rather than full URLs such as git://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs. You can use these identifiers on the command line (e.g. when you do nix run nixpkgs#hello) or in flake input specifications in flake.nix files. The latter are automatically resolved to full URLs and recorded in the flake's flake.lock file.

In addition, the flake registry allows you to redirect arbitrary flake references (e.g. github:NixOS/patchelf) to another location, such as a local fork.

There are multiple registries. These are, in order from lowest to highest precedence:

The global registry, which is a file downloaded from the URL specified by the setting flake-registry. It is cached locally and updated automatically when it's older than tarball-ttl seconds. The default global registry is kept in a GitHub repository.
The system registry, which is shared by all users. The default location is /etc/nix/registry.json. On NixOS, the system registry can be specified using the NixOS option nix.registry.
The user registry ~/.config/nix/registry.json. This registry can be modified by commands such as nix registry pin.
Overrides specified on the command line using the option --override-flake.

Registry format

A registry is a JSON file with the following format:

{
  "version": 2,
  "flakes": [
    {
      "from": {
        "type": "indirect",
        "id": "nixpkgs"
      },
      "to": {
        "type": "github",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs"
      }
    },
    ...
  ]
}

That is, it contains a list of objects with attributes from and to, both of which contain a flake reference in attribute representation. (For example, {"type": "indirect", "id": "nixpkgs"} is the attribute representation of nixpkgs, while {"type": "github", "owner": "NixOS", "repo": "nixpkgs"} is the attribute representation of github:NixOS/nixpkgs.)

Given some flake reference R, a registry entry is used if its from flake reference matches R. R is then replaced by the unification of the to flake reference with R.

Matching

The from flake reference in a registry entry matches some flake reference R if the attributes in from are the same as the attributes in R. For example:

nixpkgs matches with nixpkgs.
nixpkgs matches with nixpkgs/nixos-20.09.
nixpkgs/nixos-20.09 does not match with nixpkgs.
nixpkgs does not match with git://github.com/NixOS/patchelf.

Unification

The to flake reference in a registry entry is unified with some flake reference R by taking to and applying the rev and ref attributes from R, if specified. For example:

github:NixOS/nixpkgs unified with nixpkgs produces github:NixOS/nixpkgs.
github:NixOS/nixpkgs unified with nixpkgs/nixos-20.09 produces github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.09.
github:NixOS/nixpkgs/master unified with nixpkgs/nixos-20.09 produces github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.09.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix registry add - add/replace flake in user flake registry

Synopsis

nix registry add [option...] from-url to-url

Examples

Set the nixpkgs flake identifier to a specific branch of Nixpkgs:
```
# nix registry add nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.03
```

Pin nixpkgs to a specific revision:

# nix registry add nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs/925b70cd964ceaedee26fde9b19cc4c4f081196a

Add an entry that redirects a specific branch of nixpkgs to another fork:
```
# nix registry add nixpkgs/nixos-20.03 ~/Dev/nixpkgs
```

Add nixpkgs pointing to github:nixos/nixpkgs to your custom flake registry:

nix registry add --registry ./custom-flake-registry.json nixpkgs github:nixos/nixpkgs

Description

This command adds an entry to the user registry that maps flake reference from-url to flake reference to-url. If an entry for from-url already exists, it is overwritten.

Entries can be removed using nix registry remove.

Options

--registry registry

The registry to operate on.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix registry list - list available Nix flakes

Synopsis

nix registry list [option...]

Examples

Show the contents of all registries:

# nix registry list
user   flake:dwarffs github:edolstra/dwarffs/d181d714fd36eb06f4992a1997cd5601e26db8f5
system flake:nixpkgs path:/nix/store/fxl9mrm5xvzam0lxi9ygdmksskx4qq8s-source?lastModified=1605220118&narHash=sha256-Und10ixH1WuW0XHYMxxuHRohKYb45R%2fT8CwZuLd2D2Q=&rev=3090c65041104931adda7625d37fa874b2b5c124
global flake:blender-bin github:edolstra/nix-warez?dir=blender
global flake:dwarffs github:edolstra/dwarffs
…

Description

This command displays the contents of all registries on standard output. Each line represents one registry entry in the format type from to, where type denotes the registry containing the entry:

flags: entries specified on the command line using --override-flake.
user: the user registry.
system: the system registry.
global: the global registry.

See the nix registry manual page for more details.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix registry pin - pin a flake to its current version or to the current version of a flake URL

Synopsis

nix registry pin [option...] url locked

Examples

Pin nixpkgs to its most recent Git revision:

# nix registry pin nixpkgs

Afterwards the user registry will have an entry like this:

nix registry list | grep '^user '
user   flake:nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs/925b70cd964ceaedee26fde9b19cc4c4f081196a

and nix flake metadata will say:

# nix flake metadata nixpkgs
Resolved URL:  github:NixOS/nixpkgs/925b70cd964ceaedee26fde9b19cc4c4f081196a
Locked URL:    github:NixOS/nixpkgs/925b70cd964ceaedee26fde9b19cc4c4f081196a
…

Pin nixpkgs in a custom registry to its most recent Git revision:

# nix registry pin --registry ./custom-flake-registry.json nixpkgs

Description

This command adds an entry to the user registry that maps flake reference url to the corresponding locked flake reference, that is, a flake reference that specifies an exact revision or content hash. This ensures that until this registry entry is removed, all uses of url will resolve to exactly the same flake.

Entries can be removed using nix registry remove.

Options

--registry registry

The registry to operate on.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix registry remove - remove flake from user flake registry

Synopsis

nix registry remove [option...] url

Examples

Remove the entry nixpkgs from the user registry:
```
# nix registry remove nixpkgs
```

Remove the entry nixpkgs from a custom registry:

# nix registry remove --registry ./custom-flake-registry.json nixpkgs

Description

This command removes from the user registry any entry for flake reference url.

Options

--registry registry

The registry to operate on.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix repl - start an interactive environment for evaluating Nix expressions

Synopsis

nix repl [option...] installables...

Examples

Display all special commands within the REPL:
```
# nix repl
nix-repl> :?
```

Evaluate some simple Nix expressions:

# nix repl

nix-repl> 1 + 2
3

nix-repl> map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]
[ 2 4 6 ]

Interact with Nixpkgs in the REPL:

# nix repl --file example.nix
Loading Installable ''...
Added 3 variables.

# nix repl --expr '{a={b=3;c=4;};}'
Loading Installable ''...
Added 1 variables.

# nix repl --expr '{a={b=3;c=4;};}' a
Loading Installable ''...
Added 1 variables.

# nix repl --extra-experimental-features 'flakes' nixpkgs
Loading Installable 'flake:nixpkgs#'...
Added 5 variables.

nix-repl> legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.emacs.name
"emacs-27.1"

nix-repl> :q

# nix repl --expr 'import <nixpkgs>{}'

Loading Installable ''...
Added 12439 variables.

nix-repl> emacs.name
"emacs-27.1"

nix-repl> emacs.drvPath
"/nix/store/lp0sjrhgg03y2n0l10n70rg0k7hhyz0l-emacs-27.1.drv"

nix-repl> drv = runCommand "hello" { buildInputs = [ hello ]; } "hello; hello > $out"

nix-repl> :b drv
this derivation produced the following outputs:
  out -> /nix/store/0njwbgwmkwls0w5dv9mpc1pq5fj39q0l-hello

nix-repl> builtins.readFile drv
"Hello, world!\n"

nix-repl> :log drv
Hello, world!

Description

This command provides an interactive environment for evaluating Nix expressions. (REPL stands for 'read–eval–print loop'.)

On startup, it loads the Nix expressions named files and adds them into the lexical scope. You can load addition files using the :l <filename> command, or reload all files using :r.

Options

--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix run - run a Nix application

Synopsis

nix run [option...] installable args...

Examples

Run the default app from the blender-bin flake:
```
# nix run blender-bin
```
Run a non-default app from the blender-bin flake:
```
# nix run blender-bin#blender_2_83
```
Tip: you can find apps provided by this flake by running nix flake show blender-bin.
Run vim from the nixpkgs flake:
```
# nix run nixpkgs#vim
```
Note that vim (as of the time of writing of this page) is not an app but a package. Thus, Nix runs the eponymous file from the vim package.
Run vim with arguments:
```
# nix run nixpkgs#vim -- --help
```

Description

nix run builds and runs installable, which must evaluate to an app or a regular Nix derivation.

If installable evaluates to an app (see below), it executes the program specified by the app definition.

If installable evaluates to a derivation, it will try to execute the program <out>/bin/<name>, where out is the primary output store path of the derivation, and name is the first of the following that exists:

The meta.mainProgram attribute of the derivation.
The pname attribute of the derivation.
The name part of the value of the name attribute of the derivation.

For instance, if name is set to hello-1.10, nix run will run $out/bin/hello.

Flake output attributes

If no flake output attribute is given, nix run tries the following flake output attributes:

apps.<system>.default
packages.<system>.default

If an attribute name is given, nix run tries the following flake output attributes:

apps.<system>.<name>
packages.<system>.<name>
legacyPackages.<system>.<name>

Apps

An app is specified by a flake output attribute named apps.<system>.<name>. It looks like this:

apps.x86_64-linux.blender_2_79 = {
  type = "app";
  program = "${self.packages.x86_64-linux.blender_2_79}/bin/blender";
};

The only supported attributes are:

type (required): Must be set to app.
program (required): The full path of the executable to run. It must reside in the Nix store.

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix search - search for packages

Synopsis

nix search [option...] installable regex...

Examples

Show all packages in the nixpkgs flake:

# nix search nixpkgs ^
* legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.AMB-plugins (0.8.1)
  A set of ambisonics ladspa plugins

* legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.ArchiSteamFarm (4.3.1.0)
  Application with primary purpose of idling Steam cards from multiple accounts simultaneously
…

Show packages in the nixpkgs flake containing blender in its name or description:

# nix search nixpkgs blender
* legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.blender (2.91.0)
  3D Creation/Animation/Publishing System

Search for packages underneath the attribute gnome3 in Nixpkgs:

# nix search nixpkgs#gnome3 vala
* legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.gnome3.vala (0.48.9)
  Compiler for GObject type system

Show all packages in the flake in the current directory:
```
# nix search . ^
```

Search for Firefox or Chromium:

# nix search nixpkgs 'firefox|chromium'

Search for packages containing git and either frontend or gui:
```
# nix search nixpkgs git 'frontend|gui'
```

Search for packages containing neovim but hide ones containing either gui or python:

# nix search nixpkgs neovim --exclude 'python|gui'

# nix search nixpkgs neovim --exclude 'python' --exclude 'gui'

Description

nix search searches installable (which can be evaluated, that is, a flake or Nix expression, but not a store path or store derivation path) for packages whose name or description matches all of the regular expressions regex. For each matching package, It prints the full attribute name (from the root of the installable), the version and the meta.description field, highlighting the substrings that were matched by the regular expressions.

To show all packages, use the regular expression ^. In contrast to .*, it avoids highlighting the entire name and description of every package.

Note that in this context, ^ is the regex character to match the beginning of a string, not the delimiter for selecting a derivation output.

Flake output attributes

If no flake output attribute is given, nix search searches for packages:

Directly underneath packages.<system>.
Underneath legacyPackages.<system>, recursing into attribute sets that contain an attribute recurseForDerivations = true.

Options

--exclude / -e regex

Hide packages whose attribute path, name or description contain regex.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store - manipulate a Nix store

Synopsis

nix store [option...] subcommand

where subcommand is one of the following:

nix store add - Add a file or directory to the Nix store
nix store add-file - Deprecated. Use nix store add --mode flat instead.
nix store add-path - Deprecated alias to nix store add.
nix store cat - print the contents of a file in the Nix store on stdout
nix store copy-log - copy build logs between Nix stores
nix store copy-sigs - copy store path signatures from substituters
nix store delete - delete paths from the Nix store
nix store diff-closures - show what packages and versions were added and removed between two closures
nix store dump-path - serialise a store path to stdout in NAR format
nix store gc - perform garbage collection on a Nix store
nix store info - test whether a store can be accessed
nix store ls - show information about a path in the Nix store
nix store make-content-addressed - rewrite a path or closure to content-addressed form
nix store optimise - replace identical files in the store by hard links
nix store path-from-hash-part - get a store path from its hash part
nix store ping - test whether a store can be accessed
nix store prefetch-file - download a file into the Nix store
nix store repair - repair store paths
nix store sign - sign store paths with a local key
nix store verify - verify the integrity of store paths

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store add - Add a file or directory to the Nix store

Synopsis

nix store add [option...] path

Description

Copy path to the Nix store, and print the resulting store path on standard output.

Warning

The resulting store path is not registered as a garbage collector root, so it could be deleted before you have a chance to register it.

Examples

Add a directory to the store:

# mkdir dir
# echo foo > dir/bar

# nix store add ./dir
/nix/store/6pmjx56pm94n66n4qw1nff0y1crm8nqg-dir

# cat /nix/store/6pmjx56pm94n66n4qw1nff0y1crm8nqg-dir/bar
foo

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--hash-algo hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).
--mode content-address-method

How to compute the content-address of the store object. One of:
- nar (the default): Serialises the input as a Nix Archive and passes that to the hash function.
- flat: Assumes that the input is a single file and directly passes it to the hash function.
- text: Like flat, but used for derivations serialized in store object and builtins.toFile. For advanced use-cases only; for regular usage prefer nar and flat.
--name / -n name

Override the name component of the store path. It defaults to the base name of path.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store add-file - Deprecated. Use nix store add --mode flat instead.

Synopsis

nix store add-file [option...] path

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--hash-algo hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).
--mode content-address-method

How to compute the content-address of the store object. One of:
- nar (the default): Serialises the input as a Nix Archive and passes that to the hash function.
- flat: Assumes that the input is a single file and directly passes it to the hash function.
- text: Like flat, but used for derivations serialized in store object and builtins.toFile. For advanced use-cases only; for regular usage prefer nar and flat.
--name / -n name

Override the name component of the store path. It defaults to the base name of path.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store add-path - Deprecated alias to nix store add.

Synopsis

nix store add-path [option...] path

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--hash-algo hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).
--mode content-address-method

How to compute the content-address of the store object. One of:
- nar (the default): Serialises the input as a Nix Archive and passes that to the hash function.
- flat: Assumes that the input is a single file and directly passes it to the hash function.
- text: Like flat, but used for derivations serialized in store object and builtins.toFile. For advanced use-cases only; for regular usage prefer nar and flat.
--name / -n name

Override the name component of the store path. It defaults to the base name of path.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store cat - print the contents of a file in the Nix store on stdout

Synopsis

nix store cat [option...] path

Examples

Show the contents of a file in a binary cache:

# nix store cat --store https://cache.nixos.org/ \
    /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10/bin/hello | hexdump -C | head -n1
00000000  7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|

Description

This command prints on standard output the contents of the regular file path in a Nix store. path can be a top-level store path or any file inside a store path.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store copy-log - copy build logs between Nix stores

Synopsis

nix store copy-log [option...] installables...

Examples

To copy the build log of the hello package from https://cache.nixos.org to the local store:
```
# nix store copy-log --from https://cache.nixos.org --eval-store auto nixpkgs#hello
```
You can verify that the log is available locally:
```
# nix log --substituters '' nixpkgs#hello
```
(The flag --substituters '' avoids querying https://cache.nixos.org for the log.)

To copy the log for a specific store derivation via SSH:

# nix store copy-log --to ssh-ng://machine /nix/store/ilgm50plpmcgjhcp33z6n4qbnpqfhxym-glibc-2.33-59.drv

Description

nix store copy-log copies build logs between two Nix stores. The source store is specified using --from and the destination using --to. If one of these is omitted, it defaults to the local store.

Options

--from store-uri

URL of the source Nix store.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--to store-uri

URL of the destination Nix store.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store copy-sigs - copy store path signatures from substituters

Synopsis

nix store copy-sigs [option...] installables...

Options

--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--substituter / -s store-uri

Copy signatures from the specified store.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store delete - delete paths from the Nix store

Synopsis

nix store delete [option...] installables...

Examples

Delete a specific store path:

# nix store delete /nix/store/yb5q57zxv6hgqql42d5r8b5k5mcq6kay-hello-2.10

Description

This command deletes the store paths specified by installables, but only if it is safe to do so; that is, when the path is not reachable from a root of the garbage collector. This means that you can only delete paths that would also be deleted by nix store gc. Thus, nix store delete is a more targeted version of nix store gc.

With the option --ignore-liveness, reachability from the roots is ignored. However, the path still won't be deleted if there are other paths in the store that refer to it (i.e., depend on it).

Options

--ignore-liveness

Do not check whether the paths are reachable from a root.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store diff-closures - show what packages and versions were added and removed between two closures

Synopsis

nix store diff-closures [option...] before after

Examples

Show what got added and removed between two versions of the NixOS system profile:

# nix store diff-closures /nix/var/nix/profiles/system-655-link /nix/var/nix/profiles/system-658-link
acpi-call: 2020-04-07-5.8.16 → 2020-04-07-5.8.18
baloo-widgets: 20.08.1 → 20.08.2
bluez-qt: +12.6 KiB
dolphin: 20.08.1 → 20.08.2, +13.9 KiB
kdeconnect: 20.08.2 → ∅, -6597.8 KiB
kdeconnect-kde: ∅ → 20.08.2, +6599.7 KiB
…

Description

This command shows the differences between the two closures before and after with respect to the addition, removal, or version change of packages, as well as changes in store path sizes.

For each package name in the two closures (where a package name is defined as the name component of a store path excluding the version), if there is a change in the set of versions of the package, or a change in the size of the store paths of more than 8 KiB, it prints a line like this:

dolphin: 20.08.1 → 20.08.2, +13.9 KiB

No size change is shown if it's below the threshold. If the package does not exist in either the before or after closures, it is represented using ∅ (empty set) on the appropriate side of the arrow. If a package has an empty version string, the version is rendered as ε (epsilon).

There may be multiple versions of a package in each closure. In that case, only the changed versions are shown. Thus,

libfoo: 1.2, 1.3 → 1.4

leaves open the possibility that there are other versions (e.g. 1.1) that exist in both closures.

Options

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store dump-path - serialise a store path to stdout in NAR format

Synopsis

nix store dump-path [option...] installables...

Examples

To get a NAR containing the GNU Hello package:

# nix store dump-path nixpkgs#hello > hello.nar

To get a NAR from the binary cache https://cache.nixos.org/:

# nix store dump-path --store https://cache.nixos.org/ \
    /nix/store/7crrmih8c52r8fbnqb933dxrsp44md93-glibc-2.25 > glibc.nar

Description

This command generates a Nix Archive (NAR) file containing the serialisation of the store path installable. The NAR is written to standard output.

Options

--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store gc - perform garbage collection on a Nix store

Synopsis

nix store gc [option...]

Examples

Delete unreachable paths in the Nix store:
```
# nix store gc
```
Delete up to 1 gigabyte of garbage:
```
# nix store gc --max 1G
```

Description

This command deletes unreachable paths in the Nix store.

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--max n

Stop after freeing n bytes of disk space.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store info - test whether a store can be accessed

Synopsis

nix store info [option...]

Examples

Test whether connecting to a remote Nix store via SSH works:
```
# nix store info --store ssh://mac1
```

Test whether a URL is a valid binary cache:

# nix store info --store https://cache.nixos.org

Test whether the Nix daemon is up and running:
```
# nix store info --store daemon
```

Description

This command tests whether a particular Nix store (specified by the argument --store url) can be accessed. What this means is dependent on the type of the store. For instance, for an SSH store it means that Nix can connect to the specified machine.

If the command succeeds, Nix returns a exit code of 0 and does not print any output.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store ls - show information about a path in the Nix store

Synopsis

nix store ls [option...] path

Examples

To list the contents of a store path in a binary cache:

# nix store ls --store https://cache.nixos.org/ --long --recursive /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10
dr-xr-xr-x                    0 ./bin
-r-xr-xr-x                38184 ./bin/hello
dr-xr-xr-x                    0 ./share
…

To show information about a specific file in a binary cache:

# nix store ls --store https://cache.nixos.org/ --long /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10/bin/hello
-r-xr-xr-x                38184 hello

Description

This command shows information about path in a Nix store. path can be a top-level store path or any file inside a store path.

Options

--directory / -d

Show directories rather than their contents.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--long / -l

Show detailed file information.
--recursive / -R

List subdirectories recursively.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store make-content-addressed - rewrite a path or closure to content-addressed form

Synopsis

nix store make-content-addressed [option...] installables...

Examples

Create a content-addressed representation of the closure of GNU Hello:

# nix store make-content-addressed nixpkgs#hello
…
rewrote '/nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10' to '/nix/store/5skmmcb9svys5lj3kbsrjg7vf2irid63-hello-2.10'

Since the resulting paths are content-addressed, they are always trusted and don't need signatures to copied to another store:

# nix copy --to /tmp/nix --trusted-public-keys '' /nix/store/5skmmcb9svys5lj3kbsrjg7vf2irid63-hello-2.10

By contrast, the original closure is input-addressed, so it does need signatures to be trusted:

# nix copy --to /tmp/nix --trusted-public-keys '' nixpkgs#hello
cannot add path '/nix/store/zy9wbxwcygrwnh8n2w9qbbcr6zk87m26-libunistring-0.9.10' because it lacks a signature by a trusted key

Create a content-addressed representation of the current NixOS system closure:
```
# nix store make-content-addressed /run/current-system
```

Description

This command converts the closure of the store paths specified by installables to content-addressed form.

Nix store paths are usually input-addressed, meaning that the hash part of the store path is computed from the contents of the derivation (i.e., the build-time dependency graph). Input-addressed paths need to be signed by a trusted key if you want to import them into a store, because we need to trust that the contents of the path were actually built by the derivation.

By contrast, in a content-addressed path, the hash part is computed from the contents of the path. This allows the contents of the path to be verified without any additional information such as signatures. This means that a command like

# nix store build /nix/store/5skmmcb9svys5lj3kbsrjg7vf2irid63-hello-2.10 \
    --substituters https://my-cache.example.org

will succeed even if the binary cache https://my-cache.example.org doesn't present any signatures.

Options

--from store-uri

URL of the source Nix store.
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--to store-uri

URL of the destination Nix store.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store optimise - replace identical files in the store by hard links

Synopsis

nix store optimise [option...]

Examples

Optimise the Nix store:
```
nix store optimise
```

Description

This command deduplicates the Nix store: it scans the store for regular files with identical contents, and replaces them with hard links to a single instance.

Note that you can also set auto-optimise-store to true in nix.conf to perform this optimisation incrementally whenever a new path is added to the Nix store. To make this efficient, Nix maintains a content-addressed index of all the files in the Nix store in the directory /nix/store/.links/.

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store path-from-hash-part - get a store path from its hash part

Synopsis

nix store path-from-hash-part [option...] hash-part

Examples

Return the full store path with the given hash part:

# nix store path-from-hash-part --store https://cache.nixos.org/ 0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9
/nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10

Description

Given the hash part of a store path (that is, the 32 characters following /nix/store/), return the full store path. This is primarily useful in the implementation of binary caches, where a request for a .narinfo file only supplies the hash part (e.g. https://cache.nixos.org/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9.narinfo).

Options

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store ping - test whether a store can be accessed

Synopsis

nix store ping [option...]

Examples

Test whether connecting to a remote Nix store via SSH works:
```
# nix store info --store ssh://mac1
```

Test whether a URL is a valid binary cache:

# nix store info --store https://cache.nixos.org

Test whether the Nix daemon is up and running:
```
# nix store info --store daemon
```

Description

If the command succeeds, Nix returns a exit code of 0 and does not print any output.

Options

--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store prefetch-file - download a file into the Nix store

Synopsis

nix store prefetch-file [option...] url

Examples

Download a file to the Nix store:

# nix store prefetch-file https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.10/nix-2.3.10.tar.xz
Downloaded 'https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.10/nix-2.3.10.tar.xz' to
'/nix/store/vbdbi42hgnc4h7pyqzp6h2yf77kw93aw-source' (hash
'sha256-qKheVd5D0BervxMDbt+1hnTKE2aRWC8XCAwc0SeHt6s=').

Download a file and get the SHA-512 hash:

# nix store prefetch-file --json --hash-type sha512 \
    https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.3.10/nix-2.3.10.tar.xz \
  | jq -r .hash
sha512-6XJxfym0TNH9knxeH4ZOvns6wElFy3uahunl2hJgovACCMEMXSy42s69zWVyGJALXTI+86tpDJGlIcAySEKBbA==

Description

This command downloads the file url to the Nix store. It prints out the resulting store path and the cryptographic hash of the contents of the file.

The name component of the store path defaults to the last component of url, but this can be overridden using --name.

Options

--executable

Make the resulting file executable. Note that this causes the resulting hash to be a NAR hash rather than a flat file hash.
--expected-hash hash

The expected hash of the file.
--hash-type hash-algo

Hash algorithm (md5, sha1, sha256, or sha512).
--json

Produce output in JSON format, suitable for consumption by another program.
--name name

Override the name component of the resulting store path. It defaults to the base name of url.
--unpack

Unpack the archive (which must be a tarball or zip file) and add the result to the Nix store.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store repair - repair store paths

Synopsis

nix store repair [option...] installables...

Examples

Repair a store path, after determining that it is corrupt:

# nix store verify /nix/store/yb5q57zxv6hgqql42d5r8b5k5mcq6kay-hello-2.10
path '/nix/store/yb5q57zxv6hgqql42d5r8b5k5mcq6kay-hello-2.10' was
modified! expected hash
'sha256:1hd5vnh6xjk388gdk841vflicy8qv7qzj2hb7xlyh8lpb43j921l', got
'sha256:1a25lf78x5wi6pfkrxalf0n13kdaca0bqmjqnp7wfjza2qz5ssgl'

# nix store repair /nix/store/yb5q57zxv6hgqql42d5r8b5k5mcq6kay-hello-2.10

Description

This command attempts to "repair" the store paths specified by installables by redownloading them using the available substituters. If no substitutes are available, then repair is not possible.

Warning

During repair, there is a very small time window during which the old path (if it exists) is moved out of the way and replaced with the new path. If repair is interrupted in between, then the system may be left in a broken state (e.g., if the path contains a critical system component like the GNU C Library).

Options

--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store sign - sign store paths with a local key

Synopsis

nix store sign [option...] installables...

Options

--key-file / -k file

File containing the secret signing key.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix store verify - verify the integrity of store paths

Synopsis

nix store verify [option...] installables...

Examples

Verify the entire Nix store:
```
# nix store verify --all
```

Check whether each path in the closure of Firefox has at least 2 signatures:

# nix store verify --recursive --sigs-needed 2 --no-contents $(type -p firefox)

Verify a store path in the binary cache https://cache.nixos.org/:

# nix store verify --store https://cache.nixos.org/ \
    /nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10

Description

This command verifies the integrity of the store paths installables, or, if --all is given, the entire Nix store. For each path, it checks that

its contents match the NAR hash recorded in the Nix database; and
it is trusted, that is, it is signed by at least one trusted signing key, is content-addressed, or is built locally ("ultimately trusted").

Exit status

The exit status of this command is the sum of the following values:

1 if any path is corrupted (i.e. its contents don't match the recorded NAR hash).
2 if any path is untrusted.
4 if any path couldn't be verified for any other reason (such as an I/O error).

Options

--no-contents

Do not verify the contents of each store path.
--no-trust

Do not verify whether each store path is trusted.
--sigs-needed / -n n

Require that each path is signed by at least n different keys.
--stdin

Read installables from the standard input. No default installable applied.
--substituter / -s store-uri

Use signatures from the specified store.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--all

Apply the operation to every store path.
--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.
--recursive / -r

Apply operation to closure of the specified paths.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix upgrade-nix - upgrade Nix to the latest stable version

Synopsis

nix upgrade-nix [option...]

Examples

Upgrade Nix to the stable version declared in Nixpkgs:
```
# nix upgrade-nix
```

Upgrade Nix in a specific profile:

# nix upgrade-nix --profile ~alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile

Description

This command upgrades Nix to the stable version.

By default, the latest stable version is defined by Nixpkgs, in nix-fallback-paths.nix and updated manually. It may not always be the latest tagged release.

By default, it locates the directory containing the nix binary in the $PATH environment variable. If that directory is a Nix profile, it will upgrade the nix package in that profile to the latest stable binary release.

You cannot use this command to upgrade Nix in the system profile of a NixOS system (that is, if nix is found in /run/current-system).

Options

--dry-run

Show what this command would do without doing it.
--nix-store-paths-url url

The URL of the file that contains the store paths of the latest Nix release.
--profile / -p profile-dir

The path to the Nix profile to upgrade.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--version

Show version information.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Warning
This program is experimental and its interface is subject to change.

Name

nix why-depends - show why a package has another package in its closure

Synopsis

nix why-depends [option...] package dependency

Examples

Show one path through the dependency graph leading from Hello to Glibc:

# nix why-depends nixpkgs#hello nixpkgs#glibc
/nix/store/v5sv61sszx301i0x6xysaqzla09nksnd-hello-2.10
└───bin/hello: …...................../nix/store/9l06v7fc38c1x3r2iydl15ksgz0ysb82-glibc-2.32/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.…
    → /nix/store/9l06v7fc38c1x3r2iydl15ksgz0ysb82-glibc-2.32

Show all files and paths in the dependency graph leading from Thunderbird to libX11:

# nix why-depends --all nixpkgs#thunderbird nixpkgs#xorg.libX11
/nix/store/qfc8729nzpdln1h0hvi1ziclsl3m84sr-thunderbird-78.5.1
├───lib/thunderbird/libxul.so: …6wrw-libxcb-1.14/lib:/nix/store/adzfjjh8w25vdr0xdx9x16ah4f5rqrw5-libX11-1.7.0/lib:/nix/store/ssf…
│   → /nix/store/adzfjjh8w25vdr0xdx9x16ah4f5rqrw5-libX11-1.7.0
├───lib/thunderbird/libxul.so: …pxyc-libXt-1.2.0/lib:/nix/store/1qj29ipxl2fyi2b13l39hdircq17gnk0-libXdamage-1.1.5/lib:/nix/store…
│   → /nix/store/1qj29ipxl2fyi2b13l39hdircq17gnk0-libXdamage-1.1.5
│   ├───lib/libXdamage.so.1.1.0: …-libXfixes-5.0.3/lib:/nix/store/adzfjjh8w25vdr0xdx9x16ah4f5rqrw5-libX11-1.7.0/lib:/nix/store/9l0…
│   │   → /nix/store/adzfjjh8w25vdr0xdx9x16ah4f5rqrw5-libX11-1.7.0
…

Show why Glibc depends on itself:

# nix why-depends nixpkgs#glibc nixpkgs#glibc
/nix/store/9df65igwjmf2wbw0gbrrgair6piqjgmi-glibc-2.31
└───lib/ld-2.31.so: …che       Do not use /nix/store/9df65igwjmf2wbw0gbrrgair6piqjgmi-glibc-2.31/etc/ld.so.cache.  --…
    → /nix/store/9df65igwjmf2wbw0gbrrgair6piqjgmi-glibc-2.31

Show why Geeqie has a build-time dependency on systemd:

# nix why-depends --derivation nixpkgs#geeqie nixpkgs#systemd
/nix/store/drrpq2fqlrbj98bmazrnww7hm1in3wgj-geeqie-1.4.drv
└───/: …atch.drv",["out"]),("/nix/store/qzh8dyq3lfbk3i1acbp7x9wh3il2imiv-gtk+3-3.24.21.drv",["dev"]),("/…
    → /nix/store/qzh8dyq3lfbk3i1acbp7x9wh3il2imiv-gtk+3-3.24.21.drv
    └───/: …16.0.drv",["dev"]),("/nix/store/8kp79fyslf3z4m3dpvlh6w46iaadz5c2-cups-2.3.3.drv",["dev"]),("/nix…
        → /nix/store/8kp79fyslf3z4m3dpvlh6w46iaadz5c2-cups-2.3.3.drv
        └───/: ….3.1.drv",["out"]),("/nix/store/yd3ihapyi5wbz1kjacq9dbkaq5v5hqjg-systemd-246.4.drv",["dev"]),("/…
            → /nix/store/yd3ihapyi5wbz1kjacq9dbkaq5v5hqjg-systemd-246.4.drv

Description

Nix automatically determines potential runtime dependencies between store paths by scanning for the hash parts of store paths. For instance, if there exists a store path /nix/store/9df65igwjmf2wbw0gbrrgair6piqjgmi-glibc-2.31, and a file inside another store path contains the string 9df65igw…, then the latter store path refers to the former, and thus might need it at runtime. Nix always maintains the existence of the transitive closure of a store path under the references relationship; it is therefore not possible to install a store path without having all of its references present.

Sometimes Nix packages end up with unexpected runtime dependencies; for instance, a reference to a compiler might accidentally end up in a binary, causing the former to be in the latter's closure. This kind of closure size bloat is undesirable.

nix why-depends allows you to diagnose the cause of such issues. It shows why the store path package depends on the store path dependency, by showing a shortest sequence in the references graph from the former to the latter. Also, for each node along this path, it shows a file fragment containing a reference to the next store path in the sequence.

To show why derivation package has a build-time rather than runtime dependency on derivation dependency, use --derivation.

Options

--all / -a

Show all edges in the dependency graph leading from package to dependency, rather than just a shortest path.
--precise

For each edge in the dependency graph, show the files in the parent that cause the dependency.

Common evaluation options

--arg name expr

Pass the value expr as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-file name path

Pass the contents of file path as the argument name to Nix functions.
--arg-from-stdin name

Pass the contents of stdin as the argument name to Nix functions.
--argstr name string

Pass the string string as the argument name to Nix functions.
--debugger

Start an interactive environment if evaluation fails.
--eval-store store-url

The URL of the Nix store to use for evaluation, i.e. to store derivations (.drv files) and inputs referenced by them.
--impure

Allow access to mutable paths and repositories.
--include / -I path

Add path to search path entries used to resolve lookup paths

This option may be given multiple times.

Paths added through -I take precedence over the nix-path configuration setting and the NIX_PATH environment variable.
--override-flake original-ref resolved-ref

Override the flake registries, redirecting original-ref to resolved-ref.

--commit-lock-file

Commit changes to the flake's lock file.
--inputs-from flake-url

Use the inputs of the specified flake as registry entries.
--no-registries

Don't allow lookups in the flake registries.

DEPRECATED

Use --no-use-registries instead.
--no-update-lock-file

Do not allow any updates to the flake's lock file.
--no-write-lock-file

Do not write the flake's newly generated lock file.
--output-lock-file flake-lock-path

Write the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--override-input input-path flake-url

Override a specific flake input (e.g. dwarffs/nixpkgs). This implies --no-write-lock-file.
--recreate-lock-file

Recreate the flake's lock file from scratch.

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.
--reference-lock-file flake-lock-path

Read the given lock file instead of flake.lock within the top-level flake.
--update-input input-path

Update a specific flake input (ignoring its previous entry in the lock file).

DEPRECATED

Use nix flake update instead.

--debug

Set the logging verbosity level to 'debug'.
--log-format format

Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
--print-build-logs / -L

Print full build logs on standard error.
--quiet

Decrease the logging verbosity level.
--verbose / -v

Increase the logging verbosity level.

Miscellaneous global options

--help

Show usage information.
--offline

Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
--option name value

Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
--refresh

Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
--repair

During evaluation, rewrite missing or corrupted files in the Nix store. During building, rebuild missing or corrupted store paths.
--version

Show version information.

Options that change the interpretation of installables

--derivation

Operate on the store derivation rather than its outputs.
--expr expr

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression expr.
--file / -f file

Interpret installables as attribute paths relative to the Nix expression stored in file. If file is the character -, then a Nix expression will be read from standard input. Implies --impure.

Note

See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.

Files

This section lists configuration files that you can use when you work with Nix.

Name

nix.conf - Nix configuration file

Description

Nix supports a variety of configuration settings, which are read from configuration files or taken as command line flags.

Configuration file

By default Nix reads settings from the following places, in that order:

The system-wide configuration file sysconfdir/nix/nix.conf (i.e. /etc/nix/nix.conf on most systems), or $NIX_CONF_DIR/nix.conf if NIX_CONF_DIR is set.

Values loaded in this file are not forwarded to the Nix daemon. The client assumes that the daemon has already loaded them.
If NIX_USER_CONF_FILES is set, then each path separated by : will be loaded in reverse order.

Otherwise it will look for nix/nix.conf files in XDG_CONFIG_DIRS and XDG_CONFIG_HOME. If unset, XDG_CONFIG_DIRS defaults to /etc/xdg, and XDG_CONFIG_HOME defaults to $HOME/.config as per XDG Base Directory Specification.
If NIX_CONFIG is set, its contents are treated as the contents of a configuration file.

File format

Configuration files consist of name = value pairs, one per line. Comments start with a # character.

Example:

keep-outputs = true       # Nice for developers
keep-derivations = true   # Idem

Other files can be included with a line like include <path>, where <path> is interpreted relative to the current configuration file. A missing file is an error unless !include is used instead.

A configuration setting usually overrides any previous value. However, for settings that take a list of items, you can prefix the name of the setting by extra- to append to the previous value.

For instance,

substituters = a b
extra-substituters = c d

defines the substituters setting to be a b c d.

Unknown option names are not an error, and are simply ignored with a warning.

Command line flags

Configuration options can be set on the command line, overriding the values set in the configuration file:

Every configuration setting has corresponding command line flag (e.g. --max-jobs 16). Boolean settings do not need an argument, and can be explicitly disabled with the no- prefix (e.g. --keep-failed and --no-keep-failed).

Unknown option names are invalid flags (unless there is already a flag with that name), and are rejected with an error.
The flag --option <name> <value> is interpreted exactly like a <name> = <value> in a setting file.

Unknown option names are ignored with a warning.

The extra- prefix is supported for settings that take a list of items (e.g. --extra-trusted users alice or --option extra-trusted-users alice).

Integer settings

Settings that have an integer type support the suffixes K, M, G and T. These cause the specified value to be multiplied by 2^10, 2^20, 2^30 and 2^40, respectively. For instance, --min-free 1M is equivalent to --min-free 1048576.

Available settings

abort-on-warn

If set to true, builtins.warn will throw an error when logging a warning.

This will give you a stack trace that leads to the location of the warning.

This is useful for finding information about warnings in third-party Nix code when you can not start the interactive debugger, such as when Nix is called from a non-interactive script. See debugger-on-warn.

Currently, a stack trace can only be produced when the debugger is enabled, or when evaluation is aborted.

This option can be enabled by setting NIX_ABORT_ON_WARN=1 in the environment.

Default: false
accept-flake-config
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the flakes experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = flakes
accept-flake-config = ...
```
Whether to accept nix configuration from a flake without prompting.

Default: false
access-tokens

Access tokens used to access protected GitHub, GitLab, or other locations requiring token-based authentication.

Access tokens are specified as a string made up of space-separated host=token values. The specific token used is selected by matching the host portion against the "host" specification of the input. The actual use of the token value is determined by the type of resource being accessed:
- Github: the token value is the OAUTH-TOKEN string obtained as the Personal Access Token from the Github server (see https://docs.github.com/en/developers/apps/building-oauth-apps/authorizing-oauth-apps).
- Gitlab: the token value is either the OAuth2 token or the Personal Access Token (these are different types tokens for gitlab, see https://docs.gitlab.com/12.10/ee/api/README.html#authentication). The token value should be type:tokenstring where type is either OAuth2 or PAT to indicate which type of token is being specified.
Example ~/.config/nix/nix.conf:
```
access-tokens = github.com=23ac...b289 gitlab.mycompany.com=PAT:A123Bp_Cd..EfG gitlab.com=OAuth2:1jklw3jk
```
Example ~/code/flake.nix:
```
input.foo = {
  type = "gitlab";
  host = "gitlab.mycompany.com";
  owner = "mycompany";
  repo = "pro";
};
```
This example specifies three tokens, one each for accessing github.com, gitlab.mycompany.com, and gitlab.com.

The input.foo uses the "gitlab" fetcher, which might requires specifying the token type along with the token value.

Default: empty
allow-dirty

Whether to allow dirty Git/Mercurial trees.

Default: true
allow-import-from-derivation

By default, Nix allows Import from Derivation.

With this option set to false, Nix will throw an error when evaluating an expression that uses this feature, even when the required store object is readily available. This ensures that evaluation will not require any builds to take place, regardless of the state of the store.

Default: true
allow-new-privileges

(Linux-specific.) By default, builders on Linux cannot acquire new privileges by calling setuid/setgid programs or programs that have file capabilities. For example, programs such as sudo or ping will fail. (Note that in sandbox builds, no such programs are available unless you bind-mount them into the sandbox via the sandbox-paths option.) You can allow the use of such programs by enabling this option. This is impure and usually undesirable, but may be useful in certain scenarios (e.g. to spin up containers or set up userspace network interfaces in tests).

Default: false
allow-symlinked-store

If set to true, Nix will stop complaining if the store directory (typically /nix/store) contains symlink components.

This risks making some builds "impure" because builders sometimes "canonicalise" paths by resolving all symlink components. Problems occur if those builds are then deployed to machines where /nix/store resolves to a different location from that of the build machine. You can enable this setting if you are sure you're not going to do that.

Default: false
allow-unsafe-native-code-during-evaluation

Enable built-in functions that allow executing native code.

In particular, this adds:
- builtins.importNative path symbol
  
  Opens dynamic shared object (DSO) at path, loads the function with the symbol name symbol from it and runs it. The loaded function must have the following signature:
```
extern "C" typedef void (*ValueInitialiser) (EvalState & state, Value & v);
```
  The Nix C++ API documentation has more details on evaluator internals.
- builtins.exec arguments
  
  Execute a program, where arguments are specified as a list of strings, and parse its output as a Nix expression.
Default: false
allowed-impure-host-deps

Which prefixes to allow derivations to ask for access to (primarily for Darwin).

Default: empty
allowed-uris

A list of URI prefixes to which access is allowed in restricted evaluation mode. For example, when set to https://github.com/NixOS, builtin functions such as fetchGit are allowed to access https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf.git.

Access is granted when
- the URI is equal to the prefix,
- or the URI is a subpath of the prefix,
- or the prefix is a URI scheme ended by a colon : and the URI has the same scheme.
Default: empty
allowed-users

A list user names, separated by whitespace. These users are allowed to connect to the Nix daemon.

You can specify groups by prefixing names with @. For instance, @wheel means all users in the wheel group. Also, you can allow all users by specifying *.

Note

Trusted users (set in trusted-users) can always connect to the Nix daemon.

Default: *
always-allow-substitutes

If set to true, Nix will ignore the allowSubstitutes attribute in derivations and always attempt to use available substituters.

Default: false
auto-allocate-uids
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the auto-allocate-uids experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = auto-allocate-uids
auto-allocate-uids = ...
```
Whether to select UIDs for builds automatically, instead of using the users in build-users-group.

UIDs are allocated starting at 872415232 (0x34000000) on Linux and 56930 on macOS.

Default: false
auto-optimise-store

If set to true, Nix automatically detects files in the store that have identical contents, and replaces them with hard links to a single copy. This saves disk space. If set to false (the default), you can still run nix-store --optimise to get rid of duplicate files.

Default: false
bash-prompt

The bash prompt (PS1) in nix develop shells.

Default: empty
bash-prompt-prefix

Prefix prepended to the PS1 environment variable in nix develop shells.

Default: empty
bash-prompt-suffix

Suffix appended to the PS1 environment variable in nix develop shells.

Default: empty
build-dir

The directory on the host, in which derivations' temporary build directories are created.

If not set, Nix will use the system temporary directory indicated by the TMPDIR environment variable. Note that builds are often performed by the Nix daemon, so its TMPDIR is used, and not that of the Nix command line interface.

This is also the location where --keep-failed leaves its files.

If Nix runs without sandbox, or if the platform does not support sandboxing with bind mounts (e.g. macOS), then the builder's environment will contain this directory, instead of the virtual location sandbox-build-dir.

Default: ``
build-hook

The path to the helper program that executes remote builds.

Nix communicates with the build hook over stdio using a custom protocol to request builds that cannot be performed directly by the Nix daemon. The default value is the internal Nix binary that implements remote building.

Important

Change this setting only if you really know what you’re doing.

Default: empty
build-poll-interval

How often (in seconds) to poll for locks.

Default: 5
build-users-group

This options specifies the Unix group containing the Nix build user accounts. In multi-user Nix installations, builds should not be performed by the Nix account since that would allow users to arbitrarily modify the Nix store and database by supplying specially crafted builders; and they cannot be performed by the calling user since that would allow him/her to influence the build result.

Therefore, if this option is non-empty and specifies a valid group, builds will be performed under the user accounts that are a member of the group specified here (as listed in /etc/group). Those user accounts should not be used for any other purpose!

Nix will never run two builds under the same user account at the same time. This is to prevent an obvious security hole: a malicious user writing a Nix expression that modifies the build result of a legitimate Nix expression being built by another user. Therefore it is good to have as many Nix build user accounts as you can spare. (Remember: uids are cheap.)

The build users should have permission to create files in the Nix store, but not delete them. Therefore, /nix/store should be owned by the Nix account, its group should be the group specified here, and its mode should be 1775.

If the build users group is empty, builds will be performed under the uid of the Nix process (that is, the uid of the caller if NIX_REMOTE is empty, the uid under which the Nix daemon runs if NIX_REMOTE is daemon). Obviously, this should not be used with a nix daemon accessible to untrusted clients.

Defaults to nixbld when running as root, empty otherwise.

Default: machine-specific
builders

A semicolon- or newline-separated list of build machines.

In addition to the usual ways of setting configuration options, the value can be read from a file by prefixing its absolute path with @.
Example

This is the default setting:
```
builders = @/etc/nix/machines
```
Each machine specification consists of the following elements, separated by spaces. Only the first element is required. To leave a field at its default, set it to -.
1. The URI of the remote store in the format ssh://[username@]hostname.
  
  Example
  
  ssh://nix@mac
  
  For backward compatibility, ssh:// may be omitted. The hostname may be an alias defined in ~/.ssh/config.
2. A comma-separated list of Nix system types. If omitted, this defaults to the local platform type.
  
  Example
  
  aarch64-darwin
  
  It is possible for a machine to support multiple platform types.
  
  Example
  
  i686-linux,x86_64-linux
3. The SSH identity file to be used to log in to the remote machine. If omitted, SSH will use its regular identities.
  
  Example
  
  /home/user/.ssh/id_mac
4. The maximum number of builds that Nix will execute in parallel on the machine. Typically this should be equal to the number of CPU cores.
5. The “speed factor”, indicating the relative speed of the machine as a positive integer. If there are multiple machines of the right type, Nix will prefer the fastest, taking load into account.
6. A comma-separated list of supported system features.
  
  A machine will only be used to build a derivation if all the features in the derivation's requiredSystemFeatures attribute are supported by that machine.
7. A comma-separated list of required system features.
  
  A machine will only be used to build a derivation if all of the machine’s required features appear in the derivation’s requiredSystemFeatures attribute.
8. The (base64-encoded) public host key of the remote machine. If omitted, SSH will use its regular known_hosts file.
  
  The value for this field can be obtained via base64 -w0.
Example

Multiple builders specified on the command line:
```
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd'
```
Example

This specifies several machines that can perform i686-linux builds:
```
nix@scratchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy 8 1 kvm
nix@itchy.labs.cs.uu.nl    i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy 8 2
nix@poochie.labs.cs.uu.nl  i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy 1 2 kvm benchmark
```
However, poochie will only build derivations that have the attribute
```
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" ];
```
or
```
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" "kvm" ];
```
itchy cannot do builds that require kvm, but scratchy does support such builds. For regular builds, itchy will be preferred over scratchy because it has a higher speed factor.
For Nix to use substituters, the calling user must be in the trusted-users list.

Note

A build machine must be accessible via SSH and have Nix installed. nix must be available in $PATH for the user connecting over SSH.

Warning

If you are building via the Nix daemon (default), the Nix daemon user account on the local machine (that is, root) requires access to a user account on the remote machine (not necessarily root).

If you can’t or don’t want to configure root to be able to access the remote machine, set store to any local store, e.g. by passing --store /tmp to the command on the local machine.

To build only on remote machines and disable local builds, set max-jobs to 0.

If you want the remote machines to use substituters, set builders-use-substitutes to true.

Default: machine-specific
builders-use-substitutes

If set to true, Nix will instruct remote build machines to use their own substituters if available.

It means that remote build hosts will fetch as many dependencies as possible from their own substituters (e.g, from cache.nixos.org) instead of waiting for the local machine to upload them all. This can drastically reduce build times if the network connection between the local machine and the remote build host is slow.

Default: false
commit-lock-file-summary
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the flakes experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = flakes
commit-lock-file-summary = ...
```
The commit summary to use when committing changed flake lock files. If empty, the summary is generated based on the action performed.

Default: empty

Deprecated alias: commit-lockfile-summary
compress-build-log

If set to true (the default), build logs written to /nix/var/log/nix/drvs will be compressed on the fly using bzip2. Otherwise, they will not be compressed.

Default: true

Deprecated alias: build-compress-log
connect-timeout

The timeout (in seconds) for establishing connections in the binary cache substituter. It corresponds to curl’s --connect-timeout option. A value of 0 means no limit.

Default: 0
cores

Sets the value of the NIX_BUILD_CORES environment variable in the invocation of the builder executable of a derivation. The builder executable can use this variable to control its own maximum amount of parallelism.

For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the attribute enableParallelBuilding for the mkDerivation build helper is set to true, it will pass the -j${NIX_BUILD_CORES} flag to GNU Make.

The value 0 means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the system.

Note

The number of parallel local Nix build jobs is independently controlled with the max-jobs setting.

Default: machine-specific

Deprecated alias: build-cores
debugger-on-trace

If set to true and the --debugger flag is given, the following functions will enter the debugger like builtins.break.
- builtins.trace
- builtins.traceVerbose if trace-verbose is set to true.
- builtins.warn
This is useful for debugging warnings in third-party Nix code.

Default: false
debugger-on-warn

If set to true and the --debugger flag is given, builtins.warn will enter the debugger like builtins.break.

This is useful for debugging warnings in third-party Nix code.

Use debugger-on-trace to also enter the debugger on legacy warnings that are logged with builtins.trace.

Default: false
diff-hook

Absolute path to an executable capable of diffing build results. The hook is executed if run-diff-hook is true, and the output of a build is known to not be the same. This program is not executed to determine if two results are the same.

The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the build. However, the diff hook does not have write access to the store path just built.

The diff hook program receives three parameters:
1. A path to the previous build's results
2. A path to the current build's results
3. The path to the build's derivation
4. The path to the build's scratch directory. This directory will exist only if the build was run with --keep-failed.
The stderr and stdout output from the diff hook will not be displayed to the user. Instead, it will print to the nix-daemon's log.

When using the Nix daemon, diff-hook must be set in the nix.conf configuration file, and cannot be passed at the command line.

Default: ``
download-attempts

How often Nix will attempt to download a file before giving up.

Default: 5
download-buffer-size

The size of Nix's internal download buffer during curl transfers. If data is not processed quickly enough to exceed the size of this buffer, downloads may stall.

Default: 67108864
download-speed

Specify the maximum transfer rate in kilobytes per second you want Nix to use for downloads.

Default: 0
eval-cache

Whether to use the flake evaluation cache.

Default: true
eval-system

This option defines builtins.currentSystem in the Nix language if it is set as a non-empty string. Otherwise, if it is defined as the empty string (the default), the value of the system configuration setting is used instead.

Unlike system, this setting does not change what kind of derivations can be built locally. This is useful for evaluating Nix code on one system to produce derivations to be built on another type of system.

Default: empty
experimental-features

Experimental features that are enabled.

Example:
```
experimental-features = nix-command flakes
```
The following experimental features are available:
- auto-allocate-uids
- ca-derivations
- cgroups
- configurable-impure-env
- daemon-trust-override
- dynamic-derivations
- fetch-closure
- fetch-tree
- flakes
- git-hashing
- impure-derivations
- local-overlay-store
- mounted-ssh-store
- nix-command
- no-url-literals
- parse-toml-timestamps
- pipe-operators
- read-only-local-store
- recursive-nix
- verified-fetches
Experimental features are further documented in the manual.

Default: empty
extra-platforms

System types of executables that can be run on this machine.

Nix will only build a given derivation locally when its system attribute equals any of the values specified here or in the system option.

Setting this can be useful to build derivations locally on compatible machines:
- i686-linux executables can be run on x86_64-linux machines (set by default)
- x86_64-darwin executables can be run on macOS aarch64-darwin with Rosetta 2 (set by default where applicable)
- armv6 and armv5tel executables can be run on armv7
- some aarch64 machines can also natively run 32-bit ARM code
- qemu-user may be used to support non-native platforms (though this may be slow and buggy)
Build systems will usually detect the target platform to be the current physical system and therefore produce machine code incompatible with what may be intended in the derivation. You should design your derivation's builder accordingly and cross-check the results when using this option against natively-built versions of your derivation.

Default: machine-specific
fallback

If set to true, Nix will fall back to building from source if a binary substitute fails. This is equivalent to the --fallback flag. The default is false.

Default: false

Deprecated alias: build-fallback
filter-syscalls

Whether to prevent certain dangerous system calls, such as creation of setuid/setgid files or adding ACLs or extended attributes. Only disable this if you're aware of the security implications.

Default: true
flake-registry
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the flakes experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = flakes
flake-registry = ...
```
Path or URI of the global flake registry.

When empty, disables the global flake registry.

Default: https://channels.nixos.org/flake-registry.json
fsync-metadata

If set to true, changes to the Nix store metadata (in /nix/var/nix/db) are synchronously flushed to disk. This improves robustness in case of system crashes, but reduces performance. The default is true.

Default: true
gc-reserved-space

Amount of reserved disk space for the garbage collector.

Default: 8388608
hashed-mirrors

A list of web servers used by builtins.fetchurl to obtain files by hash. Given a hash algorithm ha and a base-16 hash h, Nix will try to download the file from hashed-mirror/ha/h. This allows files to be downloaded even if they have disappeared from their original URI. For example, given an example mirror http://tarballs.nixos.org/, when building the derivation
```
builtins.fetchurl {
  url = "https://example.org/foo-1.2.3.tar.xz";
  sha256 = "2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae";
}
```
Nix will attempt to download this file from http://tarballs.nixos.org/sha256/2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae first. If it is not available there, if will try the original URI.

Default: empty
http-connections

The maximum number of parallel TCP connections used to fetch files from binary caches and by other downloads. It defaults to 25. 0 means no limit.

Default: 25

Deprecated alias: binary-caches-parallel-connections
http2

Whether to enable HTTP/2 support.

Default: true
id-count

The number of UIDs/GIDs to use for dynamic ID allocation.

Default: 8388608
ignore-try

If set to true, ignore exceptions inside 'tryEval' calls when evaluating nix expressions in debug mode (using the --debugger flag). By default the debugger will pause on all exceptions.

Default: false
ignored-acls

A list of ACLs that should be ignored, normally Nix attempts to remove all ACLs from files and directories in the Nix store, but some ACLs like security.selinux or system.nfs4_acl can't be removed even by root. Therefore it's best to just ignore them.

Default: security.csm security.selinux system.nfs4_acl
impersonate-linux-26

Whether to impersonate a Linux 2.6 machine on newer kernels.

Default: false

Deprecated alias: build-impersonate-linux-26
impure-env
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the configurable-impure-env experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = configurable-impure-env
impure-env = ...
```
A list of items, each in the format of:
- name=value: Set environment variable name to value.
If the user is trusted (see trusted-users option), when building a fixed-output derivation, environment variables set in this option will be passed to the builder if they are listed in impureEnvVars.

This option is useful for, e.g., setting https_proxy for fixed-output derivations and in a multi-user Nix installation, or setting private access tokens when fetching a private repository.

Default: empty
keep-build-log

If set to true (the default), Nix will write the build log of a derivation (i.e. the standard output and error of its builder) to the directory /nix/var/log/nix/drvs. The build log can be retrieved using the command nix-store -l path.

Default: true

Deprecated alias: build-keep-log
keep-derivations

If true (default), the garbage collector will keep the derivations from which non-garbage store paths were built. If false, they will be deleted unless explicitly registered as a root (or reachable from other roots).

Keeping derivation around is useful for querying and traceability (e.g., it allows you to ask with what dependencies or options a store path was built), so by default this option is on. Turn it off to save a bit of disk space (or a lot if keep-outputs is also turned on).

Default: true

Deprecated alias: gc-keep-derivations
keep-env-derivations

If false (default), derivations are not stored in Nix user environments. That is, the derivations of any build-time-only dependencies may be garbage-collected.

If true, when you add a Nix derivation to a user environment, the path of the derivation is stored in the user environment. Thus, the derivation will not be garbage-collected until the user environment generation is deleted (nix-env --delete-generations). To prevent build-time-only dependencies from being collected, you should also turn on keep-outputs.

The difference between this option and keep-derivations is that this one is “sticky”: it applies to any user environment created while this option was enabled, while keep-derivations only applies at the moment the garbage collector is run.

Default: false

Deprecated alias: env-keep-derivations
keep-failed

Whether to keep temporary directories of failed builds.

Default: false
keep-going

Whether to keep building derivations when another build fails.

Default: false
keep-outputs

If true, the garbage collector will keep the outputs of non-garbage derivations. If false (default), outputs will be deleted unless they are GC roots themselves (or reachable from other roots).

In general, outputs must be registered as roots separately. However, even if the output of a derivation is registered as a root, the collector will still delete store paths that are used only at build time (e.g., the C compiler, or source tarballs downloaded from the network). To prevent it from doing so, set this option to true.

Default: false

Deprecated alias: gc-keep-outputs
log-lines

The number of lines of the tail of the log to show if a build fails.

Default: 25
max-build-log-size

This option defines the maximum number of bytes that a builder can write to its stdout/stderr. If the builder exceeds this limit, it’s killed. A value of 0 (the default) means that there is no limit.

Default: 0

Deprecated alias: build-max-log-size
max-call-depth

The maximum function call depth to allow before erroring.

Default: 10000
max-free

When a garbage collection is triggered by the min-free option, it stops as soon as max-free bytes are available. The default is infinity (i.e. delete all garbage).

Default: -1
max-jobs

Maximum number of jobs that Nix will try to build locally in parallel.

The special value auto causes Nix to use the number of CPUs in your system. Use 0 to disable local builds and directly use the remote machines specified in builders. This will not affect derivations that have preferLocalBuild = true, which are always built locally.

Note

The number of CPU cores to use for each build job is independently determined by the cores setting.

The setting can be overridden using the --max-jobs (-j) command line switch.

Default: 1

Deprecated alias: build-max-jobs
max-silent-time

This option defines the maximum number of seconds that a builder can go without producing any data on standard output or standard error. This is useful (for instance in an automated build system) to catch builds that are stuck in an infinite loop, or to catch remote builds that are hanging due to network problems. It can be overridden using the --max-silent-time command line switch.

The value 0 means that there is no timeout. This is also the default.

Default: 0

Deprecated alias: build-max-silent-time
max-substitution-jobs

This option defines the maximum number of substitution jobs that Nix will try to run in parallel. The default is 16. The minimum value one can choose is 1 and lower values will be interpreted as 1.

Default: 16

Deprecated alias: substitution-max-jobs
min-free

When free disk space in /nix/store drops below min-free during a build, Nix performs a garbage-collection until max-free bytes are available or there is no more garbage. A value of 0 (the default) disables this feature.

Default: 0
min-free-check-interval

Number of seconds between checking free disk space.

Default: 5
nar-buffer-size

Maximum size of NARs before spilling them to disk.

Default: 33554432
narinfo-cache-negative-ttl

The TTL in seconds for negative lookups. If a store path is queried from a substituter but was not found, there will be a negative lookup cached in the local disk cache database for the specified duration.

Set to 0 to force updating the lookup cache.

To wipe the lookup cache completely:
```
$ rm $HOME/.cache/nix/binary-cache-v*.sqlite*
# rm /root/.cache/nix/binary-cache-v*.sqlite*
```
Default: 3600
narinfo-cache-positive-ttl

The TTL in seconds for positive lookups. If a store path is queried from a substituter, the result of the query will be cached in the local disk cache database including some of the NAR metadata. The default TTL is a month, setting a shorter TTL for positive lookups can be useful for binary caches that have frequent garbage collection, in which case having a more frequent cache invalidation would prevent trying to pull the path again and failing with a hash mismatch if the build isn't reproducible.

Default: 2592000
netrc-file

If set to an absolute path to a netrc file, Nix will use the HTTP authentication credentials in this file when trying to download from a remote host through HTTP or HTTPS. Defaults to $NIX_CONF_DIR/netrc.

The netrc file consists of a list of accounts in the following format:
```
machine my-machine
login my-username
password my-password
```
For the exact syntax, see the curl documentation.

Note

This must be an absolute path, and ~ is not resolved. For example, ~/.netrc won't resolve to your home directory's .netrc.

Default: /dummy/netrc
nix-path

List of search paths to use for lookup path resolution. This setting determines the value of builtins.nixPath and can be used with builtins.findFile.
- The configuration setting is overridden by the NIX_PATH environment variable.
- NIX_PATH is overridden by specifying the setting as the command line flag --nix-path.
- Any current value is extended by the -I option or --extra-nix-path.
If the respective paths are accessible, the default values are:
- $HOME/.nix-defexpr/channels
- nixpkgs=$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels/nixpkgs
- $NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels
See NIX_STATE_DIR for details.

Note

If restricted evaluation is enabled, the default value is empty.

If pure evaluation is enabled, builtins.nixPath always evaluates to the empty list [ ].

Default: machine-specific
nix-shell-always-looks-for-shell-nix

Before Nix 2.24, nix-shell would only look at shell.nix if it was in the working directory - when no file was specified.

Since Nix 2.24, nix-shell always looks for a shell.nix, whether that's in the working directory, or in a directory that was passed as an argument.

You may set this to false to temporarily revert to the behavior of Nix 2.23 and older.

Using this setting is not recommended. It will be deprecated and removed.

Default: true
nix-shell-shebang-arguments-relative-to-script

Before Nix 2.24, relative file path expressions in arguments in a nix-shell shebang were resolved relative to the working directory.

Since Nix 2.24, nix-shell resolves these paths in a manner that is relative to the base directory, defined as the script's directory.

You may set this to false to temporarily revert to the behavior of Nix 2.23 and older.

Using this setting is not recommended. It will be deprecated and removed.

Default: true
plugin-files

A list of plugin files to be loaded by Nix. Each of these files will be dlopened by Nix. If they contain the symbol nix_plugin_entry(), this symbol will be called. Alternatively, they can affect execution through static initialization. In particular, these plugins may construct static instances of RegisterPrimOp to add new primops or constants to the expression language, RegisterStoreImplementation to add new store implementations, RegisterCommand to add new subcommands to the nix command, and RegisterSetting to add new nix config settings. See the constructors for those types for more details.

Warning! These APIs are inherently unstable and may change from release to release.

Since these files are loaded into the same address space as Nix itself, they must be DSOs compatible with the instance of Nix running at the time (i.e. compiled against the same headers, not linked to any incompatible libraries). They should not be linked to any Nix libs directly, as those will be available already at load time.

If an entry in the list is a directory, all files in the directory are loaded as plugins (non-recursively).

Default: empty
post-build-hook

Optional. The path to a program to execute after each build.

This option is only settable in the global nix.conf, or on the command line by trusted users.

When using the nix-daemon, the daemon executes the hook as root. If the nix-daemon is not involved, the hook runs as the user executing the nix-build.
- The hook executes after an evaluation-time build.
- The hook does not execute on substituted paths.
- The hook's output always goes to the user's terminal.
- If the hook fails, the build succeeds but no further builds execute.
- The hook executes synchronously, and blocks other builds from progressing while it runs.
The program executes with no arguments. The program's environment contains the following environment variables:
- DRV_PATH The derivation for the built paths.
  
  Example: /nix/store/5nihn1a7pa8b25l9zafqaqibznlvvp3f-bash-4.4-p23.drv
- OUT_PATHS Output paths of the built derivation, separated by a space character.
  
  Example: /nix/store/zf5lbh336mnzf1nlswdn11g4n2m8zh3g-bash-4.4-p23-dev /nix/store/rjxwxwv1fpn9wa2x5ssk5phzwlcv4mna-bash-4.4-p23-doc /nix/store/6bqvbzjkcp9695dq0dpl5y43nvy37pq1-bash-4.4-p23-info /nix/store/r7fng3kk3vlpdlh2idnrbn37vh4imlj2-bash-4.4-p23-man /nix/store/xfghy8ixrhz3kyy6p724iv3cxji088dx-bash-4.4-p23.
Default: empty
pre-build-hook

If set, the path to a program that can set extra derivation-specific settings for this system. This is used for settings that can't be captured by the derivation model itself and are too variable between different versions of the same system to be hard-coded into nix.

The hook is passed the derivation path and, if sandboxes are enabled, the sandbox directory. It can then modify the sandbox and send a series of commands to modify various settings to stdout. The currently recognized commands are:
- extra-sandbox-paths
  Pass a list of files and directories to be included in the sandbox for this build. One entry per line, terminated by an empty line. Entries have the same format as sandbox-paths.
Default: empty
preallocate-contents

Whether to preallocate files when writing objects with known size.

Default: false
print-missing

Whether to print what paths need to be built or downloaded.

Default: true
pure-eval

Pure evaluation mode ensures that the result of Nix expressions is fully determined by explicitly declared inputs, and not influenced by external state:
- Restrict file system and network access to files specified by cryptographic hash
- Disable impure constants:
Default: false
require-drop-supplementary-groups

Following the principle of least privilege, Nix will attempt to drop supplementary groups when building with sandboxing.

However this can fail under some circumstances. For example, if the user lacks the CAP_SETGID capability. Search setgroups(2) for EPERM to find more detailed information on this.

If you encounter such a failure, setting this option to false will let you ignore it and continue. But before doing so, you should consider the security implications carefully. Not dropping supplementary groups means the build sandbox will be less restricted than intended.

This option defaults to true when the user is root (since root usually has permissions to call setgroups) and false otherwise.

Default: false
require-sigs

If set to true (the default), any non-content-addressed path added or copied to the Nix store (e.g. when substituting from a binary cache) must have a signature by a trusted key. A trusted key is one listed in trusted-public-keys, or a public key counterpart to a private key stored in a file listed in secret-key-files.

Set to false to disable signature checking and trust all non-content-addressed paths unconditionally.

(Content-addressed paths are inherently trustworthy and thus unaffected by this configuration option.)

Default: true
restrict-eval

If set to true, the Nix evaluator will not allow access to any files outside of builtins.nixPath, or to URIs outside of allowed-uris.

Default: false
run-diff-hook

If true, enable the execution of the diff-hook program.

When using the Nix daemon, run-diff-hook must be set in the nix.conf configuration file, and cannot be passed at the command line.

Default: false
sandbox

If set to true, builds will be performed in a sandboxed environment, i.e., they’re isolated from the normal file system hierarchy and will only see their dependencies in the Nix store, the temporary build directory, private versions of /proc, /dev, /dev/shm and /dev/pts (on Linux), and the paths configured with the sandbox-paths option. This is useful to prevent undeclared dependencies on files in directories such as /usr/bin. In addition, on Linux, builds run in private PID, mount, network, IPC and UTS namespaces to isolate them from other processes in the system (except that fixed-output derivations do not run in private network namespace to ensure they can access the network).

Currently, sandboxing only work on Linux and macOS. The use of a sandbox requires that Nix is run as root (so you should use the “build users” feature to perform the actual builds under different users than root).

If this option is set to relaxed, then fixed-output derivations and derivations that have the __noChroot attribute set to true do not run in sandboxes.

The default is true on Linux and false on all other platforms.

Default: true

Deprecated alias: build-use-chroot, build-use-sandbox
sandbox-build-dir

Linux only

The build directory inside the sandbox.

This directory is backed by build-dir on the host.

Default: /build
sandbox-dev-shm-size

Linux only

This option determines the maximum size of the tmpfs filesystem mounted on /dev/shm in Linux sandboxes. For the format, see the description of the size option of tmpfs in mount(8). The default is 50%.

Default: 50%
sandbox-fallback

Whether to disable sandboxing when the kernel doesn't allow it.

Default: true
sandbox-paths

A list of paths bind-mounted into Nix sandbox environments. You can use the syntax target=source to mount a path in a different location in the sandbox; for instance, /bin=/nix-bin will mount the path /nix-bin as /bin inside the sandbox. If source is followed by ?, then it is not an error if source does not exist; for example, /dev/nvidiactl? specifies that /dev/nvidiactl will only be mounted in the sandbox if it exists in the host filesystem.

If the source is in the Nix store, then its closure will be added to the sandbox as well.

Depending on how Nix was built, the default value for this option may be empty or provide /bin/sh as a bind-mount of bash.

Default: empty

Deprecated alias: build-chroot-dirs, build-sandbox-paths
secret-key-files

A whitespace-separated list of files containing secret (private) keys. These are used to sign locally-built paths. They can be generated using nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key. The corresponding public key can be distributed to other users, who can add it to trusted-public-keys in their nix.conf.

Default: empty
show-trace

Whether Nix should print out a stack trace in case of Nix expression evaluation errors.

Default: false
ssl-cert-file

The path of a file containing CA certificates used to authenticate https:// downloads. Nix by default will use the first of the following files that exists:
1. /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
2. /nix/var/nix/profiles/default/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt
The path can be overridden by the following environment variables, in order of precedence:
1. NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE
2. SSL_CERT_FILE
Default: empty
stalled-download-timeout

The timeout (in seconds) for receiving data from servers during download. Nix cancels idle downloads after this timeout's duration.

Default: 300
start-id

The first UID and GID to use for dynamic ID allocation.

Default: 872415232
store

The URL of the Nix store to use for most operations. See the Store Types section of the manual for supported store types and settings.

Default: auto
substitute

If set to true (default), Nix will use binary substitutes if available. This option can be disabled to force building from source.

Default: true

Deprecated alias: build-use-substitutes
substituters

A list of URLs of Nix stores to be used as substituters, separated by whitespace. A substituter is an additional store from which Nix can obtain store objects instead of building them.

Substituters are tried based on their priority value, which each substituter can set independently. Lower value means higher priority. The default is https://cache.nixos.org, which has a priority of 40.

At least one of the following conditions must be met for Nix to use a substituter:
- The substituter is in the trusted-substituters list
- The user calling Nix is in the trusted-users list
In addition, each store path should be trusted as described in trusted-public-keys

Default: https://cache.nixos.org/

Deprecated alias: binary-caches
sync-before-registering

Whether to call sync() before registering a path as valid.

Default: false
system

The system type of the current Nix installation. Nix will only build a given derivation locally when its system attribute equals any of the values specified here or in extra-platforms.

The default value is set when Nix itself is compiled for the system it will run on. The following system types are widely used, as Nix is actively supported on these platforms:
- x86_64-linux
- x86_64-darwin
- i686-linux
- aarch64-linux
- aarch64-darwin
- armv6l-linux
- armv7l-linux
In general, you do not have to modify this setting. While you can force Nix to run a Darwin-specific builder executable on a Linux machine, the result would obviously be wrong.

This value is available in the Nix language as builtins.currentSystem if the eval-system configuration option is set as the empty string.

Default: x86_64-linux
system-features

A set of system “features” supported by this machine.

This complements the system and extra-platforms configuration options and the corresponding system attribute on derivations.

A derivation can require system features in the requiredSystemFeatures attribute, and the machine to build the derivation must have them.

System features are user-defined, but Nix sets the following defaults:
- apple-virt
  
  Included on Darwin if virtualization is available.
- kvm
  
  Included on Linux if /dev/kvm is accessible.
- nixos-test, benchmark, big-parallel
  
  These historical pseudo-features are always enabled for backwards compatibility, as they are used in Nixpkgs to route Hydra builds to specific machines.
- ca-derivations
  
  Included by default if the ca-derivations experimental feature is enabled.
  
  This system feature is implicitly required by derivations with the __contentAddressed attribute.
- recursive-nix
  
  Included by default if the recursive-nix experimental feature is enabled.
- uid-range
  
  On Linux, Nix can run builds in a user namespace where they run as root (UID 0) and have 65,536 UIDs available. This is primarily useful for running containers such as systemd-nspawn inside a Nix build. For an example, see tests/systemd-nspawn/nix.
  
  Included by default on Linux if the auto-allocate-uids setting is enabled.
Default: machine-specific
tarball-ttl

The number of seconds a downloaded tarball is considered fresh. If the cached tarball is stale, Nix will check whether it is still up to date using the ETag header. Nix will download a new version if the ETag header is unsupported, or the cached ETag doesn't match.

Setting the TTL to 0 forces Nix to always check if the tarball is up to date.

Nix caches tarballs in $XDG_CACHE_HOME/nix/tarballs.

Files fetched via NIX_PATH, fetchGit, fetchMercurial, fetchTarball, and fetchurl respect this TTL.

Default: 3600
timeout

This option defines the maximum number of seconds that a builder can run. This is useful (for instance in an automated build system) to catch builds that are stuck in an infinite loop but keep writing to their standard output or standard error. It can be overridden using the --timeout command line switch.

The value 0 means that there is no timeout. This is also the default.

Default: 0

Deprecated alias: build-timeout
trace-function-calls

If set to true, the Nix evaluator will trace every function call. Nix will print a log message at the "vomit" level for every function entrance and function exit.
```
function-trace entered undefined position at 1565795816999559622
function-trace exited undefined position at 1565795816999581277
function-trace entered /nix/store/.../example.nix:226:41 at 1565795253249935150
function-trace exited /nix/store/.../example.nix:226:41 at 1565795253249941684
```
The undefined position means the function call is a builtin.

Use the contrib/stack-collapse.py script distributed with the Nix source code to convert the trace logs in to a format suitable for flamegraph.pl.

Default: false
trace-verbose

Whether builtins.traceVerbose should trace its first argument when evaluated.

Default: false
trust-tarballs-from-git-forges

If enabled (the default), Nix will consider tarballs from GitHub and similar Git forges to be locked if a Git revision is specified, e.g. github:NixOS/patchelf/7c2f768bf9601268a4e71c2ebe91e2011918a70f. This requires Nix to trust that the provider will return the correct contents for the specified Git revision.

If disabled, such tarballs are only considered locked if a narHash attribute is specified, e.g. github:NixOS/patchelf/7c2f768bf9601268a4e71c2ebe91e2011918a70f?narHash=sha256-PPXqKY2hJng4DBVE0I4xshv/vGLUskL7jl53roB8UdU%3D.

Default: true
trusted-public-keys

A whitespace-separated list of public keys.

At least one of the following condition must be met for Nix to accept copying a store object from another Nix store (such as a substituter):
- the store object has been signed using a key in the trusted keys list
- the require-sigs option has been set to false
- the store URL is configured with trusted=true
- the store object is content-addressed
Default: cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY=

Deprecated alias: binary-cache-public-keys
trusted-substituters

A list of Nix store URLs, separated by whitespace. These are not used by default, but users of the Nix daemon can enable them by specifying substituters.

Unprivileged users (those set in only allowed-users but not trusted-users) can pass as substituters only those URLs listed in trusted-substituters.

Default: empty

Deprecated alias: trusted-binary-caches
trusted-users

A list of user names, separated by whitespace. These users will have additional rights when connecting to the Nix daemon, such as the ability to specify additional substituters, or to import unsigned realisations or unsigned input-addressed store objects.

You can also specify groups by prefixing names with @. For instance, @wheel means all users in the wheel group.

Warning

Adding a user to trusted-users is essentially equivalent to giving that user root access to the system. For example, the user can access or replace store path contents that are critical for system security.

Default: root
upgrade-nix-store-path-url

Used by nix upgrade-nix, the URL of the file that contains the store paths of the latest Nix release.

Default: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/raw/master/nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix
use-case-hack

Whether to enable a macOS-specific hack for dealing with file name case collisions.

Default: false
use-cgroups

Whether to execute builds inside cgroups. This is only supported on Linux.

Cgroups are required and enabled automatically for derivations that require the uid-range system feature.

Default: false
use-registries
Warning

This setting is part of an experimental feature.

To change this setting, make sure the flakes experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:
```
extra-experimental-features = flakes
use-registries = ...
```
Whether to use flake registries to resolve flake references.

Default: true
use-sqlite-wal

Whether SQLite should use WAL mode.

Default: true
use-xdg-base-directories

If set to true, Nix will conform to the XDG Base Directory Specification for files in $HOME. The environment variables used to implement this are documented in the Environment Variables section.

Warning This changes the location of some well-known symlinks that Nix creates, which might break tools that rely on the old, non-XDG-conformant locations.

In particular, the following locations change:

Old New

~/.nix-profile $XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profile

~/.nix-defexpr $XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/defexpr

~/.nix-channels $XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/channels

If you already have Nix installed and are using profiles or channels, you should migrate manually when you enable this option. If $XDG_STATE_HOME is not set, use $HOME/.local/state/nix instead of $XDG_STATE_HOME/nix. This can be achieved with the following shell commands:
```
nix_state_home=${XDG_STATE_HOME-$HOME/.local/state}/nix
mkdir -p $nix_state_home
mv $HOME/.nix-profile $nix_state_home/profile
mv $HOME/.nix-defexpr $nix_state_home/defexpr
mv $HOME/.nix-channels $nix_state_home/channels
```
Default: false
user-agent-suffix

String appended to the user agent in HTTP requests.

Default: empty
warn-dirty

Whether to warn about dirty Git/Mercurial trees.

Default: true
warn-large-path-threshold

Warn when copying a path larger than this number of bytes to the Nix store (as determined by its NAR serialisation).

Default: -1

Old	New
`~/.nix-profile`	`$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profile`
`~/.nix-defexpr`	`$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/defexpr`
`~/.nix-channels`	`$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/channels`

Profiles

A directory that contains links to profiles managed by nix-env and nix profile:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root if the user is root

A profile is a directory of symlinks to files in the Nix store.

Filesystem layout

$ ls -l ~alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 14 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile -> profile-7-link
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 28 16:18 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-5-link -> /nix/store/q69xad13ghpf7ir87h0b2gd28lafjj1j-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Oct 29 13:20 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-6-link -> /nix/store/6bvhpysd7vwz7k3b0pndn7ifi5xr32dg-profile
lrwxrwxrwx 1 alice users 51 Nov 25 14:35 /home/alice/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link -> /nix/store/mp0x6xnsg0b8qhswy6riqvimai4gm677-profile

Each of these symlinks is a root for the Nix garbage collector.

The contents of the store path corresponding to each version of the profile is a tree of symlinks to the files of the installed packages, e.g.

$ ll -R ~eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/
/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/:
total 20
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 bin
-r--r--r-- 2 root root 1402 Jan  1  1970 manifest.nix
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jan  1  1970 share

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/bin:
total 20
lrwxrwxrwx 5 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 chromium -> /nix/store/ijm5k0zqisvkdwjkc77mb9qzb35xfi4m-chromium-86.0.4240.111/bin/chromium
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 87 Jan  1  1970 spotify -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/bin/spotify
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 79 Jan  1  1970 zoom-us -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/bin/zoom-us

/home/eelco/.local/state/nix/profiles/profile-7-link/share/applications:
total 12
lrwxrwxrwx 4 root root 120 Jan  1  1970 chromium-browser.desktop -> /nix/store/4cf803y4vzfm3gyk3vzhzb2327v0kl8a-chromium-unwrapped-86.0.4240.111/share/applications/chromium-browser.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 7 root root 110 Jan  1  1970 spotify.desktop -> /nix/store/w9182874m1bl56smps3m5zjj36jhp3rn-spotify-1.1.26.501.gbe11e53b-15/share/applications/spotify.desktop
lrwxrwxrwx 3 root root 107 Jan  1  1970 us.zoom.Zoom.desktop -> /nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927/share/applications/us.zoom.Zoom.desktop

…

Each profile version contains a manifest file:

manifest.nix used by nix-env.
manifest.json used by nix profile (experimental).

User profile link

A symbolic link to the user's current profile:

~/.nix-profile
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profile if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

By default, this symlink points to:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/profile for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/profile for root

`manifest.nix`

The manifest file records the provenance of the packages that are installed in a profile managed by nix-env.

Here is an example of how this file might look like after installing hello from Nixpkgs:

[{
  meta = {
    available = true;
    broken = false;
    changelog =
      "https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hello.git/plain/NEWS?h=v2.12.1";
    description = "A program that produces a familiar, friendly greeting";
    homepage = "https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/manual/";
    insecure = false;
    license = {
      deprecated = false;
      free = true;
      fullName = "GNU General Public License v3.0 or later";
      redistributable = true;
      shortName = "gpl3Plus";
      spdxId = "GPL-3.0-or-later";
      url = "https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-3.0-or-later.html";
    };
    longDescription = ''
      GNU Hello is a program that prints "Hello, world!" when you run it.
      It is fully customizable.
    '';
    maintainers = [{
      email = "edolstra+nixpkgs@gmail.com";
      github = "edolstra";
      githubId = 1148549;
      name = "Eelco Dolstra";
    }];
    name = "hello-2.12.1";
    outputsToInstall = [ "out" ];
    platforms = [
      "i686-cygwin"
      "x86_64-cygwin"
      "x86_64-darwin"
      "i686-darwin"
      "aarch64-darwin"
      "armv7a-darwin"
      "i686-freebsd13"
      "x86_64-freebsd13"
      "aarch64-genode"
      "i686-genode"
      "x86_64-genode"
      "x86_64-solaris"
      "js-ghcjs"
      "aarch64-linux"
      "armv5tel-linux"
      "armv6l-linux"
      "armv7a-linux"
      "armv7l-linux"
      "i686-linux"
      "m68k-linux"
      "microblaze-linux"
      "microblazeel-linux"
      "mipsel-linux"
      "mips64el-linux"
      "powerpc64-linux"
      "powerpc64le-linux"
      "riscv32-linux"
      "riscv64-linux"
      "s390-linux"
      "s390x-linux"
      "x86_64-linux"
      "mmix-mmixware"
      "aarch64-netbsd"
      "armv6l-netbsd"
      "armv7a-netbsd"
      "armv7l-netbsd"
      "i686-netbsd"
      "m68k-netbsd"
      "mipsel-netbsd"
      "powerpc-netbsd"
      "riscv32-netbsd"
      "riscv64-netbsd"
      "x86_64-netbsd"
      "aarch64_be-none"
      "aarch64-none"
      "arm-none"
      "armv6l-none"
      "avr-none"
      "i686-none"
      "microblaze-none"
      "microblazeel-none"
      "msp430-none"
      "or1k-none"
      "m68k-none"
      "powerpc-none"
      "powerpcle-none"
      "riscv32-none"
      "riscv64-none"
      "rx-none"
      "s390-none"
      "s390x-none"
      "vc4-none"
      "x86_64-none"
      "i686-openbsd"
      "x86_64-openbsd"
      "x86_64-redox"
      "wasm64-wasi"
      "wasm32-wasi"
      "x86_64-windows"
      "i686-windows"
    ];
    position =
      "/nix/store/7niq32w715567hbph0q13m5lqna64c1s-nixos-unstable.tar.gz/nixos-unstable.tar.gz/pkgs/applications/misc/hello/default.nix:34";
    unfree = false;
    unsupported = false;
  };
  name = "hello-2.12.1";
  out = {
    outPath = "/nix/store/260q5867crm1xjs4khgqpl6vr9kywql1-hello-2.12.1";
  };
  outPath = "/nix/store/260q5867crm1xjs4khgqpl6vr9kywql1-hello-2.12.1";
  outputs = [ "out" ];
  system = "x86_64-linux";
  type = "derivation";
}]

Each element in this list corresponds to an installed package. It incorporates some attributes of the original derivation, including meta, name, out, outPath, outputs, system. This information is used by Nix for querying and updating the package.

`manifest.json`

The manifest file records the provenance of the packages that are installed in a profile managed by nix profile (experimental).

Here is an example of what the file might look like after installing zoom-us from Nixpkgs:

{
  "version": 1,
  "elements": [
    {
      "active": true,
      "attrPath": "legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.zoom-us",
      "originalUrl": "flake:nixpkgs",
      "storePaths": [
        "/nix/store/wbhg2ga8f3h87s9h5k0slxk0m81m4cxl-zoom-us-5.3.469451.0927"
      ],
      "uri": "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/13d0c311e3ae923a00f734b43fd1d35b47d8943a"
    },
    …
  ]
}

Each object in the array elements denotes an installed package and has the following fields:

originalUrl: The flake reference specified by the user at the time of installation (e.g. nixpkgs). This is also the flake reference that will be used by nix profile upgrade.
uri: The locked flake reference to which originalUrl resolved.
attrPath: The flake output attribute that provided this package. Note that this is not necessarily the attribute that the user specified, but the one resulting from applying the default attribute paths and prefixes; for instance, hello might resolve to packages.x86_64-linux.hello and the empty string to packages.x86_64-linux.default.
storePath: The paths in the Nix store containing the package.
active: Whether the profile contains symlinks to the files of this package. If set to false, the package is kept in the Nix store, but is not "visible" in the profile's symlink tree.

Channels

A directory containing symlinks to Nix channels, managed by nix-channel:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/profiles/channels for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels for root

nix-channel uses a profile to store channels. This profile contains symlinks to the contents of those channels.

Subscribed channels

The list of subscribed channels is stored in

~/.nix-channels
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/channels if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true

in the following format:

<url> <name>
...

Default Nix expression

The source for the default Nix expressions used by nix-env:

~/.nix-defexpr
$XDG_STATE_HOME/nix/defexpr if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

It is loaded as follows:

If the default expression is a file, it is loaded as a Nix expression.
If the default expression is a directory containing a default.nix file, that default.nix file is loaded as a Nix expression.
If the default expression is a directory without a default.nix file, then its contents (both files and subdirectories) are loaded as Nix expressions. The expressions are combined into a single attribute set, each expression under an attribute with the same name as the original file or subdirectory. Subdirectories without a default.nix file are traversed recursively in search of more Nix expressions, but the names of these intermediate directories are not added to the attribute paths of the default Nix expression.

Then, the resulting expression is interpreted like this:

If the expression is an attribute set, it is used as the default Nix expression.
If the expression is a function, an empty set is passed as argument and the return value is used as the default Nix expression.

For example, if the default expression contains two files, foo.nix and bar.nix, then the default Nix expression will be equivalent to

{
  foo = import ~/.nix-defexpr/foo.nix;
  bar = import ~/.nix-defexpr/bar.nix;
}

The file manifest.nix is always ignored.

The command nix-channel places a symlink to the user's current channels profile in this directory. This makes all subscribed channels available as attributes in the default expression.

User channel link

A symlink that ensures that nix-env can find your channels:

~/.nix-defexpr/channels
$XDG_STATE_HOME/defexpr/channels if use-xdg-base-directories is set to true.

This symlink points to:

$XDG_STATE_HOME/profiles/channels for regular users
$NIX_STATE_DIR/profiles/per-user/root/channels for root

In a multi-user installation, you may also have ~/.nix-defexpr/channels_root, which links to the channels of the root user.nix-env: ../nix-env.md

Architecture

This chapter describes how Nix works. It should help users understand why Nix behaves as it does, and it should help developers understand how to modify Nix and how to write similar tools.

Overview

Nix consists of hierarchical layers.

The following concept map shows its main components (rectangles), the objects they operate on (rounded rectangles), and their interactions (connecting phrases):


   .----------------.
   | Nix expression |----------.
   '----------------'          |
           |              passed to
           |                   |
+----------|-------------------|--------------------------------+
| Nix      |                   V                                |
|          |      +-------------------------+                   |
|          |      | commmand line interface |------.            |
|          |      +-------------------------+      |            |
|          |                   |                   |            |
|    evaluated by            calls              manages         |
|          |                   |                   |            |
|          |                   V                   |            |
|          |         +--------------------+        |            |
|          '-------->| language evaluator |        |            |
|                    +--------------------+        |            |
|                              |                   |            |
|                           produces               |            |
|                              |                   V            |
| +----------------------------|------------------------------+ |
| | store                      |                              | |
| |            referenced by   V       builds                 | |
| | .-------------.      .------------.      .--------------. | |
| | | build input |----->| build plan |----->| build result | | |
| | '-------------'      '------------'      '--------------' | |
| +-------------------------------------------------|---------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------|-----------+
                                                    |
                                              represented as
                                                    |
                                                    V
                                            .---------------.
                                            |     file      |
                                            '---------------'

At the top is the command line interface that drives the underlying layers.

The Nix language evaluator transforms Nix expressions into self-contained build plans, which are used to derive build results from referenced build inputs.

The command line interface and Nix expressions are what users deal with most.

Note

The Nix language itself does not have a notion of packages or configurations. As far as we are concerned here, the inputs and results of a build plan are just data.

Underlying the command line interface and the Nix language evaluator is the Nix store, a mechanism to keep track of build plans, data, and references between them. It can also execute build plans to produce new data, which are made available to the operating system as files.

A build plan itself is a series of build tasks, together with their build inputs.

Important A build task in Nix is called derivation.

Each build task has a special build input executed as build instructions in order to perform the build. The result of a build task can be input to another build task.

The following data flow diagram shows a build plan for illustration. Build inputs used as instructions to a build task are marked accordingly:

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| build plan                                                         |
|                                                                    |
| .-------------.                                                    |
| | build input |---------.                                          |
| '-------------'         |                                          |
|                    instructions                                    |
|                         |                                          |
|                         v                                          |
| .-------------.    .----------.                                    |
| | build input |-->( build task )-------.                           |
| '-------------'    '----------'        |                           |
|                                  instructions                      |
|                                        |                           |
|                                        v                           |
| .-------------.                  .----------.     .--------------. |
| | build input |---------.       ( build task )--->| build result | |
| '-------------'         |        '----------'     '--------------' |
|                    instructions        ^                           |
|                         |              |                           |
|                         v              |                           |
| .-------------.    .----------.        |                           |
| | build input |-->( build task )-------'                           |
| '-------------'    '----------'                                    |
|                         ^                                          |
|                         |                                          |
|                         |                                          |
| .-------------.         |                                          |
| | build input |---------'                                          |
| '-------------'                                                    |
|                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

Protocols

This chapter documents various developer-facing interfaces provided by Nix.

JSON Formats

Store object info JSON format

Warning

This JSON format is currently experimental and subject to change.

Info about a [store object].

path:

Store path to the given store object.
narHash:

Hash of the file system object part of the store object when serialized as a Nix Archive.
narSize:

Size of the file system object part of the store object when serialized as a Nix Archive.
references:

An array of store paths, possibly including this one.
ca:

If the store object is content-addressed, this is the content address of this store object's file system object, used to compute its store path. Otherwise (i.e. if it is input-addressed), this is null.

Impure fields

These are not intrinsic properties of the store object. In other words, the same store object residing in different store could have different values for these properties.

deriver:

If known, the path to the derivation from which this store object was produced. Otherwise null.
registrationTime (optional):

If known, when this derivation was added to the store. Otherwise null.
ultimate:

Whether this store object is trusted because we built it ourselves, rather than substituted a build product from elsewhere.
signatures:

Signatures claiming that this store object is what it claims to be. Not relevant for content-addressed store objects, but useful for input-addressed store objects.

`.narinfo` extra fields

This meta data is specific to the "binary cache" family of Nix store types. This information is not intrinsic to the store object, but about how it is stored.

url:

Where to download a compressed archive of the file system objects of this store object.
compression:

The compression format that the archive is in.
fileHash:

A digest for the compressed archive itself, as opposed to the data contained within.
fileSize:

The size of the compressed archive itself.

Computed closure fields

These fields are not stored at all, but computed by traversing the other fields across all the store objects in a closure.

closureSize:

The total size of the compressed archive itself for this object, and the compressed archive of every object in this object's closure.

`.narinfo` extra fields

closureSize:

The total size of this store object and every other object in its closure.

Derivation JSON Format

Warning

This JSON format is currently experimental and subject to change.

The JSON serialization of a derivations is a JSON object with the following fields:

name: The name of the derivation. This is used when calculating the store paths of the derivation's outputs.
outputs: Information about the output paths of the derivation. This is a JSON object with one member per output, where the key is the output name and the value is a JSON object with these fields:
- path: The output path, if it is known in advanced. Otherwise, null.
- method: For an output which will be [content addresed], a string representing the method of content addressing that is chosen. Valid method strings are:
  - flat
  - nar
  - text
  - git
  Otherwise, null.
- hashAlgo: For an output which will be [content addresed], the name of the hash algorithm used. Valid algorithm strings are:
  - md5
  - sha1
  - sha256
  - sha512
- hash: For fixed-output derivations, the expected content hash in base-16.
Example
```
"outputs": {
  "out": {
    "path": "/nix/store/2543j7c6jn75blc3drf4g5vhb1rhdq29-source",
    "method": "nar",
    "hashAlgo": "sha256",
    "hash": "6fc80dcc62179dbc12fc0b5881275898f93444833d21b89dfe5f7fbcbb1d0d62"
  }
}
```
inputSrcs: A list of store paths on which this derivation depends.
inputDrvs: A JSON object specifying the derivations on which this derivation depends, and what outputs of those derivations.
Example
```
"inputDrvs": {
  "/nix/store/6lkh5yi7nlb7l6dr8fljlli5zfd9hq58-curl-7.73.0.drv": ["dev"],
  "/nix/store/fn3kgnfzl5dzym26j8g907gq3kbm8bfh-unzip-6.0.drv": ["out"]
}
```
specifies that this derivation depends on the dev output of curl, and the out output of unzip.
system: The system type on which this derivation is to be built (e.g. x86_64-linux).
builder: The absolute path of the program to be executed to run the build. Typically this is the bash shell (e.g. /nix/store/r3j288vpmczbl500w6zz89gyfa4nr0b1-bash-4.4-p23/bin/bash).
args: The command-line arguments passed to the builder.
env: The environment passed to the builder.

Lockable HTTP Tarball Protocol

Tarball flakes can be served as regular tarballs via HTTP or the file system (for file:// URLs). Unless the server implements the Lockable HTTP Tarball protocol, it is the responsibility of the user to make sure that the URL always produces the same tarball contents.

An HTTP server can return an "immutable" HTTP URL appropriate for lock files. This allows users to specify a tarball flake input in flake.nix that requests the latest version of a flake (e.g. https://example.org/hello/latest.tar.gz), while flake.lock will record a URL whose contents will not change (e.g. https://example.org/hello/<revision>.tar.gz). To do so, the server must return an HTTP Link header with the rel attribute set to immutable, as follows:

Link: <flakeref>; rel="immutable"

(Note the required < and > characters around flakeref.)

flakeref must be a tarball flakeref. It can contain the tarball flake attributes narHash, rev, revCount and lastModified. If narHash is included, its value must be the [NAR hash][Nix Archive] of the unpacked tarball (as computed via nix hash path). Nix checks the contents of the returned tarball against the narHash attribute. The rev and revCount attributes are useful when the tarball flake is a mirror of a fetcher type that has those attributes, such as Git or GitHub. They are not checked by Nix.

Link: <https://example.org/hello/442793d9ec0584f6a6e82fa253850c8085bb150a.tar.gz
  ?rev=442793d9ec0584f6a6e82fa253850c8085bb150a
  &revCount=835
  &narHash=sha256-GUm8Uh/U74zFCwkvt9Mri4DSM%2BmHj3tYhXUkYpiv31M%3D>; rel="immutable"

(The linebreaks in this example are for clarity and must not be included in the actual response.)

For tarball flakes, the value of the lastModified flake attribute is defined as the timestamp of the newest file inside the tarball.

Gitea and Forgejo support

This protocol is supported by Gitea since v1.22.1 and by Forgejo since v7.0.4/v8.0.0 and can be used with the following flake URL schema:

https://<domain name>/<owner>/<repo>/archive/<reference or revison>.tar.gz

Example

# flake.nix
{
   inputs = {
     foo.url = "https://gitea.example.org/some-person/some-flake/archive/main.tar.gz";
     bar.url = "https://gitea.example.org/some-other-person/other-flake/archive/442793d9ec0584f6a6e82fa253850c8085bb150a.tar.gz";
     qux = {
       url = "https://forgejo.example.org/another-person/some-non-flake-repo/archive/development.tar.gz";
       flake = false;
     };
   };
   outputs = { foo, bar, qux }: { /* ... */ };
}


[Nix Archive]: ../store/file-system-object/content-address.md#serial-nix-archive

Complete Store Path Calculation

This is the complete specification for how [store path]s are calculated.

The format of this specification is close to Extended Backus–Naur form, but must deviate for a few things such as hash functions which we treat as bidirectional for specification purposes.

Regular users do not need to know this information --- store paths can be treated as black boxes computed from the properties of the store objects they refer to. But for those interested in exactly how Nix works, e.g. if they are reimplementing it, this information can be useful.

store path

Store path proper

store-path = store-dir "/" digest "-" name

where

name = the name of the store object.
store-dir = the store directory
digest = base-32 representation of the first 160 bits of a SHA-256 hash of fingerprint

This the hash part of the store name

Fingerprint

```
fingerprint = type ":" sha256 ":" inner-digest ":" store ":" name
```
Note that it includes the location of the store as well as the name to make sure that changes to either of those are reflected in the hash (e.g. you won't get /nix/store/<digest>-name1 and /nix/store/<digest>-name2, or /gnu/store/<digest>-name1, with equal hash parts).
type = one of:
- ```
| "text" { ":" store-path }
```
  This is for the "Text" method of content addressing store objects. The optional trailing store paths are the references of the store object.
- ```
| "source" { ":" store-path } [ ":self" ]
```
  This is for the "Nix Archive" method of content addressing store objects, if the hash algorithm is SHA-256. Just like in the "Text" case, we can have the store objects referenced by their paths. Additionally, we can have an optional :self label to denote self reference.
- ```
| "output:" id
```
  For either the outputs built from derivations, or content-addressed store objects that are not using one of the two above cases. To be explicit about the latter, that is currently these methods:
  - "Flat"
  - "Git"
  - "Nix Archive" if the hash algorithm is not SHA-256.
  id is the name of the output (usually, "out"). For content-addressed store objects, id, is always "out".
inner-digest = base-16 representation of a SHA-256 hash of inner-fingerprint

Inner fingerprint

inner-fingerprint = one of the following based on type:
- if type = "text:" ...:
  
  the string written to the resulting store path.
- if type = "source:" ...:
  
  the the hash of the Nix Archive (NAR) serialization of the file system object of the store object.
- if type = "output:" id:
  - For input-addressed derivation outputs:
    
    the ATerm serialization of the derivation modulo fixed output derivations.
  - For content-addressed store paths:
```
"fixed:out:" rec algo ":" hash ":"
```
    where
    - rec = one of:
      - | ""
        
        (empty string) for hashes of the flat (single file) serialization
      - | "r:"
        
        hashes of the for Nix Archive (NAR) (arbitrary file system object) serialization
      - | "git:"
        
        hashes of the Git blob/tree Merkel tree format
    - ```
    algo = "md5" | "sha1" | "sha256"
```
- hash = base-16 representation of the path or flat hash of the contents of the path (or expected contents of the path for fixed-output derivations).
Note that id = "out", regardless of the name part of the store path. Also note that NAR + SHA-256 must not use this case, and instead must use the type = "source:" ... case.

Historical Note

The type = "source:" ... and type = "output:out" grammars technically overlap in purpose, in that both can represent data hashed by its SHA-256 NAR serialization.

The original reason for this way of computing names was to prevent name collisions (for security). For instance, the thinking was that it shouldn't be feasible to come up with a derivation whose output path collides with the path for a copied source. The former would have an inner-fingerprint starting with output:out:, while the latter would have an inner-fingerprint starting with source:.

Since 64519cfd657d024ae6e2bb74cb21ad21b886fd2a (2008), however, it was decided that separating derivation-produced vs manually-hashed content-addressed data like this was not useful. Now, data that is content-addressed with SHA-256 + NAR-serialization always uses the source:... construction, regardless of how it was produced (manually or by derivation). This allows freely switching between using fixed-output derivations for fetching, and fetching out-of-band and then manually adding. It also removes the ambiguity from the grammar.

Nix Archive (NAR) format

This is the complete specification of the Nix Archive format. The Nix Archive format closely follows the abstract specification of a file system object tree, because it is designed to serialize exactly that data structure.

The format of this specification is close to Extended Backus–Naur form, with the exception of the str(..) function / parameterized rule, which length-prefixes and pads strings. This makes the resulting binary format easier to parse.

Regular users do not need to know this information. But for those interested in exactly how Nix works, e.g. if they are reimplementing it, this information can be useful.

nar = str("nix-archive-1"), nar-obj;

nar-obj = str("("), nar-obj-inner, str(")");

nar-obj-inner
  = str("type"), str("regular") regular
  | str("type"), str("symlink") symlink
  | str("type"), str("directory") directory
  ;

regular = [ str("executable"), str("") ], str("contents"), str(contents);

symlink = str("target"), str(target);

(* side condition: directory entries must be ordered by their names *)
directory = { directory-entry };

directory-entry = str("entry"), str("("), str("name"), str(name), str("node"), nar-obj, str(")");

The str function / parameterized rule is defined as follows:

str(s) = int(|s|), pad(s);
int(n) = the 64-bit little endian representation of the number n
pad(s) = the byte sequence s, padded with 0s to a multiple of 8 byte

Derivation "ATerm" file format

For historical reasons, derivations are stored on-disk in ATerm format.

Derivations are serialised in one of the following formats:

```
Derive(...)
```
For all stable derivations.
```
DrvWithVersion(<version-string>, ...)
```
The only version-strings that are in use today are for experimental features:
- "xp-dyn-drv" for the dynamic-derivations experimental feature.

C API

Nix provides a C API with the intent of becoming a stable API, which it is currently not. It is in development.

See:

C API documentation for a recent build of master
- Getting Started
- Index
Matrix Room Nix Bindings for discussion and questions.
Stabilisation Milestone
Other C API PRs and issues
Contributing C API Documentation, including how to build it locally.

Glossary

content address

A content address is a secure way to reference immutable data. The reference is calculated directly from the content of the data being referenced, which means the reference is tamper proof --- variations of the data should always calculate to distinct content addresses.

For how Nix uses content addresses, see:
- Content-Addressing File System Objects
- Content-Addressing Store Objects
- content-addressed derivation
Software Heritage's writing on Intrinsic and Extrinsic identifiers is also a good introduction to the value of content-addressing over other referencing schemes.

Besides content addressing, the Nix store also uses input addressing.
derivation

A description of a build task. The result of a derivation is a store object. Derivations declared in Nix expressions are specified using the derivation primitive. These are translated into low-level store derivations (implicitly by nix-build, or explicitly by nix-instantiate).
store derivation

A derivation represented as a .drv file in the store. It has a store path, like any store object. It is the instantiated form of a derivation.

Example: /nix/store/g946hcz4c8mdvq2g8vxx42z51qb71rvp-git-2.38.1.drv

See nix derivation show (experimental) for displaying the contents of store derivations.
instantiate, instantiation

Save an evaluated derivation as a store derivation in the Nix store.

See nix-instantiate, which produces a store derivation from a Nix expression that evaluates to a derivation.
realise, realisation

Ensure a store path is valid.

This can be achieved by:
- Fetching a pre-built store object from a substituter
- Running the builder executable as specified in the corresponding derivation
- Delegating to a remote machine and retrieving the outputs
See nix-store --realise for a detailed description of the algorithm.

See also nix-build and nix build (experimental).
content-addressed derivation

A derivation which has the __contentAddressed attribute set to true.
fixed-output derivation (FOD)

A derivation where a cryptographic hash of the output is determined in advance using the outputHash attribute, and where the builder executable has access to the network.
store

A collection of store objects, with operations to manipulate that collection. See Nix Store for details.

There are many types of stores, see Store Types for details.
binary cache

A binary cache is a Nix store which uses a different format: its metadata and signatures are kept in .narinfo files rather than in a Nix database. This different format simplifies serving store objects over the network, but cannot host builds. Examples of binary caches include S3 buckets and the NixOS binary cache.
store path

The location of a store object in the file system, i.e., an immediate child of the Nix store directory.

Example

/nix/store/a040m110amc4h71lds2jmr8qrkj2jhxd-git-2.38.1

See Store Path for details.
file system object

The Nix data model for representing simplified file system data.

See File System Object for details.
store object

Part of the contents of a store.

A store object consists of a file system object, references to other store objects, and other metadata. It can be referred to by a store path.

See Store Object for details.
IFD

Import From Derivation
input-addressed store object

A store object produced by building a non-content-addressed, non-fixed-output derivation.
content-addressed store object

A store object which is content-addressed, i.e. whose store path is determined by its contents. This includes derivations, the outputs of content-addressed derivations, and the outputs of fixed-output derivations.

See Content-Addressing Store Objects for details.
substitute

A substitute is a command invocation stored in the Nix database that describes how to build a store object, bypassing the normal build mechanism (i.e., derivations). Typically, the substitute builds the store object by downloading a pre-built version of the store object from some server.
substituter

An additional store from which Nix can obtain store objects instead of building them. Often the substituter is a binary cache, but any store can serve as substituter.

See the substituters configuration option for details.
purity

The assumption that equal Nix derivations when run always produce the same output. This cannot be guaranteed in general (e.g., a builder can rely on external inputs such as the network or the system time) but the Nix model assumes it.
impure derivation

An experimental feature that allows derivations to be explicitly marked as impure, so that they are always rebuilt, and their outputs not reused by subsequent calls to realise them.
Nix database

An SQlite database to track references between store objects. This is an implementation detail of the local store.

Default location: /nix/var/nix/db.
Nix expression
1. Commonly, a high-level description of software packages and compositions thereof. Deploying software using Nix entails writing Nix expressions for your packages. Nix expressions specify derivations, which are instantiated into the Nix store as store derivations. These derivations can then be realised to produce outputs.
2. A syntactically valid use of the Nix language. For example, the contents of a .nix file form an expression.
reference

A store object O is said to have a reference to a store object P if a store path to P appears in the contents of O.

Store objects can refer to both other store objects and themselves. References from a store object to itself are called self-references. References other than a self-reference must not form a cycle.
reachable

A store path Q is reachable from another store path P if Q is in the closure of the references relation.
closure

The closure of a store path is the set of store paths that are directly or indirectly “reachable” from that store path; that is, it’s the closure of the path under the references relation. For a package, the closure of its derivation is equivalent to the build-time dependencies, while the closure of its output path is equivalent to its runtime dependencies. For correct deployment it is necessary to deploy whole closures, since otherwise at runtime files could be missing. The command nix-store --query --requisites prints out closures of store paths.

As an example, if the store object at path P contains a reference to a store object at path Q, then Q is in the closure of P. Further, if Q references R then R is also in the closure of P.
output

A store object produced by a derivation. See the outputs argument to the derivation function for details.
output path

The store path to the output of a derivation.
output closure
The closure of an output path. It only contains what is [reachable] from the output.
deriving path

Deriving paths are a way to refer to store objects that ar not yet realised. This is necessary because, in general and particularly for [content-addressed derivations][content-addressed derivation], the output path of an output is not known in advance. There are two forms:
- constant: just a store path It can be made valid by copying it into the store: from the evaluator, command line interface or another store.
- output: a pair of a store path to a derivation and an output name.
deriver

The store derivation that produced an output path.

The deriver for an output path can be queried with the --deriver option to nix-store --query.
validity

A store path is valid if all store objects in its closure can be read from the store.

For a local store, this means:
- The store path leads to an existing store object in that store.
- The store path is listed in the Nix database as being valid.
- All paths in the store path's closure are valid.
user environment

An automatically generated store object that consists of a set of symlinks to “active” applications, i.e., other store paths. These are generated automatically by nix-env. See profiles.
profile

A symlink to the current user environment of a user, e.g., /nix/var/nix/profiles/default.
installable

Something that can be realised in the Nix store.

See installables for nix commands (experimental) for details.
Nix Archive (NAR)

A Nix ARchive. This is a serialisation of a path in the Nix store. It can contain regular files, directories and symbolic links. NARs are generated and unpacked using nix-store --dump and nix-store --restore.

See Nix Archive for details.
∅

The empty set symbol. In the context of profile history, this denotes a package is not present in a particular version of the profile.
ε

The epsilon symbol. In the context of a package, this means the version is empty. More precisely, the derivation does not have a version attribute.
package
1. A software package; a collection of files and other data.
2. A package attribute set.
package attribute set

An attribute set containing the attribute type = "derivation"; (derivation for historical reasons), as well as other attributes, such as
- attributes that refer to the files of a [package], typically in the form of derivation outputs,
- attributes that declare something about how the package is supposed to be installed or used,
- other metadata or arbitrary attributes.
string interpolation

Expanding expressions enclosed in ${ } within a string, path, or attribute name.

See String interpolation for details.
base directory

The location from which relative paths are resolved.
- For expressions in a file, the base directory is the directory containing that file. This is analogous to the directory of a base URL.
- For expressions written in command line arguments with --expr, the base directory is the current working directory.
experimental feature

Not yet stabilized functionality guarded by named experimental feature flags. These flags are enabled or disabled with the experimental-features setting.

See the contribution guide on the purpose and lifecycle of experimental feaures.

Development

Nix is developed on GitHub. Check the contributing guide if you want to get involved.

This chapter is a collection of guides for making changes to the code and documentation.

If you're not sure where to start, try to compile Nix from source and consider making improvements to documentation.

Building Nix

This section provides some notes on how to start hacking on Nix. To get the latest version of Nix from GitHub:

$ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git
$ cd nix

Note

The following instructions assume you already have some version of Nix installed locally, so that you can use it to set up the development environment. If you don't have it installed, follow the installation instructions.

To build all dependencies and start a shell in which all environment variables are set up so that those dependencies can be found:

$ nix-shell

To get a shell with one of the other supported compilation environments:

$ nix-shell --attr devShells.x86_64-linux.native-clangStdenvPackages

Note

You can use native-ccacheStdenvPackages to drastically improve rebuild time. By default, ccache keeps artifacts in ~/.cache/ccache/.

To build Nix itself in this shell:

[nix-shell]$ autoreconfPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./configure $configureFlags --prefix=$(pwd)/outputs/out
[nix-shell]$ make -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES

To install it in $(pwd)/outputs and test it:

[nix-shell]$ make install
[nix-shell]$ make installcheck -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES
[nix-shell]$ ./outputs/out/bin/nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.12

To build a release version of Nix for the current operating system and CPU architecture:

$ nix-build

You can also build Nix for one of the supported platforms.

Building Nix with flakes

This section assumes you are using Nix with the flakes and nix-command experimental features enabled.

To build all dependencies and start a shell in which all environment variables are set up so that those dependencies can be found:

$ nix develop

This shell also adds ./outputs/bin/nix to your $PATH so you can run nix immediately after building it.

To get a shell with one of the other supported compilation environments:

$ nix develop .#native-clangStdenvPackages

Note

Use ccacheStdenv to drastically improve rebuild time. By default, ccache keeps artifacts in ~/.cache/ccache/.

To build Nix itself in this shell:

[nix-shell]$ autoreconfPhase
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ make -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES OPTIMIZE=0

To install it in $(pwd)/outputs and test it:

[nix-shell]$ make install OPTIMIZE=0
[nix-shell]$ make installcheck check -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES
[nix-shell]$ nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.12

For more information on running and filtering tests, see testing.md.

To build a release version of Nix for the current operating system and CPU architecture:

$ nix build

You can also build Nix for one of the supported platforms.

Makefile variables

You may need profiledir=$out/etc/profile.d and sysconfdir=$out/etc to run make install.

Run make with -e / --environment-overrides to allow environment variables to override Makefile variables:

ENABLE_BUILD=yes to enable building the C++ code.
ENABLE_DOC_GEN=yes to enable building the documentation (manual, man pages, etc.).

The docs can take a while to build, so you may want to disable this for local development.
ENABLE_FUNCTIONAL_TESTS=yes to enable building the functional tests.
OPTIMIZE=1 to enable optimizations.
libraries=libutil programs= to only build a specific library.

This will fail in the linking phase if the other libraries haven't been built, but is useful for checking types.
libraries= programs=nix to only build a specific program.

This will not work in general, because the programs need the libraries.

Platforms

Nix can be built for various platforms, as specified in flake.nix:

x86_64-linux
x86_64-darwin
i686-linux
aarch64-linux
aarch64-darwin
armv6l-linux
armv7l-linux
riscv64-linux

In order to build Nix for a different platform than the one you're currently on, you need a way for your current Nix installation to build code for that platform. Common solutions include [remote build machines] and binary format emulation (only supported on NixOS).

Given such a setup, executing the build only requires selecting the respective attribute. For example, to compile for aarch64-linux:

$ nix-build --attr packages.aarch64-linux.default

or for Nix with the flakes and nix-command experimental features enabled:

$ nix build .#packages.aarch64-linux.default

Cross-compiled builds are available for:

armv6l-linux
armv7l-linux
riscv64-linux Add more system types to crossSystems in flake.nix to bootstrap Nix on unsupported platforms.

Building for multiple platforms at once

It is useful to perform multiple cross and native builds on the same source tree, for example to ensure that better support for one platform doesn't break the build for another. In order to facilitate this, Nix has some support for being built out of tree – that is, placing build artefacts in a different directory than the source code:

Create a directory for the build, e.g.
```
mkdir build
```
Run the configure script from that directory, e.g.
```
cd build
../configure <configure flags>
```
Run make from the source directory, but with the build directory specified, e.g.
```
make builddir=build <make flags>
```

System type

Nix uses a string with the following format to identify the system type or platform it runs on:

<cpu>-<os>[-<abi>]

It is set when Nix is compiled for the given system, and based on the output of config.guess (upstream):

<cpu>-<vendor>-<os>[<version>][-<abi>]

When Nix is built such that ./configure is passed any of the --host, --build, --target options, the value is based on the output of config.sub (upstream):

<cpu>-<vendor>[-<kernel>]-<os>

For historic reasons and backward-compatibility, some CPU and OS identifiers are translated from the GNU Autotools naming convention in configure.ac as follows:

`config.guess`	Nix
`amd64`	`x86_64`
`i*86`	`i686`
`arm6`	`arm6l`
`arm7`	`arm7l`
`linux-gnu*`	`linux`
`linux-musl*`	`linux`

Compilation environments

Nix can be compiled using multiple environments:

stdenv: default;
gccStdenv: force the use of gcc compiler;
clangStdenv: force the use of clang compiler;
ccacheStdenv: enable [ccache], a compiler cache to speed up compilation.

To build with one of those environments, you can use

$ nix build .#nix-ccacheStdenv

for flake-enabled Nix, or

$ nix-build --attr nix-ccacheStdenv

for classic Nix.

You can use any of the other supported environments in place of nix-ccacheStdenv.

Editor integration

The clangd LSP server is installed by default on the clang-based devShells. See supported compilation environments and instructions how to set up a shell with flakes or in classic Nix.

To use the LSP with your editor, you first need to set up clangd by running:

make compile_commands.json

Configure your editor to use the clangd from the .#native-clangStdenvPackages shell. You can do that either by running it inside the development shell, or by using nix-direnv and the appropriate editor plugin.

Note

For some editors (e.g. Visual Studio Code), you may need to install a special extension for the editor to interact with clangd. Some other editors (e.g. Emacs, Vim) need a plugin to support LSP servers in general (e.g. lsp-mode for Emacs and vim-lsp for vim). Editor-specific setup is typically opinionated, so we will not cover it here in more detail.

Formatting and pre-commit hooks

You may run the formatters as a one-off using:

make format

If you'd like to run the formatters before every commit, install the hooks:

pre-commit-hooks-install

This installs pre-commit using cachix/git-hooks.nix.

When making a commit, pay attention to the console output. If it fails, run git add --patch to approve the suggestions and commit again.

To refresh pre-commit hook's config file, do the following:

Exit the development shell and start it again by running nix develop.
If you also use the pre-commit hook, also run pre-commit-hooks-install again.

Running tests

Coverage analysis

A coverage analysis report is available online You can build it yourself:

# nix build .#hydraJobs.coverage
# xdg-open ./result/coverage/index.html

Extensive records of build metrics, such as test coverage over time, are also available online.

Unit-tests

The unit tests are defined using the googletest and rapidcheck frameworks.

An example of some files, demonstrating much of what is described below

src
├── libexpr
│   ├── local.mk
│   ├── value/context.hh
│   ├── value/context.cc
│   …
│
├── tests
│   │
│   …
│   └── unit
│       ├── libutil
│       │   ├── local.mk
│       │   …
│       │   └── data
│       │       ├── git/tree.txt
│       │       …
│       │
│       ├── libexpr-support
│       │   ├── local.mk
│       │   └── tests
│       │       ├── value/context.hh
│       │       ├── value/context.cc
│       │       …
│       │
│       ├── libexpr
│       …   ├── local.mk
│           ├── value/context.cc
│           …
…

The tests for each Nix library (libnixexpr, libnixstore, etc..) live inside a directory src/${library_name_without-nix}-test. Given an interface (header) and implementation pair in the original library, say, src/libexpr/value/context.{hh,cc}, we write tests for it in src/nix-expr-tests/value/context.cc, and (possibly) declare/define additional interfaces for testing purposes in src/nix-expr-test-support/tests/value/context.{hh,cc}.

Data for unit tests is stored in a data subdir of the directory for each unit test executable. For example, libnixstore code is in src/libstore, and its test data is in src/nix-store-tests/data. The path to the src/${library_name_without-nix}-test/data directory is passed to the unit test executable with the environment variable _NIX_TEST_UNIT_DATA. Note that each executable only gets the data for its tests.

The unit test libraries are in src/${library_name_without-nix}-test-support. All headers are in a tests subdirectory so they are included with #include "tests/".

The use of all these separate directories for the unit tests might seem inconvenient, as for example the tests are not "right next to" the part of the code they are testing. But organizing the tests this way has one big benefit: there is no risk of any build-system wildcards for the library accidentally picking up test code that should not built and installed as part of the library.

Running tests

You can run the whole testsuite with meson test from the Meson build directory, or the tests for a specific component with meson test nix-store-tests. A environment variables that Google Test accepts are also worth knowing:

GTEST_FILTER

This is used for finer-grained filtering of which tests to run.
GTEST_BRIEF

This is used to avoid logging passing tests.

Putting the two together, one might run

GTEST_BRIEF=1 GTEST_FILTER='ErrorTraceTest.*' meson test nix-expr-tests -v

for short but comprensive output.

Characterisation testing

See functional characterisation testing for a broader discussion of characterisation testing.

Like with the functional characterisation, _NIX_TEST_ACCEPT=1 is also used. For example:

$ _NIX_TEST_ACCEPT=1 meson test nix-store-tests -v
...
[  SKIPPED ] WorkerProtoTest.string_read
[  SKIPPED ] WorkerProtoTest.string_write
[  SKIPPED ] WorkerProtoTest.storePath_read
[  SKIPPED ] WorkerProtoTest.storePath_write
...

will regenerate the "golden master" expected result for the libnixstore characterisation tests. The characterisation tests will mark themselves "skipped" since they regenerated the expected result instead of actually testing anything.

Unit test support libraries

There are headers and code which are not just used to test the library in question, but also downstream libraries. For example, we do property testing with the rapidcheck library. This requires writing Arbitrary "instances", which are used to describe how to generate values of a given type for the sake of running property tests. Because types contain other types, Arbitrary "instances" for some type are not just useful for testing that type, but also any other type that contains it. Downstream types frequently contain upstream types, so it is very important that we share arbitrary instances so that downstream libraries' property tests can also use them.

It is important that these testing libraries don't contain any actual tests themselves. On some platforms they would be run as part of every test executable that uses them, which is redundant. On other platforms they wouldn't be run at all.

Functional tests

The functional tests reside under the tests/functional directory and are listed in tests/functional/local.mk. Each test is a bash script.

Functional tests are run during installCheck in the nix package build, as well as separately from the build, in VM tests.

Running the whole test suite

The whole test suite can be run with:

$ make install && make installcheck
ran test tests/functional/foo.sh... [PASS]
ran test tests/functional/bar.sh... [PASS]
...

Grouping tests

Sometimes it is useful to group related tests so they can be easily run together without running the entire test suite. Each test group is in a subdirectory of tests. For example, tests/functional/ca/local.mk defines a ca test group for content-addressed derivation outputs.

That test group can be run like this:

$ make ca.test-group -j50
ran test tests/functional/ca/nix-run.sh... [PASS]
ran test tests/functional/ca/import-derivation.sh... [PASS]
...

The test group is defined in Make like this:

$(test-group-name)-tests := \
  $(d)/test0.sh \
  $(d)/test1.sh \
  ...

install-tests-groups += $(test-group-name)

Running individual tests

Individual tests can be run with make:

$ make tests/functional/${testName}.sh.test
ran test tests/functional/${testName}.sh... [PASS]

or without make:

$ ./mk/run-test.sh tests/functional/${testName}.sh
ran test tests/functional/${testName}.sh... [PASS]

To see the complete output, one can also run:

$ ./mk/debug-test.sh tests/functional/${testName}.sh
+(${testName}.sh:1) foo
output from foo
+(${testName}.sh:2) bar
output from bar
...

The test script will then be traced with set -x and the output displayed as it happens, regardless of whether the test succeeds or fails.

Debugging failing functional tests

When a functional test fails, it usually does so somewhere in the middle of the script.

To figure out what's wrong, it is convenient to run the test regularly up to the failing nix command, and then run that command with a debugger like GDB.

For example, if the script looks like:

foo
nix blah blub
bar

edit it like so:

 foo
-nix blah blub
+gdb --args nix blah blub
 bar

Then, running the test with ./mk/debug-test.sh will drop you into GDB once the script reaches that point:

$ ./mk/debug-test.sh tests/functional/${testName}.sh
...
+ gdb blash blub
GNU gdb (GDB) 12.1
...
(gdb)

One can debug the Nix invocation in all the usual ways. For example, enter run to start the Nix invocation.

Troubleshooting

Sometimes running tests in the development shell may leave artefacts in the local repository. To remove any traces of that:

git clean -x --force tests

Characterisation testing

Occasionally, Nix utilizes a technique called Characterisation Testing as part of the functional tests. This technique is to include the exact output/behavior of a former version of Nix in a test in order to check that Nix continues to produce the same behavior going forward.

For example, this technique is used for the language tests, to check both the printed final value if evaluation was successful, and any errors and warnings encountered.

It is frequently useful to regenerate the expected output. To do that, rerun the failed test(s) with _NIX_TEST_ACCEPT=1. For example:

_NIX_TEST_ACCEPT=1 make tests/functional/lang.sh.test

This convention is shared with the characterisation unit tests too.

An interesting situation to document is the case when these tests are "overfitted". The language tests are, again, an example of this. The expected successful output of evaluation is supposed to be highly stable – we do not intend to make breaking changes to (the stable parts of) the Nix language. However, the errors and warnings during evaluation (successful or not) are not stable in this way. We are free to change how they are displayed at any time.

It may be surprising that we would test non-normative behavior like diagnostic outputs. Diagnostic outputs are indeed not a stable interface, but they still are important to users. By recording the expected output, the test suite guards against accidental changes, and ensure the result (not just the code that implements it) of the diagnostic code paths are under code review. Regressions are caught, and improvements always show up in code review.

To ensure that characterisation testing doesn't make it harder to intentionally change these interfaces, there always must be an easy way to regenerate the expected output, as we do with _NIX_TEST_ACCEPT=1.

Running functional tests on NixOS

We run the functional tests not just in the build, but also in VM tests. This helps us ensure that Nix works correctly on NixOS, and environments that have similar characteristics that are hard to reproduce in a build environment.

The recommended way to run these tests during development is:

nix build .#hydraJobs.tests.functional_user.quickBuild

The quickBuild attribute configures the test to use a nix package that's built without integration tests, so that you can iterate on the tests without performing recompilations due to the changed sources for installCheck.

Generally, this build is sufficient, but in nightly or CI we also test the attributes functional_root and functional_trusted, in which the test suite is run with different levels of authorization.

Integration tests

The integration tests are defined in the Nix flake under the hydraJobs.tests attribute. These tests include everything that needs to interact with external services or run Nix in a non-trivial distributed setup. Because these tests are expensive and require more than what the standard github-actions setup provides, they only run on the master branch (on https://hydra.nixos.org/jobset/nix/master).

You can run them manually with nix build .#hydraJobs.tests.{testName} or nix-build -A hydraJobs.tests.{testName}.

If you are testing a build of nix that you haven't compiled yet, you may iterate faster by appending the quickBuild attribute: nix build .#hydraJobs.tests.{testName}.quickBuild.

Installer tests

After a one-time setup, the Nix repository's GitHub Actions continuous integration (CI) workflow can test the installer each time you push to a branch.

Creating a Cachix cache for your installer tests and adding its authorisation token to GitHub enables two installer-specific jobs in the CI workflow:

The installer job generates installers for the platforms below and uploads them to your Cachix cache:
- x86_64-linux
- armv6l-linux
- armv7l-linux
- x86_64-darwin
The installer_test job (which runs on ubuntu-latest and macos-latest) will try to install Nix with the cached installer and run a trivial Nix command.

One-time setup

Have a GitHub account with a fork of the Nix repository.
At cachix.org:
- Create or log in to an account.
- Create a Cachix cache using the format <github-username>-nix-install-tests.
- Navigate to the new cache > Settings > Auth Tokens.
- Generate a new Cachix auth token and copy the generated value.
At github.com:
- Navigate to your Nix fork > Settings > Secrets > Actions > New repository secret.
- Name the secret CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN.
- Paste the copied value of the Cachix cache auth token.

Working on documentation

Using the CI-generated installer for manual testing

After the CI run completes, you can check the output to extract the installer URL:

Click into the detailed view of the CI run.
Click into any installer_test run (the URL you're here to extract will be the same in all of them).
Click into the Run cachix/install-nix-action@v... step and click the detail triangle next to the first log line (it will also be Run cachix/install-nix-action@v...)
Copy the value of install_url

To generate an install command, plug this install_url and your GitHub username into this template:

curl -L <install_url> | sh -s -- --tarball-url-prefix https://<github-username>-nix-install-tests.cachix.org/serve

Contributing documentation

Improvements to documentation are very much appreciated, and a good way to start out with contributing to Nix.

This is how you can help:

Address open issues with documentation
Review pull requests concerning documentation

Incremental refactorings of the documentation build setup to make it faster or easier to understand and maintain are also welcome.

Building the manual

Build the manual from scratch:

nix-build $(nix-instantiate)'!doc'

nix build .#^doc

and open ./result-doc/share/doc/nix/manual/index.html.

To build the manual incrementally, enter the development shell and run:

make manual-html-open -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES

In order to reflect changes to the Makefile for the manual, clear all generated files before re-building:

rm $(git ls-files doc/manual/ -o | grep -F '.md') && rmdir doc/manual/src/command-ref/new-cli && make manual-html -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES

Style guide

The goal of this style guide is to make it such that

The manual is easy to search and skim for relevant information
Documentation sources are easy to edit
Changes to documentation are easy to review

You will notice that this is not implemented consistently yet. Please follow the guide when making additions or changes to existing documentation. Do not make sweeping changes, unless they are programmatic and can be validated easily.

Language

This manual is reference documentation. The typical usage pattern is to look up isolated pieces of information. It should therefore aim to be correct, consistent, complete, and easy to navigate at a glance.

Aim for clarity and brevity.

Please take the time to read the plain language guidelines for details.
Describe the subject factually.

In particular, do not make value judgements or recommendations. Check the code or add tests if in doubt.
Provide complete, minimal examples, and explain them.

Readers should be able to try examples verbatim and get the same results as shown in the manual. Always describe in words what a given example does.

Non-trivial examples may need additional explanation, especially if they use concepts from outside the given context.
Always explain code examples in the text.

Use comments in code samples very sparingly, for instance to highlight a particular aspect. Readers tend to glance over large amounts of code when scanning for information.

Especially beginners will likely find reading more complex-looking code strenuous and may therefore avoid it altogether.

If a code sample appears to require a lot of inline explanation, consider replacing it with a simpler one. If that's not possible, break the example down into multiple parts, explain them separately, and then show the combined result at the end. This should be a last resort, as that would amount to writing a tutorial on the given subject.
Use British English.

This is a somewhat arbitrary choice to force consistency, and accounts for the fact that a majority of Nix users and developers are from Europe.

Links and anchors

Reference documentation must be readable in arbitrary order. Readers cannot be expected to have any particular prerequisite knowledge about Nix. While the table of contents can provide guidance and full-text search can help, they are most likely to find what they need by following sensible cross-references.

Link to technical terms

When mentioning Nix-specific concepts, commands, options, settings, etc., link to appropriate documentation. Also link to external tools or concepts, especially if their meaning may be ambiguous. You may also want to link to definitions of less common technical terms.

Then readers won't have to actively search for definitions and are more likely to discover relevant information on their own.

Note

man and --help pages don't display links. Use appropriate link texts such that readers of terminal output can infer search terms.
Do not break existing URLs between releases.

There are countless links in the wild pointing to old versions of the manual. We want people to find up-to-date documentation when following popular advice.
- When moving files, update redirects on nixos.org.
  
  This is especially important when moving information out of the Nix manual to other resources.
- When changing anchors, update client-side redirects
The current setup is cumbersome, and help making better automation is appreciated.

The build checks for broken internal links with. This happens late in the process, so building the whole manual is not suitable for iterating quickly. mdbook-linkcheck does not implement checking URI fragments yet.

Markdown conventions

The manual is written in markdown, and rendered with mdBook for the web and with lowdown for man pages and --help output.

For supported markdown features, refer to:

Please observe these guidelines to ease reviews:

Write one sentence per line.

This makes long sentences immediately visible, and makes it easier to review changes and make direct suggestions.

Use reference links – sparingly – to ease source readability. Put definitions close to their first use.

Example:

A [store object] contains a [file system object] and [references] to other store objects.

[store object]: @docroot@/store/store-object.md
[file system object]: @docroot@/architecture/file-system-object.md
[references]: @docroot@/glossary.md#gloss-reference

Use admonitions of the following form:

> **Note**
>
> This is a note.

Highlight examples as such:

> **Example**
>
> ```console
> $ nix --version
> ```

Highlight syntax definitions as such, using EBNF notation:

> **Syntax**
>
> *attribute-set* = `{` [ *attribute-name* `=` *expression* `;` ... ] `}`

The `@docroot@` variable

@docroot@ provides a base path for links that occur in reusable snippets or other documentation that doesn't have a base path of its own.

If a broken link occurs in a snippet that was inserted into multiple generated files in different directories, use @docroot@ to reference the doc/manual/src directory.

If the @docroot@ literal appears in an error message from the mdbook-linkcheck tool, the @docroot@ replacement needs to be applied to the generated source file that mentions it. See existing @docroot@ logic in the Makefile for the manual. Regular markdown files used for the manual have a base path of their own and they can use relative paths instead of @docroot@.

API documentation

Doxygen API documentation is available online. You can also build and view it yourself:

$ nix build .#hydraJobs.internal-api-docs
$ xdg-open ./result/share/doc/nix/internal-api/html/index.html

or inside nix-shell or nix develop:

$ mesonConfigurePhase
$ ninja src/internal-api-docs/html
$ xdg-open src/internal-api-docs/html/index.html

C API documentation

Note that the C API is not yet stable. C API documentation is available online. You can also build and view it yourself:

$ nix build .#hydraJobs.external-api-docs
$ xdg-open ./result/share/doc/nix/external-api/html/index.html

or inside nix-shell or nix develop:

$ mesonConfigurePhase
$ ninja src/external-api-docs/html
$ xdg-open src/external-api-docs/html/index.html

CLI guideline

Goals

Purpose of this document is to provide a clear direction to help design delightful command line experience. This document contains guidelines to follow to ensure a consistent and approachable user experience.

Overview

nix command provides a single entry to a number of sub-commands that help developers and system administrators in the life-cycle of a software project. We particularly need to pay special attention to help and assist new users of Nix.

Naming the `COMMANDS`

Words matter. Naming is an important part of the usability. Users will be interacting with Nix on a regular basis so we should name things for ease of understanding.

We recommend following the Principle of Least Astonishment. This means that you should never use acronyms or abbreviations unless they are commonly used in other tools (e.g. nix init). And if the command name is too long (> 10-12 characters) then shortening it makes sense (e.g. “prioritization” → “priority”).

Commands should follow a noun-verb dialogue. Although noun-verb formatting seems backwards from a speaking perspective (i.e. nix store copy vs. nix copy store) it allows us to organize commands the same way users think about completing an action (the group first, then the command).

Naming rules

Rules are there to guide you by limiting your options. But not everything can fit the rules all the time. In those cases document the exceptions in Appendix 1: Commands naming exceptions and provide reason. The rules want to force a Nix developer to look, not just at the command at hand, but also the command in a full context alongside other nix commands.

$ nix [<GROUP>] <COMMAND> [<ARGUMENTS>] [<OPTIONS>]

GROUP, COMMAND, ARGUMENTS and OPTIONS should be lowercase and in a singular form.
GROUP should be a NOUN.
COMMAND should be a VERB.
ARGUMENTS and OPTIONS are discussed in Input section.

Classification

Some commands are more important, some less. While we want all of our commands to be perfect we can only spend limited amount of time testing and improving them.

This classification tries to separate commands in 3 categories in terms of their importance in regards to the new users. Users who are likely to be impacted the most by bad user experience.

Main commands

Commands used for our main use cases and most likely used by new users. We expect attention to details, such as:
- Proper use of colors, emojis and aligning of text.
- Autocomplete of options.
- Show next possible steps.
- Showing some “tips” when running logs running tasks (eg. building / downloading) in order to teach users interesting bits of Nix ecosystem.
- Help pages to be as good as we can write them pointing to external documentation and tutorials for more.
Examples of such commands: nix init, nix develop, nix build, nix run, ...
Infrequently used commands

From infrequently used commands we expect less attention to details, but still some:
- Proper use of colors, emojis and aligning of text.
- Autocomplete of options.
Examples of such commands: nix edit, nix eval, ...
Utility and scripting commands

Commands that expose certain internal functionality of nix, mostly used by other scripts.
- Autocomplete of options.
Examples of such commands: nix store copy, nix hash base16, nix store ping, ...

Help is essential

Help should be built into your command line so that new users can gradually discover new features when they need them.

Looking for help

Since there is no standard way how user will look for help we rely on ways help is provided by commonly used tools. As a guide for this we took git and whenever in doubt look at it as a preferred direction.

The rules are:

Help is shown by using --help or help command (eg nix --``help or nix help).
For non-COMMANDs (eg. nix --``help and nix store --``help) we show a summary of most common use cases. Summary is presented on the STDOUT without any use of PAGER.
For COMMANDs (eg. nix init --``help or nix help init) we display the man page of that command. By default the PAGER is used (as in git).
At the end of either summary or man page there should be an URL pointing to an online version of more detailed documentation.
The structure of summaries and man pages should be the same as in git.

Anticipate where help is needed

Even better then requiring the user to search for help is to anticipate and predict when user might need it. Either because the lack of discoverability, typo in the input or simply taking the opportunity to teach the user of interesting - but less visible - details.

Shell completion

This type of help is most common and almost expected by users. We need to provide the best shell completion for bash, zsh and fish.

Completion needs to be context aware, this mean when a user types:

$ nix build n<TAB>

we need to display a list of flakes starting with n.

Wrong input

As we all know we humans make mistakes, all the time. When a typo - intentional or unintentional - is made, we should prompt for closest possible options or point to the documentation which would educate user to not make the same errors. Here are few examples:

In first example we prompt the user for typing wrong command name:

$ nix int
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Error! Command `int` not found.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Did you mean:
    |> nix init
    |> nix input

Sometimes users will make mistake either because of a typo or simply because of lack of discoverability. Our handling of this cases needs to be context sensitive.

$ nix init --template=template#pyton
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Error! Template `template#pyton` not found.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
      Select a template for you new project:
          |> template#python
             template#python-pip
             template#python-poetry

Next steps

It can be invaluable to newcomers to show what a possible next steps and what is the usual development workflow with Nix. For example:

$ nix init --template=template#python
Initializing project `template#python`
          in `/home/USER/dev/new-project`

  Next steps
    |> nix develop   -- to enter development environment
    |> nix build     -- to build your project

Educate the user

We should take any opportunity to educate users, but at the same time we must be very very careful to not annoy users. There is a thin line between being helpful and being annoying.

An example of educating users might be to provide Tips in places where they are waiting.

$ nix build
    Started building my-project 1.2.3
 Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
 Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
         |> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Learn something new with every build...
         |> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
         |> firefox 1.2.3 [#########>       ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
   Building [2 / 20]
         |> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now Learn part of the output is where you educate users. You should only show it when you know that a build will take some time and not annoy users of the builds that take only few seconds.

Every feature like this should go through an intensive review and testing to collect as much feedback as possible and to fine tune every little detail. If done right this can be an awesome features beginners and advance users will love, but if not done perfectly it will annoy users and leave bad impression.

Input

Input to a command is provided via ARGUMENTS and OPTIONS.

ARGUMENTS represent a required input for a function. When choosing to use ARGUMENTS over OPTIONS please be aware of the downsides that come with it:

User will need to remember the order of ARGUMENTS. This is not a problem if there is only one ARGUMENT.
With OPTIONS it is possible to provide much better auto completion.
With OPTIONS it is possible to provide much better error message.
Using OPTIONS it will mean there is a little bit more typing.

We don’t discourage the use of ARGUMENTS, but simply want to make every developer consider the downsides and choose wisely.

Naming the `OPTIONS`

The only naming convention - apart from the ones mentioned in Naming the COMMANDS section is how flags are named.

Flags are a type of OPTION that represent an option that can be turned ON of OFF. We can say flags are boolean type of **OPTION**.

Here are few examples of flag OPTIONS:

--colors vs. --no-colors (showing colors in the output)
--emojis vs. --no-emojis (showing emojis in the output)

Prompt when input not provided

For main commands (as per classification) we want command to improve the discoverability of possible input. A new user will most likely not know which ARGUMENTS and OPTIONS are required or which values are possible for those options.

In case the user does not provide the input or they provide wrong input, rather than show the error, prompt a user with an option to find and select correct input (see examples).

Prompting is of course not required when TTY is not attached to STDIN. This would mean that scripts won't need to handle prompt, but rather handle errors.

A place to use prompt and provide user with interactive select

$ nix init
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
      Select a template for you new project:
          |> py
             template#python-pip
             template#python-poetry
             [ Showing 2 templates from 1345 templates ]

Another great place to add prompts are confirmation dialogues for dangerous actions. For example when adding new substitutor via OPTIONS or via flake.nix we should prompt - for the first time - and let user review what is going to happen.

$ nix build --option substitutors https://cache.example.org
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Warning! A security related question needs to be answered.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The following substitutors will be used to in `my-project`:
    - https://cache.example.org

  Do you allow `my-project` to use above mentioned substitutors?
    [y/N] |> y

Output

Terminal output can be quite limiting in many ways. Which should force us to think about the experience even more. As with every design the output is a compromise between being terse and being verbose, between showing help to beginners and annoying advance users. For this it is important that we know what are the priorities.

Nix command line should be first and foremost written with beginners in mind. But users won't stay beginners for long and what was once useful might quickly become annoying. There is no golden rule that we can give in this guideline that would make it easier how to draw a line and find best compromise.

What we would encourage is to build prototypes, do some user testing and collect feedback. Then repeat the cycle few times.

First design the happy path and only after your iron it out, continue to work on edge cases (handling and displaying errors, changes of the output by certain OPTIONS, etc…)

Follow best practices

Needless to say we Nix must be a good citizen and follow best practices in command line.

In short: STDOUT is for output, STDERR is for (human) messaging.

STDOUT and STDERR provide a way for you to output messages to the user while also allowing them to redirect content to a file. For example:

$ nix build > build.txt
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Error! Attribute `bin` missing at (1:94) from string.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

  1| with import <nixpkgs> { }; (pkgs.runCommandCC or pkgs.runCommand) "shell" { buildInputs = [ (surge.bin) ]; } ""

Because this warning is on STDERR, it doesn’t end up in the file.

But not everything on STDERR is an error though. For example, you can run nix build and collect logs in a file while still seeing the progress.

$ nix build > build.txt
  Evaluated 1234 files in 1.2 seconds
 Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
 Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
         |> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Learn something new with every build...
         |> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
         |> firefox 1.2.3 [#########>       ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
   Building [2 / 20]
         |> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Errors (WIP)

TODO: Once we have implementation for the happy path then we will think how to present errors.

Not only for humans

Terse, machine-readable output formats can also be useful but shouldn’t get in the way of making beautiful CLI output. When needed, commands should offer a --json flag to allow users to easily parse and script the CLI.

When TTY is not detected on STDOUT we should remove all design elements (no colors, no emojis and using ASCII instead of Unicode symbols). The same should happen when TTY is not detected on STDERR. We should not display progress / status section, but only print warnings and errors.

Dialog with the user

CLIs don't always make it clear when an action has taken place. For every action a user performs, your CLI should provide an equal and appropriate reaction, clearly highlighting the what just happened. For example:

$ nix build
 Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
 Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
...
   Success! You have successfully built my-project.
$

Above command clearly states that command successfully completed. And in case of nix build, which is a command that might take some time to complete, it is equally important to also show that a command started.

Text alignment

Text alignment is the number one design element that will present all of the Nix commands as a family and not as separate tools glued together.

The format we should follow is:

$ nix COMMAND
   VERB_1 NOUN and other words
  VERB__1 NOUN and other words
       |> Some details

Few rules that we can extract from above example:

Each line should start at least with one space.
First word should be a VERB and must be aligned to the right.
Second word should be a NOUN and must be aligned to the left.
If you can not find a good VERB / NOUN pair, don’t worry make it as understandable to the user as possible.
More details of each line can be provided by |> character which is serving as the first word when aligning the text

Don’t forget you should also test your terminal output with colors and emojis off (--no-colors --no-emojis).

Dim / Bright

After comparing few terminals with different color schemes we would recommend to avoid using dimmed text. The difference from the rest of the text is very little in many terminal and color scheme combinations. Sometimes the difference is not even notable, therefore relying on it wouldn’t make much sense.

The bright text is much better supported across terminals and color schemes. Most of the time the difference is perceived as if the bright text would be bold.

Colors

Humans are already conditioned by society to attach certain meaning to certain colors. While the meaning is not universal, a simple collection of colors is used to represent basic emotions.

Colors that can be used in output

Red = error, danger, stop
Green = success, good
Yellow/Orange = proceed with caution, warning, in progress
Blue/Magenta = stability, calm

While colors are nice, when command line is used by machines (in automation scripts) you want to remove the colors. There should be a global --no-colors option that would remove the colors.

Special (Unicode) characters

Most of the terminal have good support for Unicode characters and you should use them in your output by default. But always have a backup solution that is implemented only with ASCII characters and will be used when --ascii option is going to be passed in. Please make sure that you test your output also without Unicode characters

More they showing all the different Unicode characters it is important to establish common set of characters that we use for certain situations.

Emojis

Emojis help channel emotions even better than text, colors and special characters.

We recommend keeping the set of emojis to a minimum. This will enable each emoji to stand out more.

As not everybody is happy about emojis we should provide an --no-emojis option to disable them. Please make sure that you test your output also without emojis.

Tables

All commands that are listing certain data can be implemented in some sort of a table. It’s important that each row of your output is a single ‘entry’ of data. Never output table borders. It’s noisy and a huge pain for parsing using other tools such as grep.

Be mindful of the screen width. Only show a few columns by default with the table header, for more the table can be manipulated by the following options:

--no-headers: Show column headers by default but allow to hide them.
--columns: Comma-separated list of column names to add.
--sort: Allow sorting by column. Allow inverse and multi-column sort as well.

Interactive output

Interactive output was selected to be able to strike the balance between beginners and advance users. While the default output will target beginners it can, with a few key strokes, be changed into and advance introspection tool.

Progress

For longer running commands we should provide and overview the progress. This is shown best in nix build example:

$ nix build
    Started building my-project 1.2.3
 Downloaded python3.8-poetry 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
 Downloaded python3.8-requests 1.2.3 in 5.3 seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Press `v` to increase logs verbosity
         |> `?` to see other options
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Learn something new with every build...
         |> See last logs of a build with `nix log --last` command.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Evaluated my-project 1.2.3 in 14.43 seconds
Downloading [12 / 200]
         |> firefox 1.2.3 [#########>       ] 10Mb/s | 2min left
   Building [2 / 20]
         |> glibc 1.2.3 -> buildPhase: <last log line>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Search

Use a fzf like fuzzy search when there are multiple options to choose from.

$ nix init
Initializing Nix project at `/path/to/here`.
      Select a template for you new project:
          |> py
             template#python-pip
             template#python-poetry
             [ Showing 2 templates from 1345 templates ]

Prompt

In some situations we need to prompt the user and inform the user about what is going to happen.

$ nix build --option substitutors https://cache.example.org
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Warning! A security related question needs to be answered.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The following substitutors will be used to in `my-project`:
    - https://cache.example.org

  Do you allow `my-project` to use above mentioned substitutors?
    [y/N] |> y

Verbosity

There are many ways that you can control verbosity.

Verbosity levels are:

ERROR (level 0)
WARN (level 1)
NOTICE (level 2)
INFO (level 3)
TALKATIVE (level 4)
CHATTY (level 5)
DEBUG (level 6)
VOMIT (level 7)

The default level that the command starts is ERROR. The simplest way to increase the verbosity by stacking -v option (eg: -vvv == level 3 == INFO). There are also two shortcuts, --debug to run in DEBUG verbosity level and --quiet to run in ERROR verbosity level.

Appendix 1: Commands naming exceptions

nix init and nix repl are well established

JSON guideline

Nix consumes and produces JSON in a variety of contexts. These guidelines ensure consistent practices for all our JSON interfaces, for ease of use, and so that experience in one part carries over to another.

Extensibility

The schema of JSON input and output should allow for backwards compatible extension. This section explains how to achieve this.

Two definitions are helpful here, because while JSON only defines one "key-value" object type, we use it to cover two use cases:

dictionary: a map from names to value that all have the same type. In C++ this would be a std::map with string keys.
record: a fixed set of attributes each with their own type. In C++, this would be represented by a struct.

It is best not to mix these use cases, as that may lead to incompatibilities when the schema changes. For example, adding a record field to a dictionary breaks consumers that assume all JSON object fields to have the same meaning and type, and dictionary items with a colliding name can not be represented anymore.

This leads to the following guidelines:

The top-level (root) value must be a record.

Otherwise, one can not change the structure of a command's output.
The value of a dictionary item must be a record.

Otherwise, the item type can not be extended.
List items should be records.

Otherwise, one can not change the structure of the list items.

If the order of the items does not matter, and each item has a unique key that is a string, consider representing the list as a dictionary instead. If the order of the items needs to be preserved, return a list of records.
Streaming JSON should return records.

An example of a streaming JSON format is JSON lines, where each line represents a JSON value. These JSON values can be considered top-level values or list items, and they must be records.

Examples

This is bad, because all keys must be assumed to be store types:

{
  "local": { ... },
  "remote": { ... },
  "http": { ... }
}

This is good, because the it is extensible at the root, and is somewhat self-documenting:

{
  "storeTypes": { "local": { ... }, ... },
  "pluginSupport": true
}

While the dictionary of store types seems like a very complete response at first, a use case may arise that warrants returning additional information. For example, the presence of plugin support may be crucial information for a client to proceed when their desired store type is missing.

The following representation is bad because it is not extensible:

{ "outputs": [ "out" "bin" ] }

However, simply converting everything to records is not enough, because the order of outputs must be preserved:

{ "outputs": { "bin": {}, "out": {} } }

The first item is the default output. Deriving this information from the outputs ordering is not great, but this is how Nix currently happens to work. While it is possible for a JSON parser to preserve the order of fields, we can not rely on this capability to be present in all JSON libraries.

This representation is extensible and preserves the ordering:

{ "outputs": [ { "outputName": "out" }, { "outputName": "bin" } ] }

Self-describing values

As described in the previous section, it's crucial that schemas can be extended with with new fields without breaking compatibility. However, that should not mean we use the presence/absence of fields to indicate optional information within a version of the schema. Instead, always include the field, and use null to indicate the "nothing" case.

Examples

Here are two JSON objects:

{
  "foo": {}
}

{
  "foo": {},
  "bar": {}
}

Since they differ in which fields they contain, they should not both be valid values of the same schema. At most, they can match two different schemas where the second (with foo and bar) is considered a newer version of the first (with just foo). Within each version, all fields are mandatory (always foo, and always foo and bar). Only between each version, bar gets added as a new mandatory field.

Here are another two JSON objects:

{ "foo": null }

{ "foo": { "bar": 1 } }

Since they both contain a foo field, they could be valid values of the same schema. The schema would have foo has an optional field, which is either null or an object where bar is an integer.

C++ style guide

Some miscellaneous notes on how we write C++. Formatting we hope to eventually normalize automatically, so this section is free to just discuss higher-level concerns.

The `*-impl.hh` pattern

Let's start with some background info first. Headers, are supposed to contain declarations, not definitions. This allows us to change a definition without changing the declaration, and have a very small rebuild during development. Templates, however, need to be specialized to use-sites. Absent fancier techniques, templates require that the definition, not just mere declaration, must be available at use-sites in order to make that specialization on the fly as part of compiling those use-sites. Making definitions available like that means putting them in headers, but that is unfortunately means we get all the extra rebuilds we want to avoid by just putting declarations there as described above.

The *-impl.hh pattern is a ham-fisted partial solution to this problem. It constitutes:

Declaring items only in the main foo.hh, including templates.
Putting template definitions in a companion foo-impl.hh header.

Most C++ developers would accompany this by having foo.hh include foo-impl.hh, to ensure any file getting the template declarations also got the template definitions. But we've found not doing this has some benefits and fewer than imagined downsides. The fact remains that headers are rarely as minimal as they could be; there is often code that needs declarations from the headers but not the templates within them. With our pattern where foo.hh doesn't include foo-impl.hh, that means they can just include foo.hh Code that needs both just includes foo.hh and foo-impl.hh. This does make linking error possible where something forgets to include foo-impl.hh that needs it, but those are build-time only as easy to fix.

This section describes the notion of experimental features, and how it fits into the big picture of the development of Nix.

What are experimental features?

Experimental features are considered unstable, which means that they can be changed or removed at any time. Users must explicitly enable them by toggling the associated experimental feature flags. This allows accessing unstable functionality without unwittingly relying on it.

Experimental feature flags were first introduced in Nix 2.4. Before that, Nix did have experimental features, but they were not guarded by flags and were merely documented as unstable. This was a source of confusion and controversy.

When should a new feature be marked experimental?

A change in the Nix codebase should be guarded by an experimental feature flag if it is considered likely to be reverted or adapted in a backwards-incompatible manner after gathering more experience with it in practice.

Examples:

Changes to the Nix language, such as new built-ins, syntactic or semantic changes, etc.
Changes to the command-line interface

Lifecycle of an experimental feature

Experimental features have to be treated on a case-by-case basis. However, the standard workflow for an experimental feature is as follows:

A new feature is implemented in a pull request
- It is guarded by an experimental feature flag that is disabled by default
The pull request is merged, the experimental feature ends up in a release
- Using the feature requires explicitly enabling it, signifying awareness of the potential risks
- Being experimental, the feature can still be changed arbitrarily
The feature can be removed
- The associated experimental feature flag is also removed
The feature can be declared stable
- The associated experimental feature flag is removed
- There should be enough evidence of users having tried the feature, such as feedback, fixed bugs, demonstrations of how it is put to use
- Maintainers must feel confident that:
  - The feature is designed and implemented sensibly, that it is fit for purpose
  - Potential interactions are well-understood
  - Stabilising the feature will not incur an outsized maintenance burden in the future

The following diagram illustrates the process:

                  .------.
                  | idea |
                  '------'
                      |
       discussion, design, implementation
                      |
                      |     .-------.
                      |     |       |
                      v     v       |
               .--------------.  review
               | pull request |     |
               '--------------'     |
                   |     ^  |       |
                   |     |  '-------'
               .---'     '----.
               |              |
             merge       user feedback,
               |       (breaking) changes
               |              |
               '---.     .----'
                   |     |
                   v     |
               +--------------+
           .---| experimental |----.
           |   +--------------+    |
           |                       |
decision to stabilise      decision against
           |              keeping the feature
           |                       |
           v                       v
       +--------+             +---------+
       | stable |             | removed |
       +--------+             +---------+

Relation to the RFC process

Experimental features and RFCs both allow approaching substantial changes while minimizing the risk. However they serve different purposes:

An experimental feature enables developers to iterate on and deliver a new idea without committing to it or requiring a costly long-running fork. It is primarily an issue of implementation, targeting Nix developers and early testers.
The goal of an RFC is to make explicit all the implications of a change: Explain why it is wanted, which new use-cases it enables, which interface changes it requires, etc. It is primarily an issue of design and communication, targeting the broader community.

This means that experimental features and RFCs are orthogonal mechanisms, and can be used independently or together as needed.

Currently available experimental features

`auto-allocate-uids`

Allows Nix to automatically pick UIDs for builds, rather than creating nixbld* user accounts. See the auto-allocate-uids setting for details.

Refer to auto-allocate-uids tracking issue for feature tracking.

`ca-derivations`

Allow derivations to be content-addressed in order to prevent rebuilds when changes to the derivation do not result in changes to the derivation's output. See __contentAddressed for details.

Refer to ca-derivations tracking issue for feature tracking.

`cgroups`

Allows Nix to execute builds inside cgroups. See the use-cgroups setting for details.

Refer to cgroups tracking issue for feature tracking.

`configurable-impure-env`

Allow the use of the impure-env setting.

Refer to configurable-impure-env tracking issue for feature tracking.

`daemon-trust-override`

Allow forcing trusting or not trusting clients with nix-daemon. This is useful for testing, but possibly also useful for various experiments with nix-daemon --stdio networking.

Refer to daemon-trust-override tracking issue for feature tracking.

`dynamic-derivations`

Allow the use of a few things related to dynamic derivations:

"text hashing" derivation outputs, so we can build .drv files.
dependencies in derivations on the outputs of derivations that are themselves derivations outputs.

Refer to dynamic-derivations tracking issue for feature tracking.

`fetch-closure`

Enable the use of the fetchClosure built-in function in the Nix language.

Refer to fetch-closure tracking issue for feature tracking.

`fetch-tree`

Enable the use of the fetchTree built-in function in the Nix language.

fetchTree exposes a generic interface for fetching remote file system trees from different types of remote sources. The flakes feature flag always enables fetch-tree. This built-in was previously guarded by the flakes experimental feature because of that overlap.

Enabling just this feature serves as a "release candidate", allowing users to try it out in isolation.

Refer to fetch-tree tracking issue for feature tracking.

`flakes`

Enable flakes. See the manual entry for nix flake for details.

Refer to flakes tracking issue for feature tracking.

`git-hashing`

Allow creating (content-addressed) store objects which are hashed via Git's hashing algorithm. These store objects will not be understandable by older versions of Nix.

Refer to git-hashing tracking issue for feature tracking.

`impure-derivations`

Allow derivations to produce non-fixed outputs by setting the __impure derivation attribute to true. An impure derivation can have differing outputs each time it is built.

Example:

derivation {
  name = "impure";
  builder = /bin/sh;
  __impure = true; # mark this derivation as impure
  args = [ "-c" "read -n 10 random < /dev/random; echo $random > $out" ];
  system = builtins.currentSystem;
}

Each time this derivation is built, it can produce a different output (as the builder outputs random bytes to $out). Impure derivations also have access to the network, and only fixed-output or other impure derivations can rely on impure derivations. Finally, an impure derivation cannot also be content-addressed.

This is a more explicit alternative to using builtins.currentTime.

Refer to impure-derivations tracking issue for feature tracking.

`local-overlay-store`

Allow the use of local overlay store.

Refer to local-overlay-store tracking issue for feature tracking.

`mounted-ssh-store`

Allow the use of the mounted SSH store.

Refer to mounted-ssh-store tracking issue for feature tracking.

`nix-command`

Enable the new nix subcommands. See the manual on nix for details.

Refer to nix-command tracking issue for feature tracking.

`no-url-literals`

Disallow unquoted URLs as part of the Nix language syntax. The Nix language allows for URL literals, like so:

$ nix repl
Welcome to Nix 2.15.0. Type :? for help.

nix-repl> http://foo
"http://foo"

But enabling this experimental feature will cause the Nix parser to throw an error when encountering a URL literal:

$ nix repl --extra-experimental-features 'no-url-literals'
Welcome to Nix 2.15.0. Type :? for help.

nix-repl> http://foo
error: URL literals are disabled

at «string»:1:1:

1| http://foo
 | ^

While this is currently an experimental feature, unquoted URLs are being deprecated and their usage is discouraged.

The reason is that, as opposed to path literals, URLs have no special properties that distinguish them from regular strings, URLs containing parameters have to be quoted anyway, and unquoted URLs may confuse external tooling.

Refer to no-url-literals tracking issue for feature tracking.

`parse-toml-timestamps`

Allow parsing of timestamps in builtins.fromTOML.

Refer to parse-toml-timestamps tracking issue for feature tracking.

`pipe-operators`

Add |> and <| operators to the Nix language.

Refer to pipe-operators tracking issue for feature tracking.

`read-only-local-store`

Allow the use of the read-only parameter in local store URIs.

Refer to read-only-local-store tracking issue for feature tracking.

`recursive-nix`

Allow derivation builders to call Nix, and thus build derivations recursively.

Example:

with import <nixpkgs> {};

runCommand "foo"
  {
     buildInputs = [ nix jq ];
     NIX_PATH = "nixpkgs=${<nixpkgs>}";
  }
  ''
    hello=$(nix-build -E '(import <nixpkgs> {}).hello.overrideDerivation (args: { name = "recursive-hello"; })')

    mkdir -p $out/bin
    ln -s $hello/bin/hello $out/bin/hello
  ''

An important restriction on recursive builders is disallowing arbitrary substitutions. For example, running

nix-store -r /nix/store/kmwd1hq55akdb9sc7l3finr175dajlby-hello-2.10

in the above runCommand script would be disallowed, as this could lead to derivations with hidden dependencies or breaking reproducibility by relying on the current state of the Nix store. An exception would be if /nix/store/kmwd1hq55akdb9sc7l3finr175dajlby-hello-2.10 were already in the build inputs or built by a previous recursive Nix call.

Refer to recursive-nix tracking issue for feature tracking.

`verified-fetches`

Enables verification of git commit signatures through the fetchGit built-in.

Refer to verified-fetches tracking issue for feature tracking.

Contributing

Add a release note

doc/manual/rl-next contains release notes entries for all unreleased changes.

User-visible changes should come with a release note.

Add an entry

Here's what a complete entry looks like. The file name is not incorporated in the document.

---
synopsis: Basically a title
issues: 1234
prs: 1238
---

Here's one or more paragraphs that describe the change.

- It's markdown
- Add references to the manual using ..

Significant changes should add the following header, which moves them to the top.

significance: significant

Build process

Releases have a precomputed rl-MAJOR.MINOR.md, and no rl-next.md.

Branches

master

The main development branch. All changes are approved and merged here. When developing a change, create a branch based on the latest master.

Maintainers try to keep it in a release-worthy state.
maintenance-*.*

These branches are the subject of backports only, and are also kept in a release-worthy state.

See maintainers/backporting.md
latest-release

The latest patch release of the latest minor version.

See maintainers/release-process.md
backport-*-to-*

Generally branches created by the backport action.

See maintainers/backporting.md
other

Branches that do not conform to the above patterns should be feature branches.

Reverting

If a change turns out to be merged by mistake, or contain a regression, it may be reverted. A revert is not a rejection of the contribution, but merely part of an effective development process. It makes sure that development keeps running smoothly, with minimal uncertainty, and less overhead. If maintainers have to worry too much about avoiding reverts, they would not be able to merge as much. By embracing reverts as a good part of the development process, everyone wins.

However, taking a step back may be frustrating, so maintainers will be extra supportive on the next try.

Nix Release Notes

The Nix release cycle is calendar-based as follows:

Nix has a release cycle of roughly 6 weeks. Notable changes and additions are announced in the release notes for each version.

The supported Nix versions are:

The latest release
The version used in the stable NixOS release, which is announced in the NixOS release notes.

Bugfixes and security issues are backported to every supported version. Patch releases are published as needed.

Release 2.24.0 (2024-07-31)

Significant changes

Harden user sandboxing

The build directory has been hardened against interference with the outside world by nesting it inside another directory owned by (and only readable by) the daemon user.

This is a low severity security fix, CVE-2024-38531.

Credit: @alois31, Linus Heckemann (@lheckemann) Co-authors: @edolstra
nix-shell <directory> looks for shell.nix #496 #2279 #4529 #5431 #11053 #11057

nix-shell $x now looks for $x/shell.nix when $x resolves to a directory.

Although this might be seen as a breaking change, its primarily interactive usage makes it a minor issue. This adjustment addresses a commonly reported problem.

This also applies to nix-shell shebang scripts. Consider the following example:
```
#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
#!nix-shell -i bash
```
This will now load shell.nix from the script's directory, if it exists; default.nix otherwise.

The old behavior can be opted into by setting the option nix-shell-always-looks-for-shell-nix to false.

Author: Robert Hensing (@roberth)
nix-repl's :doc shows documentation comments #3904 #10771 #1652 #9054 #11072

nix repl has a :doc command that previously only rendered documentation for internally defined functions. This feature has been extended to also render function documentation comments, in accordance with RFC 145.

Example:
```
nix-repl> :doc lib.toFunction
Function toFunction
    … defined at /home/user/h/nixpkgs/lib/trivial.nix:1072:5

    Turns any non-callable values into constant functions. Returns
    callable values as is.

Inputs

    v

      : Any value

Examples

    :::{.example}

## lib.trivial.toFunction usage example

      | nix-repl> lib.toFunction 1 2
      | 1
      |
      | nix-repl> lib.toFunction (x: x + 1) 2
      | 3

    :::
```
Known limitations:
- It does not render documentation for "formals", such as { /** the value to return */ x, ... }: x.
- Some extensions to markdown are not yet supported, as you can see in the example above.
We'd like to acknowledge Yingchi Long (@inclyc) for proposing a proof of concept for this functionality in #9054, as well as @sternenseemann and Johannes Kirschbauer (@hsjobeki) for their contributions, proposals, and their work on RFC 145.

Author: Robert Hensing (@roberth)

Other changes

Solve cached failure of attribute X #9165 #10513 #10564

This eliminates all "cached failure of attribute X" messages by forcing evaluation of the original value when needed to show the exception to the user. This enhancement improves error reporting by providing the underlying message and stack trace.

Author: Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
Run the flake regressions test suite #10603

This update introduces a GitHub action to run a subset of the flake regressions test suite, which includes 259 flakes with their expected evaluation results. Currently, the action runs the first 25 flakes due to the full test suite's extensive runtime. A manually triggered action may be implemented later to run the entire test suite.

Author: Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
Support unit prefixes in configuration settings #10668

Configuration settings in Nix now support unit prefixes, allowing for more intuitive and readable configurations. For example, you can now specify --min-free 1G to set the minimum free space to 1 gigabyte.

This enhancement was extracted from #7851 and is also useful for PR #10661.

Author: Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
nix build: show all FOD errors with --keep-going #10734

The nix build command has been updated to improve the behavior of the [--keep-going] flag. Now, when --keep-going is used, all hash-mismatch errors of failing fixed-output derivations (FODs) are displayed, similar to the behavior for other build failures. This enhancement ensures that all relevant build errors are shown, making it easier for users to update multiple derivations at once or to diagnose and fix issues.

Author: Jörg Thalheim (@Mic92), Maximilian Bosch (@Ma27)

--keep-going
Build with Meson #2503 #10378 #10855 #10904 #10908 #10914 #10933 #10936 #10954 #10955 #10963 #10967 #10973 #11034 #11054 #11055 #11060 #11064 #11155

These changes aim to replace the use of autotools and make with Meson for building various components of Nix. Additionally, each library is built in its own derivation, leveraging Meson's "subprojects" feature to allow a single development shell for building all libraries while also supporting separate builds. This approach aims to improve productivity and build modularity, compared to both make and a monolithic Meson-based derivation.

Special thanks to everyone who has contributed to the Meson port, particularly @p01arst0rm and @Qyriad.

Authors: John Ericson (@Ericson2314), Tom Bereknyei, Théophane Hufschmitt (@thufschmitt), Valentin Gagarin (@fricklerhandwerk), Robert Hensing (@roberth) Co-authors: @p01arst0rm, @Qyriad
Evaluation cache: fix cache regressions #10570 #11086

This update addresses two bugs in the evaluation cache system:
1. Regression in #10570: The evaluation cache was not being persisted in nix develop.
2. Nix could sometimes try to commit the evaluation cache SQLite transaction without there being an active transaction, resulting in non-error errors being printed.
Author: Lexi Mattick (@kognise)
Introduce libnixflake #9063

A new library, libnixflake, has been introduced to better separate the Flakes layer within Nix. This change refactors the codebase to encapsulate Flakes-specific functionality within its own library.

See the commits in the pull request for detailed changes, with the only significant code modifications happening in the initial commit.

This change was alluded to in RFC 134 and is a step towards a more modular and maintainable codebase.

Author: John Ericson (@Ericson2314)
CLI options --arg-from-file and --arg-from-stdin #9913

The --debugger now prints source location information, instead of the pointers of source location information. Before:

nix-repl> :bt
0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
0x600001522598

After:

0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
/nix/store/hg65h51xnp74ikahns9hyf3py5mlbbqq-source/overrides/default.nix:132:27

   131|
   132|       bootstrappingBase = pkgs.${self.python.pythonAttr}.pythonForBuild.pkgs;
      |                           ^
   133|     in

Stop vendoring toml11

We don't apply any patches to it, and vendoring it locks users into bugs (it hasn't been updated since its introduction in late 2021).

Author: Winter (@winterqt)
Rename hash format base32 to nix32 #8678

Hash format base32 was renamed to nix32 since it used a special nix-specific character set for Base32.

Deprecation: Use nix32 instead of base32 as toHashFormat

For the builtin convertHash, the toHashFormat parameter now accepts the same hash formats as the --to/--from parameters of the nix hash conert command: "base16", "nix32", "base64", and "sri". The former "base32" value remains as a deprecated alias for "nix32". Please convert your code from:
```
builtins.convertHash { inherit hash hashAlgo; toHashFormat = "base32";}
```
to
```
builtins.convertHash { inherit hash hashAlgo; toHashFormat = "nix32";}
```
Add pipe-operators experimental feature #11131

This is a draft implementation of RFC 0148.

The pipe-operators experimental feature adds <| and |> operators to the Nix language. a |> b is equivalent to the function application b a, and a <| b is equivalent to the function application a b.

For example:
```
nix-repl> 1 |> builtins.add 2 |> builtins.mul 3
9

nix-repl> builtins.add 1 <| builtins.mul 2 <| 3
7
```
<| and |> are right and left associative, respectively, and have lower precedence than any other operator. These properties may change in future releases.

See the RFC for more examples and rationale.
nix-shell shebang uses relative path #4232 #5088 #11058

Relative path literals in nix-shell shebang scripts' options are now resolved relative to the script's location. Previously they were resolved relative to the current working directory.

For example, consider the following script in ~/myproject/say-hi:
```
#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
#!nix-shell --expr 'import ./shell.nix'
#!nix-shell --arg toolset './greeting-tools.nix'
#!nix-shell -i bash
hello
```
Older versions of nix-shell would resolve shell.nix relative to the current working directory, such as the user's home directory in this example:
```
[hostname:~]$ ./myproject/say-hi
error:
       … while calling the 'import' builtin
         at «string»:1:2:
            1| (import ./shell.nix)
             |  ^

       error: path '/home/user/shell.nix' does not exist
```
Since this release, nix-shell resolves shell.nix relative to the script's location, and ~/myproject/shell.nix is used.
```
$ ./myproject/say-hi
Hello, world!
```
Opt-out

This is technically a breaking change, so we have added an option so you can adapt independently of your Nix update. The old behavior can be opted into by setting the option nix-shell-shebang-arguments-relative-to-script to false. This option will be removed in a future release.

Author: Robert Hensing (@roberth)
Improve handling of tarballs that don't consist of a single top-level directory #11195

In previous Nix releases, the tarball fetcher (used by builtins.fetchTarball) erroneously merged top-level directories into a single directory, and silently discarded top-level files that are not directories. This is no longer the case. The new behaviour is that only if the tarball consists of a single directory, the top-level path component of the files in the tarball is removed (similar to tar's --strip-components=1).

Author: Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
Improve handling of tarballs that don't consist of a single top-level directory #11195

In previous Nix releases, the tarball fetcher (used by builtins.fetchTarball) erroneously merged top-level directories into a single directory, and silently discarded top-level files that are not directories. This is no longer the case.

Author: Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
Setting to warn about large paths #10778

Nix can now warn when evaluation of a Nix expression causes a large path to be copied to the Nix store. The threshold for this warning can be configured using the warn-large-path-threshold setting, e.g. --warn-large-path-threshold 100M.
Wrap filesystem exceptions more correctly #11378

With the switch to std::filesystem in different places, Nix started to throw std::filesystem::filesystem_error in many places instead of its own exceptions.

This led to no longer generating error traces, for example when listing a non-existing directory.

This version catches these types of exception correctly and wraps them into Nix's own exeception type.

Author: @Mic92
<nix/fetchurl.nix> uses TLS verification #11585

Previously <nix/fetchurl.nix> did not do TLS verification. This was because the Nix sandbox in the past did not have access to TLS certificates, and Nix checks the hash of the fetched file anyway. However, this can expose authentication data from netrc and URLs to man-in-the-middle attackers. In addition, Nix now in some cases (such as when using impure derivations) does not check the hash. Therefore we have now enabled TLS verification. This means that downloads by <nix/fetchurl.nix> will now fail if you're fetching from a HTTPS server that does not have a valid certificate.

<nix/fetchurl.nix> is also known as the builtin derivation builder builtin:fetchurl. It's not to be confused with the evaluation-time function builtins.fetchurl, which was not affected by this issue.

Contributors

This release was made possible by the following 43 contributors:

Andreas Rammhold (@andir)
Andrew Marshall (@amarshall)
Brian McKenna (@puffnfresh)
Cameron (@SkamDart)
Cole Helbling (@cole-h)
Corbin Simpson (@MostAwesomeDude)
Eelco Dolstra (@edolstra)
Emily (@emilazy)
Enno Richter (@elohmeier)
Farid Zakaria (@fzakaria)
HaeNoe (@haenoe)
Hamir Mahal (@hamirmahal)
Harmen (@alicebob)
Ivan Trubach (@tie)
Jared Baur (@jmbaur)
John Ericson (@Ericson2314)
Jonathan De Troye (@detroyejr)
Jörg Thalheim (@Mic92)
Klemens Nanni (@klemensn)
Las Safin (@L-as)
Lexi Mattick (@kognise)
Matthew Bauer (@matthewbauer)
Max “Goldstein” Siling (@GoldsteinE)
Mingye Wang (@Artoria2e5)
Philip Taron (@philiptaron)
Pierre Bourdon (@delroth)
Pino Toscano (@pinotree)
RTUnreal (@RTUnreal)
Robert Hensing (@roberth)
Romain Neil (@romain-neil)
Ryan Hendrickson (@rhendric)
Sergei Trofimovich (@trofi)
Shogo Takata (@pineapplehunter)
Siddhant Kumar (@siddhantk232)
Silvan Mosberger (@infinisil)
Théophane Hufschmitt (@thufschmitt)
Valentin Gagarin (@fricklerhandwerk)
Winter (@winterqt)
jade (@lf-)
kirillrdy (@kirillrdy)
pennae (@pennae)
poweredbypie (@poweredbypie)
tomberek (@tomberek)

Release 2.23.0 (2024-06-03)

New builtin: builtins.warn #306026 #10592

builtins.warn behaves like builtins.trace "warning: ${msg}", has an accurate log level, and is controlled by the options debugger-on-trace, debugger-on-warn and abort-on-warn.
Make nix build --keep-going consistent with nix-build --keep-going

This means that if e.g. multiple fixed-output derivations fail to build, all hash mismatches are displayed.
Modify nix derivation {add,show} JSON format #9866 #10722

The JSON format for derivations has been slightly revised to better conform to our JSON guidelines. In particular, the hash algorithm and content addressing method of content-addresed derivation outputs are now separated into two fields hashAlgo and method, rather than one field with an arcane :-separated format.

This JSON format is only used by the experimental nix derivation family of commands, at this time. Future revisions are expected as the JSON format is still not entirely in compliance even after these changes.

Warn on unknown settings anywhere in the command line #10701

All nix commands will now properly warn when an unknown option is specified anywhere in the command line.

Before:

$ nix-instantiate --option foobar baz --expr '{}'
warning: unknown setting 'foobar'
$ nix-instantiate '{}' --option foobar baz --expr
$ nix eval --expr '{}' --option foobar baz
{ }

After:

$ nix-instantiate --option foobar baz --expr '{}'
warning: unknown setting 'foobar'
$ nix-instantiate '{}' --option foobar baz --expr
warning: unknown setting 'foobar'
$ nix eval --expr '{}' --option foobar baz
warning: unknown setting 'foobar'
{ }

nix env shell is the new nix shell, and nix shell remains an accepted alias #10504 #10807

This is part of an effort to bring more structure to the CLI subcommands.

nix env will be about the process environment. Future commands may include nix env run and nix env print-env.

It is also somewhat analogous to the planned nix dev shell (currently nix develop), which is less about environment variables, and more about running a development shell, which is a more powerful command, but also requires more setup.

Flake operations that expect derivations now print the failing value and its type #10778

In errors like flake output attribute 'nixosConfigurations.yuki.config' is not a derivation or path, the message now includes the failing value and type.

Before:

error: flake output attribute 'nixosConfigurations.yuki.config' is not a derivation or path

After:

error: expected flake output attribute 'nixosConfigurations.yuki.config' to be a derivation or path but found a set: { appstream = «thunk»; assertions = «thunk»; boot = { bcache = «thunk»; binfmt = «thunk»; binfmtMiscRegistrations = «thunk»; blacklistedKernelModules = «thunk»; bootMount = «thunk»; bootspec = «thunk»; cleanTmpDir = «thunk»; consoleLogLevel = «thunk»; «43 attributes elided» }; «48 attributes elided» }

fetchTree now fetches Git repositories shallowly by default #10028

builtins.fetchTree now clones Git repositories shallowly by default, which reduces network traffic and disk usage significantly in many cases.

Previously, the default behavior was to clone the full history of a specific tag or branch (e.g. ref) and only afterwards extract the files of one specific revision.

From now on, the ref and allRefs arguments will be ignored, except if shallow cloning is disabled by setting shallow = false.

The defaults for builtins.fetchGit remain unchanged. Here, shallow cloning has to be enabled manually by passing shallow = true.
Store object info JSON format now uses null rather than omitting fields #9995

The store object info JSON format, used for e.g. nix path-info, no longer omits fields to indicate absent information, but instead includes the fields with a null value. For example, "ca": null is used to to indicate a store object that isn't content-addressed rather than omitting the ca field entirely. This makes records of this sort more self-describing, and easier to consume programmatically.

We will follow this design principle going forward; the JSON guidelines in the contributing section have been updated accordingly.
Large path warnings #10661

Nix can now warn when evaluation of a Nix expression causes a large path to be copied to the Nix store. The threshold for this warning can be configured using the warn-large-path-threshold setting, e.g. --warn-large-path-threshold 100M will warn about paths larger than 100 MiB.

Release 2.22.0 (2024-04-23)

Significant changes

Remove experimental repl-flake #10103 #10299

The repl-flake experimental feature has been removed. The nix repl command now works like the rest of the new CLI in that nix repl {path} now tries to load a flake at {path} (or fails if the flakes experimental feature isn't enabled).

Other changes

nix eval prints derivations as .drv paths #10200

nix eval will now print derivations as their .drv paths, rather than as attribute sets. This makes commands like nix eval nixpkgs#bash terminate instead of infinitely looping into recursive self-referential attributes:
```
$ nix eval nixpkgs#bash
«derivation /nix/store/m32cbgbd598f4w299g0hwyv7gbw6rqcg-bash-5.2p26.drv»
```

Release 2.21.0 (2024-03-11)

Fix a fixed-output derivation sandbox escape (CVE-2024-27297)

Cooperating Nix derivations could send file descriptors to files in the Nix store to each other via Unix domain sockets in the abstract namespace. This allowed one derivation to modify the output of the other derivation, after Nix has registered the path as "valid" and immutable in the Nix database. In particular, this allowed the output of fixed-output derivations to be modified from their expected content.

This isn't the case any more.
CLI options --arg-from-file and --arg-from-stdin #10122

The new CLI option --arg-from-file name path passes the contents of file path as a string value via the function argument name to a Nix expression. Similarly, the new option --arg-from-stdin name reads the contents of the string from standard input.

Concise error printing in nix repl #9928

Previously, if an element of a list or attribute set threw an error while evaluating, nix repl would print the entire error (including source location information) inline. This output was clumsy and difficult to parse:

nix-repl> { err = builtins.throw "uh oh!"; }
{ err = «error:
       … while calling the 'throw' builtin
         at «string»:1:9:
            1| { err = builtins.throw "uh oh!"; }
             |         ^

       error: uh oh!»; }

Now, only the error message is displayed, making the output much more readable.

nix-repl> { err = builtins.throw "uh oh!"; }
{ err = «error: uh oh!»; }

However, if the whole expression being evaluated throws an error, source locations and (if applicable) a stack trace are printed, just like you'd expect:

nix-repl> builtins.throw "uh oh!"
error:
       … while calling the 'throw' builtin
         at «string»:1:1:
            1| builtins.throw "uh oh!"
             | ^

       error: uh oh!

--debugger can now access bindings from let expressions #8827 #9918

Breakpoints and errors in the bindings of a let expression can now access those bindings in the debugger. Previously, only the body of let expressions could access those bindings.
Enter the --debugger when builtins.trace is called if debugger-on-trace is set #9914

If the debugger-on-trace option is set and --debugger is given, builtins.trace calls will behave similarly to builtins.break and will enter the debug REPL. This is useful for determining where warnings are being emitted from.

Debugger prints source position information #9913

The --debugger now prints source location information, instead of the pointers of source location information. Before:

nix-repl> :bt
0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
0x600001522598

After:

0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
/nix/store/hg65h51xnp74ikahns9hyf3py5mlbbqq-source/overrides/default.nix:132:27

   131|
   132|       bootstrappingBase = pkgs.${self.python.pythonAttr}.pythonForBuild.pkgs;
      |                           ^
   133|     in

The --debugger will start more reliably in let expressions and function calls #6649 #9917

Previously, if you attempted to evaluate this file with the debugger:
```
let
  a = builtins.trace "before inner break" (
    builtins.break "hello"
  );
  b = builtins.trace "before outer break" (
    builtins.break a
  );
in
  b
```
Nix would correctly enter the debugger at builtins.break a, but if you asked it to :continue, it would skip over the builtins.break "hello" expression entirely.

Now, Nix will correctly enter the debugger at both breakpoints.

Nested debuggers are no longer supported #9920

Previously, evaluating an expression that throws an error in the debugger would enter a second, nested debugger:

nix-repl> builtins.throw "what"
error: what


Starting REPL to allow you to inspect the current state of the evaluator.

Welcome to Nix 2.18.1. Type :? for help.

nix-repl>

Now, it just prints the error message like nix repl:

nix-repl> builtins.throw "what"
error:
       … while calling the 'throw' builtin
         at «string»:1:1:
            1| builtins.throw "what"
             | ^

       error: what

Consistent order of function arguments in printed expressions #9874

Function arguments are now printed in lexicographic order rather than the internal, creation-time based symbol order.
Fix duplicate attribute error positions for inherit #9874

When an inherit caused a duplicate attribute error the position of the error was not reported correctly, placing the error with the inherit itself or at the start of the bindings block instead of the offending attribute name.
inherit (x) ... evaluates x only once #9847

inherit (x) a b ... now evaluates the expression x only once for all inherited attributes rather than once for each inherited attribute. This does not usually have a measurable impact, but side-effects (such as builtins.trace) would be duplicated and expensive expressions (such as derivations) could cause a measurable slowdown.
Store paths are allowed to start with . #912 #9091 #9095 #9120 #9121 #9122 #9130 #9219 #9224 #9867

Leading periods were allowed by accident in Nix 2.4. The Nix team has considered this to be a bug, but this behavior has since been relied on by users, leading to unnecessary difficulties. From now on, leading periods are supported. The names . and .. are disallowed, as well as those starting with .- or ..-.

Nix versions that denied leading periods are documented in the issue.

nix repl pretty-prints values #9931

nix repl will now pretty-print values:

{
  attrs = {
    a = {
      b = {
        c = { };
      };
    };
  };
  list = [ 1 ];
  list' = [
    1
    2
    3
  ];
}

Introduction of --regex and --all in nix profile remove and nix profile upgrade #10166

Previously the command-line arguments for nix profile remove and nix profile upgrade matched the package entries using regular expression. For instance:
```
nix profile remove '.*vim.*'
```
This would remove all packages that contain vim in their name.

In most cases, only singular package names were used to remove and upgrade packages. Mixing this with regular expressions sometimes lead to unintended behavior. For instance, python3.1 could match python311.

To avoid unintended behavior, the arguments are now only matching exact names.

Matching using regular expressions is still possible by using the new --regex flag:
```
nix profile remove --regex '.*vim.*'
```
One of the most useful cases for using regular expressions was to upgrade all packages. This was previously accomplished by:
```
nix profile upgrade '.*'
```
With the introduction of the --all flag, this now becomes more straightforward:
```
nix profile upgrade --all
```

Visual clutter in --debugger is reduced #9919

Before:

info: breakpoint reached


Starting REPL to allow you to inspect the current state of the evaluator.

Welcome to Nix 2.20.0pre20231222_dirty. Type :? for help.

nix-repl> :continue
error: uh oh


Starting REPL to allow you to inspect the current state of the evaluator.

Welcome to Nix 2.20.0pre20231222_dirty. Type :? for help.

nix-repl>

After:

info: breakpoint reached

Nix 2.20.0pre20231222_dirty debugger
Type :? for help.
nix-repl> :continue
error: uh oh

nix-repl>

Cycle detection in nix repl is simpler and more reliable #8672 #9926

The cycle detection in nix repl, nix eval, builtins.trace, and everywhere else values are printed is now simpler and matches the cycle detection in nix-instantiate --eval output.

Before:
```
nix eval --expr 'let self = { inherit self; }; in self'
{ self = { self = «repeated»; }; }
```
After:
```
{ self = «repeated»; }
```

In the debugger, while evaluating the attribute errors now include position information #9915

Before:

0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
0x600001522598

After:

0: while evaluating the attribute 'python311.pythonForBuild.pkgs'
/nix/store/hg65h51xnp74ikahns9hyf3py5mlbbqq-source/overrides/default.nix:132:27

   131|
   132|       bootstrappingBase = pkgs.${self.python.pythonAttr}.pythonForBuild.pkgs;
      |                           ^
   133|     in

Stack size is increased on macOS #9860

Previously, Nix would set the stack size to 64MiB on Linux, but would leave the stack size set to the default (approximately 8KiB) on macOS. Now, the stack size is correctly set to 64MiB on macOS as well, which should reduce stack overflow segfaults in deeply-recursive Nix expressions.

Release 2.20.0 (2024-01-29)

Option allowed-uris can now match whole schemes in URIs without slashes #9547

If a scheme, such as github: is specified in the allowed-uris option, all URIs starting with github: are allowed. Previously this only worked for schemes whose URIs used the :// syntax.
Include cgroup stats when building through the daemon #9598

Nix now also reports cgroup statistics when building through the Nix daemon and when doing remote builds using ssh-ng, if both sides of the connection are using Nix 2.20 or newer.
Disallow empty search regex in nix search #9481

nix search now requires a search regex to be passed. To show all packages, use ^.
Add new eval-system setting #4093

Add a new eval-system option. Unlike system, it just overrides the value of builtins.currentSystem. This is more useful than overriding system, because you can build these derivations on remote builders which can work on the given system. In contrast, system also affects scheduling which will cause Nix to build those derivations locally even if that doesn't make sense.

eval-system only takes effect if it is non-empty. If empty (the default) system is used as before, so there is no breakage.
Import-from-derivation builds the derivation in the build store #9661

When using --eval-store, importing from a derivation will now result in the derivation being built on the build store, i.e. the store specified in the store Nix option.

Because the resulting Nix expression must be copied back to the evaluation store in order to be imported, this requires the evaluation store to trust the build store's signatures.
Mounted SSH Store #7890 #7912

Introduced the store mounted-ssh-ng://. This store allows full access to a Nix store on a remote machine and additionally requires that the store be mounted in the local filesystem.
Rename nix show-config to nix config show #7672 #9477

nix show-config was renamed to nix config show, and nix doctor was renamed to nix config check, to be more consistent with the rest of the command line interface.
Add command nix hash convert #9452

This replaces the old nix hash to-* commands, which are still available but will emit a deprecation warning. Please convert as follows:
- nix hash to-base16 $hash1 $hash2: Use nix hash convert --to base16 $hash1 $hash2 instead.
- nix hash to-base32 $hash1 $hash2: Use nix hash convert --to nix32 $hash1 $hash2 instead.
- nix hash to-base64 $hash1 $hash2: Use nix hash convert --to base64 $hash1 $hash2 instead.
- nix hash to-sri $hash1 $hash2: : Use nix hash convert --to sri $hash1 $hash2 or even just nix hash convert $hash1 $hash2 instead.
Rename hash format base32 to nix32 #9452

Hash format base32 was renamed to nix32 since it used a special Nix-specific character set for Base32.
nix profile now allows referring to elements by human-readable names #8678

nix profile now uses names to refer to installed packages when running list, remove or upgrade as opposed to indices. Profile element names are generated when a package is installed and remain the same until the package is removed.

Warning: The manifest.nix file used to record the contents of profiles has changed. Nix will automatically upgrade profiles to the new version when you modify the profile. After that, the profile can no longer be used by older versions of Nix.
Give nix store add a --hash-algo flag #9809

Adds a missing feature that was present in the old CLI, and matches our plans to have similar flags for nix hash convert and nix hash path.

Coercion errors include the failing value

The error: cannot coerce a <TYPE> to a string message now includes the value which caused the error.

Before:

error: cannot coerce a set to a string

After:

error: cannot coerce a set to a string: { aesSupport = «thunk»;
  avx2Support = «thunk»; avx512Support = «thunk»; avxSupport = «thunk»;
  canExecute = «thunk»; config = «thunk»; darwinArch = «thunk»; darwinMinVersion
  = «thunk»; darwinMinVersionVariable = «thunk»; darwinPlatform = «thunk»; «84
  attributes elided»}

Type errors include the failing value

In errors like value is an integer while a list was expected, the message now includes the failing value.

Before:

error: value is a set while a string was expected

After:

error: expected a string but found a set: { ghc810 = «thunk»;
  ghc8102Binary = «thunk»; ghc8107 = «thunk»; ghc8107Binary = «thunk»;
  ghc865Binary = «thunk»; ghc90 = «thunk»; ghc902 = «thunk»; ghc92 = «thunk»;
  ghc924Binary = «thunk»; ghc925 = «thunk»;  «17 attributes elided»}

Source locations are printed more consistently in errors #561 #9555

Source location information is now included in error messages more consistently. Given this code:

let
  attr = {foo = "bar";};
  key = {};
in
  attr.${key}

Previously, Nix would show this unhelpful message when attempting to evaluate it:

error:
       … while evaluating an attribute name

       error: value is a set while a string was expected

Now, the error message displays where the problematic value was found:

error:
       … while evaluating an attribute name

         at bad.nix:4:11:

            3|   key = {};
            4| in attr.${key}
             |           ^
            5|

       error: expected a string but found a set

Some stack overflow segfaults are fixed #9616 #9617

The number of nested function calls has been restricted, to detect and report infinite function call recursions. The default maximum call depth is 10,000 and can be set with the max-call-depth option.

This replaces the stack overflow (possible infinite recursion) message.

Better error reporting for with expressions #9658

with expressions using non-attrset values to resolve variables are now reported with proper positions, e.g.

nix-repl> with 1; a
error:
       … while evaluating the first subexpression of a with expression
         at «string»:1:1:
            1| with 1; a
             | ^

       error: expected a set but found an integer

Functions are printed with more detail #7145 #9606

nix repl, nix eval, builtins.trace, and most other places values are printed will now include function names and source location information:

$ nix repl nixpkgs
nix-repl> builtins.map
«primop map»

nix-repl> builtins.map lib.id
«partially applied primop map»

nix-repl> builtins.trace lib.id "my-value"
trace: «lambda id @ /nix/store/8rrzq23h2zq7sv5l2vhw44kls5w0f654-source/lib/trivial.nix:26:5»
"my-value"

Flake operations like nix develop will no longer fail when run in a Git repository where the flake.lock file is .gitignored #8854 #9324
Nix commands will now respect Ctrl-C #7145 #6995 #9687

Previously, many Nix commands would hang indefinitely if Ctrl-C was pressed while performing various operations (including nix develop, nix flake update, and so on). With several fixes to Nix's signal handlers, Nix commands will now exit quickly after Ctrl-C is pressed.
nix copy to a ssh-ng store now needs --substitute-on-destination (a.k.a. -s) in order to substitute paths on the remote store instead of copying them. The behavior is consistent with nix copy to a different kind of remote store. Previously this behavior was controlled by the builders-use-substitutes setting and --substitute-on-destination was ignored.

Release 2.19 (2023-11-17)

The experimental nix command can now act as a shebang interpreter by appending the contents of any #! nix lines and the script's location into a single call.
URL flake references now support percent-encoded characters.
Path-like flake references now accept arbitrary unicode characters (except # and ?).
The experimental feature repl-flake is no longer needed, as its functionality is now part of the flakes experimental feature. To get the previous behavior, use the --file/--expr flags accordingly.
There is a new flake installable syntax flakeref#.attrPath where the "." prefix specifies that attrPath is interpreted from the root of the flake outputs, with no searching of default attribute prefixes like packages.<SYSTEM> or legacyPackages.<SYSTEM>.
Nix adds apple-virt to the default system features on macOS systems that support virtualization. This is similar to what's done for the kvm system feature on Linux hosts.
Add a new built-in function builtins.convertHash.
nix-shell shebang lines now support single-quoted arguments.
builtins.fetchTree is now its own experimental feature, fetch-tree. This allows stabilising it independently of the rest of what is encompassed by flakes.
The interface for creating and updating lock files has been overhauled:
- nix flake lock only creates lock files and adds missing inputs now. It will never update existing inputs.
- nix flake update does the same, but will update inputs.
  - Passing no arguments will update all inputs of the current flake, just like it already did.
  - Passing input names as arguments will ensure only those are updated. This replaces the functionality of nix flake lock --update-input
  - To operate on a flake outside the current directory, you must now pass --flake path/to/flake.
- The flake-specific flags --recreate-lock-file and --update-input have been removed from all commands operating on installables. They are superceded by nix flake update.
Commit signature verification for the builtins.fetchGit is added as the new verified-fetches experimental feature.

nix path-info --json (experimental) now returns a JSON map rather than JSON list. The path field of each object has instead become the key in the outer map, since it is unique. The valid field also goes away because we just use null instead.

Old way:

[
  {
    "path": "/nix/store/8fv91097mbh5049i9rglc73dx6kjg3qk-bash-5.2-p15",
    "valid": true,
    // ...
  },
  {
    "path": "/nix/store/wffw7l0alvs3iw94cbgi1gmmbmw99sqb-home-manager-path",
    "valid": false
  }
]

New way

{
  "/nix/store/8fv91097mbh5049i9rglc73dx6kjg3qk-bash-5.2-p15": {
    // ...
  },
  "/nix/store/wffw7l0alvs3iw94cbgi1gmmbmw99sqb-home-manager-path": null,
}

This makes it match nix derivation show, which also maps store paths to information.

When Nix is installed using the binary installer, in supported shells (Bash, Zsh, Fish) XDG_DATA_DIRS is now populated with the path to the /share subdirectory of the current profile. This means that command completion scripts, .desktop files, and similar artifacts installed via nix-env or nix profile (experimental) can be found by any program that follows the XDG Base Directory Specification.
A new command nix store add has been added. It replaces nix store add-file and nix store add-path which are now deprecated.
A new option always-allow-substitutes has been added.

When set to true, Nix will always try to substitute a derivation, even if it has the allowSubstitutes attribute set to false.

Release 2.18 (2023-09-20)

Two new builtin functions, builtins.parseFlakeRef and builtins.flakeRefToString, have been added. These functions are useful for converting between flake references encoded as attribute sets and URLs.
builtins.toJSON now prints --show-trace items for the path in which it finds an evaluation error.
Error messages regarding malformed input to nix derivation add are now clearer and more detailed.
The discard-references feature has been stabilized. This means that the unsafeDiscardReferences attribute is no longer guarded by an experimental flag and can be used freely.
The JSON output for derived paths which are store paths is now a string, not an object with a single path field. This only affects nix-build --json when "building" non-derivation things like fetched sources, which is a no-op.
A new builtin outputOf has been added. It is part of the dynamic-derivations experimental feature.
Flake follow paths at depths greater than 2 are now handled correctly, preventing "follows a non-existent input" errors.
nix-store --query gained a new type of query: --valid-derivers. It returns all .drv files in the local store that can be used to build the output passed in argument. This is in contrast to --deriver, which returns the single .drv file that was actually used to build the output passed in argument. In case the output was substituted from a binary cache, this .drv file may only exist on said binary cache and not locally.

Release 2.17 (2023-07-24)

nix-channel now supports a --list-generations subcommand.
The function builtins.fetchClosure can now fetch input-addressed paths in pure evaluation mode, as those are not impure.
Nix now allows unprivileged/allowed-users to sign paths. Previously, only trusted-users users could sign paths.
Nested dynamic attributes are now merged correctly by the parser. For example:
```
{
  nested = {
    foo = 1;
  };
  nested = {
    ${"ba" + "r"} = 2;
  };
}
```
This used to silently discard nested.bar, but now behaves as one would expect and evaluates to:
```
{ nested = { bar = 2; foo = 1; }; }
```
Note that the feature of merging multiple full declarations of attribute sets like nested in the example is of questionable value. It allows writing expressions that are very hard to read, for instance when there are many lines of code between two declarations of the same attribute. This has been around for a long time and is therefore supported for backwards compatibility, but should not be relied upon.

Instead, consider using the nested attribute path syntax:
```
{
  nested.foo = 1;
  nested.${"ba" + "r"} = 2;
}
```
Tarball flakes can now redirect to an "immutable" URL that will be recorded in lock files. This allows the use of "mutable" tarball URLs like https://example.org/hello/latest.tar.gz in flakes. See the tarball fetcher for details.

Release 2.16 (2023-05-31)

Speed-up of downloads from binary caches. The number of parallel downloads (also known as substitutions) has been separated from the --max-jobs setting. The new setting is called max-substitution-jobs. The number of parallel downloads is now set to 16 by default (previously, the default was 1 due to the coupling to build jobs).
The function builtins.replaceStrings is now lazy in the value of its second argument to. That is, to is only evaluated when its corresponding pattern in from is matched in the string s.

Release 2.15 (2023-04-11)

Commands which take installables on the command line can now read them from the standard input if passed the --stdin flag. This is primarily useful when you have a large amount of paths which exceed the OS argument limit.
The nix-hash command now supports Base64 and SRI. Use the flags --base64 or --sri to specify the format of output hash as Base64 or SRI, and --to-base64 or --to-sri to convert a hash to Base64 or SRI format, respectively.

As the choice of hash formats is no longer binary, the --base16 flag is also added to explicitly specify the Base16 format, which is still the default.
The special handling of an installable with .drv suffix being interpreted as all of the given store derivation's output paths is removed, and instead taken as the literal store path that it represents.

The new ^ syntax for store paths introduced in Nix 2.13 allows explicitly referencing output paths of a derivation. Using this is better and more clear than relying on the now-removed .drv special handling.

For example,
```
$ nix path-info /nix/store/gzaflydcr6sb3567hap9q6srzx8ggdgg-glibc-2.33-78.drv
```
now gives info about the derivation itself, while
```
$ nix path-info /nix/store/gzaflydcr6sb3567hap9q6srzx8ggdgg-glibc-2.33-78.drv^*
```
provides information about each of its outputs.
The experimental command nix describe-stores has been removed.
Nix stores and their settings are now documented in nix help-stores.
Documentation for operations of nix-store and nix-env are now available on separate pages of the manual. They include all common options that can be specified and common environment variables that affect these commands.

These pages can be viewed offline with man using
- man nix-store-<operation> and man nix-env-<operation>
- nix-store --help --<operation> and nix-env --help --<operation>.
Nix when used as a client now checks whether the store (the server) trusts the client. (The store always had to check whether it trusts the client, but now the client is informed of the store's decision.) This is useful for scripting interactions with (non-legacy-ssh) remote Nix stores.

nix store ping and nix doctor now display this information.
The new command nix derivation add allows adding derivations to the store without involving the Nix language. It exists to round out our collection of basic utility/plumbing commands, and allow for a low barrier-to-entry way of experimenting with alternative front-ends to the Nix Store. It uses the same JSON layout as nix derivation show, and is its inverse.
nix show-derivation has been renamed to nix derivation show. This matches nix derivation add, and avoids bloating the top-level namespace. The old name is still kept as an alias for compatibility, however.
The nix derivation {add,show} JSON format now includes the derivation name as a top-level field. This is useful in general, but especially necessary for the add direction, as otherwise we would need to pass in the name out of band for certain cases.

Release 2.14 (2023-02-28)

A new function builtins.readFileType is available. It is similar to builtins.readDir but acts on a single file or directory.
In flakes, the .outPath attribute of a flake now always refers to the directory containing the flake.nix. This was not the case for when flake.nix was in a subdirectory of e.g. a Git repository. The root of the source of a flake in a subdirectory is still available in .sourceInfo.outPath.
In derivations that use structured attributes, you can now use unsafeDiscardReferences to disable scanning a given output for runtime dependencies:
```
__structuredAttrs = true;
unsafeDiscardReferences.out = true;
```
This is useful e.g. when generating self-contained filesystem images with their own embedded Nix store: hashes found inside such an image refer to the embedded store and not to the host's Nix store.

This requires the discard-references experimental feature.

Release 2.13 (2023-01-17)

The repeat and enforce-determinism options have been removed since they had been broken under many circumstances for a long time.

You can now use flake references in the old command line interface, e.g.

# nix-build flake:nixpkgs -A hello
# nix-build -I nixpkgs=flake:github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-22.05 \
    '<nixpkgs>' -A hello
# NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=flake:nixpkgs nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A hello

Instead of "antiquotation", the more common term string interpolation is now used consistently. Historical release notes were not changed.
Error traces have been reworked to provide detailed explanations and more accurate error locations. A short excerpt of the trace is now shown by default when an error occurs.
Allow explicitly selecting outputs in a store derivation installable, just like we can do with other sorts of installables. For example,
```
# nix build /nix/store/gzaflydcr6sb3567hap9q6srzx8ggdgg-glibc-2.33-78.drv^dev
```
now works just as
```
# nix build nixpkgs#glibc^dev
```
does already.
On Linux, nix develop now sets the personality for the development shell in the same way as the actual build of the derivation. This makes shells for i686-linux derivations work correctly on x86_64-linux.
You can now disable the global flake registry by setting the flake-registry configuration option to an empty string. The same can be achieved at runtime with --flake-registry "".

Release 2.12 (2022-12-06)

On Linux, Nix can now run builds in a user namespace where they run as root (UID 0) and have 65,536 UIDs available. This is primarily useful for running containers such as systemd-nspawn inside a Nix build. For an example, see tests/systemd-nspawn/nix.

A build can enable this by setting the derivation attribute:
```
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "uid-range" ];
```
The uid-range system feature requires the auto-allocate-uids setting to be enabled.
Nix can now automatically pick UIDs for builds, removing the need to create nixbld* user accounts. See auto-allocate-uids.
On Linux, Nix has experimental support for running builds inside a cgroup. See use-cgroups.
<nix/fetchurl.nix> now accepts an additional argument impure which defaults to false. If it is set to true, the hash and sha256 arguments will be ignored and the resulting derivation will have __impure set to true, making it an impure derivation.
If builtins.readFile is called on a file with context, then only the parts of the context that appear in the content of the file are retained. This avoids a lot of spurious errors where strings end up having a context just because they are read from a store path (#7260).
nix build --json now prints some statistics about top-level derivations, such as CPU statistics when cgroups are enabled.

Release 2.11 (2022-08-24)

nix copy now copies the store paths in parallel as much as possible (again). This doesn't apply for the daemon and ssh-ng stores which copy everything in one batch to avoid latencies issues.

Release 2.10 (2022-07-11)

nix repl now takes installables on the command line, unifying the usage with other commands that use --file and --expr. Primary breaking change is for the common usage of nix repl '<nixpkgs>' which can be recovered with nix repl --file '<nixpkgs>' or nix repl --expr 'import <nixpkgs>{}'.

This is currently guarded by the repl-flake experimental feature.
A new function builtins.traceVerbose is available. It is similar to builtins.trace if the trace-verbose setting is set to true, and it is a no-op otherwise.
nix search has a new flag --exclude to filter out packages.
On Linux, if /nix doesn't exist and cannot be created and you're not running as root, Nix will automatically use ~/.local/share/nix/root as a chroot store. This enables non-root users to download the statically linked Nix binary and have it work out of the box, e.g.
```
# ~/nix run nixpkgs#hello
warning: '/nix' does not exists, so Nix will use '/home/ubuntu/.local/share/nix/root' as a chroot store
Hello, world!
```
flake-registry.json is now fetched from channels.nixos.org.
Nix can now be built with LTO by passing --enable-lto to configure. LTO is currently only supported when building with GCC.

Release 2.9 (2022-05-30)

Running Nix with the new --debugger flag will cause it to start a repl session if an exception is thrown during evaluation, or if builtins.break is called. From there you can inspect the values of variables and evaluate Nix expressions. In debug mode, the following new repl commands are available:
```
:env          Show env stack
:bt           Show trace stack
:st           Show current trace
:st <idx>     Change to another trace in the stack
:c            Go until end of program, exception, or builtins.break().
:s            Go one step
```
Read more about the debugger here.
Nix now provides better integration with zsh's run-help feature. It is now included in the Nix installation in the form of an autoloadable shell function, run-help-nix. It picks up Nix subcommands from the currently typed in command and directs the user to the associated man pages.
nix repl has a new build-and-link (:bl) command that builds a derivation while creating GC root symlinks.
The path produced by builtins.toFile is now allowed to be imported or read even with restricted evaluation. Note that this will not work with a read-only store.
nix build has a new --print-out-paths flag to print the resulting output paths. This matches the default behaviour of nix-build.
You can now specify which outputs of a derivation nix should operate on using the syntax installable^outputs, e.g. nixpkgs#glibc^dev,static or nixpkgs#glibc^*. By default, nix will use the outputs specified by the derivation's meta.outputsToInstall attribute if it exists, or all outputs otherwise.
builtins.fetchTree (and flake inputs) can now be used to fetch plain files over the http(s) and file protocols in addition to directory tarballs.

Release 2.8 (2022-04-19)

New experimental command: nix fmt, which applies a formatter defined by the formatter.<system> flake output to the Nix expressions in a flake.
Various Nix commands can now read expressions from standard input using --file -.
New experimental builtin function builtins.fetchClosure that copies a closure from a binary cache at evaluation time and rewrites it to content-addressed form (if it isn't already). Like builtins.storePath, this allows importing pre-built store paths; the difference is that it doesn't require the user to configure binary caches and trusted public keys.

This function is only available if you enable the experimental feature fetch-closure.
New experimental feature: impure derivations. These are derivations that can produce a different result every time they're built. Here is an example:
```
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "impure";
  __impure = true; # marks this derivation as impure
  buildCommand = "date > $out";
}
```
Running nix build twice on this expression will build the derivation twice, producing two different content-addressed store paths. Like fixed-output derivations, impure derivations have access to the network. Only fixed-output derivations and impure derivations can depend on an impure derivation.
nix store make-content-addressable has been renamed to nix store make-content-addressed.
The nixosModule flake output attribute has been renamed consistent with the .default renames in Nix 2.7.
- nixosModule → nixosModules.default
As before, the old output will continue to work, but nix flake check will issue a warning about it.
nix run is now stricter in what it accepts: members of the apps flake output are now required to be apps (as defined in the manual), and members of packages or legacyPackages must be derivations (not apps).

Release 2.7 (2022-03-07)

Nix will now make some helpful suggestions when you mistype something on the command line. For instance, if you type nix build nixpkgs#thunderbrd, it will suggest thunderbird.
A number of "default" flake output attributes have been renamed. These are:
- defaultPackage.<system> → packages.<system>.default
- defaultApps.<system> → apps.<system>.default
- defaultTemplate → templates.default
- defaultBundler.<system> → bundlers.<system>.default
- overlay → overlays.default
- devShell.<system> → devShells.<system>.default
The old flake output attributes still work, but nix flake check will warn about them.
Breaking API change: nix bundle now supports bundlers of the form bundler.<system>.<name>= derivation: another-derivation;. This supports additional functionality to inspect evaluation information during bundling. A new repository has various bundlers implemented.
nix store ping now reports the version of the remote Nix daemon.
nix flake {init,new} now display information about which files have been created.
Templates can now define a welcomeText attribute, which is printed out by nix flake {init,new} --template <template>.

Release 2.6 (2022-01-24)

The Nix CLI now searches for a flake.nix up until the root of the current Git repository or a filesystem boundary rather than just in the current directory.
The TOML parser used by builtins.fromTOML has been replaced by a more compliant one.
Added :st/:show-trace commands to nix repl, which are used to set or toggle display of error traces.
New builtin function builtins.zipAttrsWith with the same functionality as lib.zipAttrsWith from Nixpkgs, but much more efficient.
New command nix store copy-log to copy build logs from one store to another.
The commit-lockfile-summary option can be set to a non-empty string to override the commit summary used when commiting an updated lockfile. This may be used in conjunction with the nixConfig attribute in flake.nix to better conform to repository conventions.
docker run -ti nixos/nix:master will place you in the Docker container with the latest version of Nix from the master branch.

Release 2.5 (2021-12-13)

The garbage collector no longer blocks new builds, so the message waiting for the big garbage collector lock... is a thing of the past.
Binary cache stores now have a setting compression-level.
nix develop now has a flag --unpack to run unpackPhase.
Lists can now be compared lexicographically using the < operator.
New built-in function: builtins.groupBy, with the same functionality as Nixpkgs' lib.groupBy, but faster.
nix repl now has a :log command.

Release 2.4 (2021-11-01)

This is the first release in more than two years and is the result of more than 2800 commits from 195 contributors since release 2.3.

Highlights

Nix's error messages have been improved a lot. For instance, evaluation errors now point out the location of the error:

$ nix build
error: undefined variable 'bzip3'

       at /nix/store/449lv242z0zsgwv95a8124xi11sp419f-source/flake.nix:88:13:

           87|           [ curl
           88|             bzip3 xz brotli editline
             |             ^
           89|             openssl sqlite

The nix command has seen a lot of work and is now almost at feature parity with the old command-line interface (the nix-* commands). It aims to be more modern, consistent and pleasant to use than the old CLI. It is still marked as experimental but its interface should not change much anymore in future releases.
Flakes are a new format to package Nix-based projects in a more discoverable, composable, consistent and reproducible way. A flake is just a repository or tarball containing a file named flake.nix that specifies dependencies on other flakes and returns any Nix assets such as packages, Nixpkgs overlays, NixOS modules or CI tests. The new nix CLI is primarily based around flakes; for example, a command like nix run nixpkgs#hello runs the hello application from the nixpkgs flake.

Flakes are currently marked as experimental. For an introduction, see this blog post. For detailed information about flake syntax and semantics, see the nix flake manual page.
Nix's store can now be content-addressed, meaning that the hash component of a store path is the hash of the path's contents. Previously Nix could only build input-addressed store paths, where the hash is computed from the derivation dependency graph. Content-addressing allows deduplication, early cutoff in build systems, and unprivileged closure copying. This is still an experimental feature.
The Nix manual has been converted into Markdown, making it easier to contribute. In addition, every nix subcommand now has a manual page, documenting every option.
A new setting that allows experimental features to be enabled selectively. This allows us to merge unstable features into Nix more quickly and do more frequent releases.

Other features

There are many new nix subcommands:
- nix develop is intended to replace nix-shell. It has a number of new features:
  - It automatically sets the output environment variables (such as $out) to writable locations (such as ./outputs/out).
  - It can store the environment in a profile. This is useful for offline work.
  - It can run specific phases directly. For instance, nix develop --build runs buildPhase.
  - It allows dependencies in the Nix store to be "redirected" to arbitrary directories using the --redirect flag. This is useful if you want to hack on a package and some of its dependencies at the same time.
- nix print-dev-env prints the environment variables and bash functions defined by a derivation. This is useful for users of other shells than bash (especially with --json).
- nix shell was previously named nix run and is intended to replace nix-shell -p, but without the stdenv overhead. It simply starts a shell where some packages have been added to $PATH.
- nix run (not to be confused with the old subcommand that has been renamed to nix shell) runs an "app", a flake output that specifies a command to run, or an eponymous program from a package. For example, nix run nixpkgs#hello runs the hello program from the hello package in nixpkgs.
- nix flake is the container for flake-related operations, such as creating a new flake, querying the contents of a flake or updating flake lock files.
- nix registry allows you to query and update the flake registry, which maps identifiers such as nixpkgs to concrete flake URLs.
- nix profile is intended to replace nix-env. Its main advantage is that it keeps track of the provenance of installed packages (e.g. exactly which flake version a package came from). It also has some helpful subcommands:
  - nix profile history shows what packages were added, upgraded or removed between each version of a profile.
  - nix profile diff-closures shows the changes between the closures of each version of a profile. This allows you to discover the addition or removal of dependencies or size changes.
  Warning: after a profile has been updated using nix profile, it is no longer usable with nix-env.
- nix store diff-closures shows the differences between the closures of two store paths in terms of the versions and sizes of dependencies in the closures.
- nix store make-content-addressable rewrites an arbitrary closure to make it content-addressed. Such paths can be copied into other stores without requiring signatures.
- nix bundle uses the nix-bundle program to convert a closure into a self-extracting executable.
- Various other replacements for the old CLI, e.g. nix store gc, nix store delete, nix store repair, nix nar dump-path, nix store prefetch-file, nix store prefetch-tarball, nix key and nix daemon.
Nix now has an evaluation cache for flake outputs. For example, a second invocation of the command nix run nixpkgs#firefox will not need to evaluate the firefox attribute because it's already in the evaluation cache. This is made possible by the hermetic evaluation model of flakes.
The new --offline flag disables substituters and causes all locally cached tarballs and repositories to be considered up-to-date.
The new --refresh flag causes all locally cached tarballs and repositories to be considered out-of-date.
Many nix subcommands now have a --json option to produce machine-readable output.
nix repl has a new :doc command to show documentation about builtin functions (e.g. :doc builtins.map).
Binary cache stores now have an option index-debug-info to create an index of DWARF debuginfo files for use by dwarffs.
To support flakes, Nix now has an extensible mechanism for fetching source trees. Currently it has the following backends:
- Git repositories
- Mercurial repositories
- GitHub and GitLab repositories (an optimisation for faster fetching than Git)
- Tarballs
- Arbitrary directories
The fetcher infrastructure is exposed via flake input specifications and via the fetchTree built-in.
Languages changes: the only new language feature is that you can now have antiquotations in paths, e.g. ./${foo} instead of ./. + foo.
New built-in functions:
- builtins.fetchTree allows fetching a source tree using any backends supported by the fetcher infrastructure. It subsumes the functionality of existing built-ins like fetchGit, fetchMercurial and fetchTarball.
- builtins.getFlake fetches a flake and returns its output attributes. This function should not be used inside flakes! Use flake inputs instead.
- builtins.floor and builtins.ceil round a floating-point number down and up, respectively.
Experimental support for recursive Nix. This means that Nix derivations can now call Nix to build other derivations. This is not in a stable state yet and not well documented.
The new experimental feature no-url-literals disables URL literals. This helps to implement RFC 45.
Nix now uses libarchive to decompress and unpack tarballs and zip files, so tar is no longer required.
The priority of substituters can now be overridden using the priority substituter setting (e.g. --substituters 'http://cache.nixos.org?priority=100 daemon?priority=10').
nix edit now supports non-derivation attributes, e.g. nix edit .#nixosConfigurations.bla.
The nix command now provides command line completion for bash, zsh and fish. Since the support for getting completions is built into nix, it's easy to add support for other shells.
The new --log-format flag selects what Nix's output looks like. It defaults to a terse progress indicator. There is a new internal-json output format for use by other programs.
nix eval has a new --apply flag that applies a function to the evaluation result.
nix eval has a new --write-to flag that allows it to write a nested attribute set of string leaves to a corresponding directory tree.
Memory improvements: many operations that add paths to the store or copy paths between stores now run in constant memory.
Many nix commands now support the flag --derivation to operate on a .drv file itself instead of its outputs.
There is a new store called dummy:// that does not support building or adding paths. This is useful if you want to use the Nix evaluator but don't have a Nix store.
The ssh-ng:// store now allows substituting paths on the remote, as ssh:// already did.
When auto-calling a function with an ellipsis, all arguments are now passed.
New nix-shell features:
- It preserves the PS1 environment variable if NIX_SHELL_PRESERVE_PROMPT is set.
- With -p, it passes any --args as Nixpkgs arguments.
- Support for structured attributes.
nix-prefetch-url has a new --executable flag.
On x86_64 systems, x86_64 microarchitecture levels are mapped to additional system types (e.g. x86_64-v1-linux).
The new --eval-store flag allows you to use a different store for evaluation than for building or storing the build result. This is primarily useful when you want to query whether something exists in a read-only store, such as a binary cache:
```
# nix path-info --json --store https://cache.nixos.org \
  --eval-store auto nixpkgs#hello
```
(Here auto indicates the local store.)
The Nix daemon has a new low-latency mechanism for copying closures. This is useful when building on remote stores such as ssh-ng://.
Plugins can now register nix subcommands.
The --indirect flag to nix-store --add-root has become a no-op. --add-root will always generate indirect GC roots from now on.

Incompatible changes

The nix command is now marked as an experimental feature. This means that you need to add
```
experimental-features = nix-command
```
to your nix.conf if you want to use it, or pass --extra-experimental-features nix-command on the command line.
The nix command no longer has a syntax for referring to packages in a channel. This means that the following no longer works:
```
nix build nixpkgs.hello # Nix 2.3
```
Instead, you can either use the # syntax to select a package from a flake, e.g.
```
nix build nixpkgs#hello
```
Or, if you want to use the nixpkgs channel in the NIX_PATH environment variable:
```
nix build -f '<nixpkgs>' hello
```
The old nix run has been renamed to nix shell, while there is a new nix run that runs a default command. So instead of
```
nix run nixpkgs.hello -c hello # Nix 2.3
```
you should use
```
nix shell nixpkgs#hello -c hello
```
or just
```
nix run nixpkgs#hello
```
if the command you want to run has the same name as the package.
It is now an error to modify the plugin-files setting via a command-line flag that appears after the first non-flag argument to any command, including a subcommand to nix. For example, nix-instantiate default.nix --plugin-files "" must now become nix-instantiate --plugin-files "" default.nix.
We no longer release source tarballs. If you want to build from source, please build from the tags in the Git repository.

Contributors

This release has contributions from Adam Höse, Albert Safin, Alex Kovar, Alex Zero, Alexander Bantyev, Alexandre Esteves, Alyssa Ross, Anatole Lucet, Anders Kaseorg, Andreas Rammhold, Antoine Eiche, Antoine Martin, Arnout Engelen, Arthur Gautier, aszlig, Ben Burdette, Benjamin Hipple, Bernardo Meurer, Björn Gohla, Bjørn Forsman, Bob van der Linden, Brian Leung, Brian McKenna, Brian Wignall, Bruce Toll, Bryan Richter, Calle Rosenquist, Calvin Loncaric, Carlo Nucera, Carlos D'Agostino, Chaz Schlarp, Christian Höppner, Christian Kampka, Chua Hou, Chuck, Cole Helbling, Daiderd Jordan, Dan Callahan, Dani, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Danila Fedorin, Daniël de Kok, Danny Bautista, DavHau, David McFarland, Dima, Domen Kožar, Dominik Schrempf, Dominique Martinet, dramforever, Dustin DeWeese, edef, Eelco Dolstra, Ellie Hermaszewska, Emilio Karakey, Emily, Eric Culp, Ersin Akinci, Fabian Möller, Farid Zakaria, Federico Pellegrin, Finn Behrens, Florian Franzen, Félix Baylac-Jacqué, Gabriella Gonzalez, Geoff Reedy, Georges Dubus, Graham Christensen, Greg Hale, Greg Price, Gregor Kleen, Gregory Hale, Griffin Smith, Guillaume Bouchard, Harald van Dijk, illustris, Ivan Zvonimir Horvat, Jade, Jake Waksbaum, jakobrs, James Ottaway, Jan Tojnar, Janne Heß, Jaroslavas Pocepko, Jarrett Keifer, Jeremy Schlatter, Joachim Breitner, Joe Pea, John Ericson, Jonathan Ringer, Josef Kemetmüller, Joseph Lucas, Jude Taylor, Julian Stecklina, Julien Tanguy, Jörg Thalheim, Kai Wohlfahrt, keke, Keshav Kini, Kevin Quick, Kevin Stock, Kjetil Orbekk, Krzysztof Gogolewski, kvtb, Lars Mühmel, Leonhard Markert, Lily Ballard, Linus Heckemann, Lorenzo Manacorda, Lucas Desgouilles, Lucas Franceschino, Lucas Hoffmann, Luke Granger-Brown, Madeline Haraj, Marwan Aljubeh, Mat Marini, Mateusz Piotrowski, Matthew Bauer, Matthew Kenigsberg, Mauricio Scheffer, Maximilian Bosch, Michael Adler, Michael Bishop, Michael Fellinger, Michael Forney, Michael Reilly, mlatus, Mykola Orliuk, Nathan van Doorn, Naïm Favier, ng0, Nick Van den Broeck, Nicolas Stig124 Formichella, Niels Egberts, Niklas Hambüchen, Nikola Knezevic, oxalica, p01arst0rm, Pamplemousse, Patrick Hilhorst, Paul Opiyo, Pavol Rusnak, Peter Kolloch, Philipp Bartsch, Philipp Middendorf, Piotr Szubiakowski, Profpatsch, Puck Meerburg, Ricardo M. Correia, Rickard Nilsson, Robert Hensing, Robin Gloster, Rodrigo, Rok Garbas, Ronnie Ebrin, Rovanion Luckey, Ryan Burns, Ryan Mulligan, Ryne Everett, Sam Doshi, Sam Lidder, Samir Talwar, Samuel Dionne-Riel, Sebastian Ullrich, Sergei Trofimovich, Sevan Janiyan, Shao Cheng, Shea Levy, Silvan Mosberger, Stefan Frijters, Stefan Jaax, sternenseemann, Steven Shaw, Stéphan Kochen, SuperSandro2000, Suraj Barkale, Taeer Bar-Yam, Thomas Churchman, Théophane Hufschmitt, Timothy DeHerrera, Timothy Klim, Tobias Möst, Tobias Pflug, Tom Bereknyei, Travis A. Everett, Ujjwal Jain, Vladimír Čunát, Wil Taylor, Will Dietz, Yaroslav Bolyukin, Yestin L. Harrison, YI, Yorick van Pelt, Yuriy Taraday and zimbatm.

Release 2.3 (2019-09-04)

This is primarily a bug fix release. However, it makes some incompatible changes:

Nix now uses BSD file locks instead of POSIX file locks. Because of this, you should not use Nix 2.3 and previous releases at the same time on a Nix store.

It also has the following changes:

builtins.fetchGit's ref argument now allows specifying an absolute remote ref. Nix will automatically prefix ref with refs/heads only if ref doesn't already begin with refs/.
The installer now enables sandboxing by default on Linux when the system has the necessary kernel support.
The max-jobs setting now defaults to 1.
New builtin functions: builtins.isPath, builtins.hashFile.
The nix command has a new --print-build-logs (-L) flag to print build log output to stderr, rather than showing the last log line in the progress bar. To distinguish between concurrent builds, log lines are prefixed by the name of the package.
Builds are now executed in a pseudo-terminal, and the TERM environment variable is set to xterm-256color. This allows many programs (e.g. gcc, clang, cmake) to print colorized log output.
Add --no-net convenience flag. This flag disables substituters; sets the tarball-ttl setting to infinity (ensuring that any previously downloaded files are considered current); and disables retrying downloads and sets the connection timeout to the minimum. This flag is enabled automatically if there are no configured non-loopback network interfaces.
Add a post-build-hook setting to run a program after a build has succeeded.
Add a trace-function-calls setting to log the duration of Nix function calls to stderr.

Release 2.2 (2019-01-11)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has the following changes:

In derivations that use structured attributes (i.e. that specify set the __structuredAttrs attribute to true to cause all attributes to be passed to the builder in JSON format), you can now specify closure checks per output, e.g.:

outputChecks."out" = {
  # The closure of 'out' must not be larger than 256 MiB.
  maxClosureSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;

  # It must not refer to C compiler or to the 'dev' output.
  disallowedRequisites = [ stdenv.cc "dev" ];
};

outputChecks."dev" = {
  # The 'dev' output must not be larger than 128 KiB.
  maxSize = 128 * 1024;
};

The derivation attribute requiredSystemFeatures is now enforced for local builds, and not just to route builds to remote builders. The supported features of a machine can be specified through the configuration setting system-features.

By default, system-features includes kvm if /dev/kvm exists. For compatibility, it also includes the pseudo-features nixos-test, benchmark and big-parallel which are used by Nixpkgs to route builds to particular Hydra build machines.
Sandbox builds are now enabled by default on Linux.
The new command nix doctor shows potential issues with your Nix installation.
The fetchGit builtin function now uses a caching scheme that puts different remote repositories in distinct local repositories, rather than a single shared repository. This may require more disk space but is faster.
The dirOf builtin function now works on relative paths.
Nix now supports SRI hashes, allowing the hash algorithm and hash to be specified in a single string. For example, you can write:
```
import <nix/fetchurl.nix> {
  url = https://nixos.org/releases/nix/nix-2.1.3/nix-2.1.3.tar.xz;
  hash = "sha256-XSLa0FjVyADWWhFfkZ2iKTjFDda6mMXjoYMXLRSYQKQ=";
};
```
instead of
```
import <nix/fetchurl.nix> {
  url = https://nixos.org/releases/nix/nix-2.1.3/nix-2.1.3.tar.xz;
  sha256 = "5d22dad058d5c800d65a115f919da22938c50dd6ba98c5e3a183172d149840a4";
};
```
In fixed-output derivations, the outputHashAlgo attribute is no longer mandatory if outputHash specifies the hash.

nix hash-file and nix hash-path now print hashes in SRI format by default. They also use SHA-256 by default instead of SHA-512 because that's what we use most of the time in Nixpkgs.
Integers are now 64 bits on all platforms.
The evaluator now prints profiling statistics (enabled via the NIX_SHOW_STATS and NIX_COUNT_CALLS environment variables) in JSON format.
The option --xml in nix-store --query has been removed. Instead, there now is an option --graphml to output the dependency graph in GraphML format.
All nix-* commands are now symlinks to nix. This saves a bit of disk space.
nix repl now uses libeditline or libreadline.

Release 2.1 (2018-09-02)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It also reduces memory consumption in certain situations. In addition, it has the following new features:

The Nix installer will no longer default to the Multi-User installation for macOS. You can still instruct the installer to run in multi-user mode.
The Nix installer now supports performing a Multi-User installation for Linux computers which are running systemd. You can select a Multi-User installation by passing the --daemon flag to the installer: sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon.

The multi-user installer cannot handle systems with SELinux. If your system has SELinux enabled, you can force the installer to run in single-user mode.
New builtin functions: builtins.bitAnd, builtins.bitOr, builtins.bitXor, builtins.fromTOML, builtins.concatMap, builtins.mapAttrs.
The S3 binary cache store now supports uploading NARs larger than 5 GiB.
The S3 binary cache store now supports uploading to S3-compatible services with the endpoint option.
The flag --fallback is no longer required to recover from disappeared NARs in binary caches.
nix-daemon now respects --store.
nix run now respects nix-support/propagated-user-env-packages.

This release has contributions from Adrien Devresse, Aleksandr Pashkov, Alexandre Esteves, Amine Chikhaoui, Andrew Dunham, Asad Saeeduddin, aszlig, Ben Challenor, Ben Gamari, Benjamin Hipple, Bogdan Seniuc, Corey O'Connor, Daiderd Jordan, Daniel Peebles, Daniel Poelzleithner, Danylo Hlynskyi, Dmitry Kalinkin, Domen Kožar, Doug Beardsley, Eelco Dolstra, Erik Arvstedt, Félix Baylac-Jacqué, Gleb Peregud, Graham Christensen, Guillaume Maudoux, Ivan Kozik, John Arnold, Justin Humm, Linus Heckemann, Lorenzo Manacorda, Matthew Justin Bauer, Matthew O'Gorman, Maximilian Bosch, Michael Bishop, Michael Fiano, Michael Mercier, Michael Raskin, Michael Weiss, Nicolas Dudebout, Peter Simons, Ryan Trinkle, Samuel Dionne-Riel, Sean Seefried, Shea Levy, Symphorien Gibol, Tim Engler, Tim Sears, Tuomas Tynkkynen, volth, Will Dietz, Yorick van Pelt and zimbatm.

Release 2.0 (2018-02-22)

The following incompatible changes have been made:

The manifest-based substituter mechanism (download-using-manifests) has been removed. It has been superseded by the binary cache substituter mechanism since several years. As a result, the following programs have been removed:
- nix-pull
- nix-generate-patches
- bsdiff
- bspatch
The “copy from other stores” substituter mechanism (copy-from-other-stores and the NIX_OTHER_STORES environment variable) has been removed. It was primarily used by the NixOS installer to copy available paths from the installation medium. The replacement is to use a chroot store as a substituter (e.g. --substituters /mnt), or to build into a chroot store (e.g. --store /mnt --substituters /).
The command nix-push has been removed as part of the effort to eliminate Nix's dependency on Perl. You can use nix copy instead, e.g. nix copy --to file:///tmp/my-binary-cache paths…
The “nested” log output feature (--log-type pretty) has been removed. As a result, nix-log2xml was also removed.
OpenSSL-based signing has been removed. This feature was never well-supported. A better alternative is provided by the secret-key-files and trusted-public-keys options.
Failed build caching has been removed. This feature was introduced to support the Hydra continuous build system, but Hydra no longer uses it.
nix-mode.el has been removed from Nix. It is now a separate repository and can be installed through the MELPA package repository.

This release has the following new features:

It introduces a new command named nix, which is intended to eventually replace all nix-* commands with a more consistent and better designed user interface. It currently provides replacements for some (but not all) of the functionality provided by nix-store, nix-build, nix-shell -p, nix-env -qa, nix-instantiate --eval, nix-push and nix-copy-closure. It has the following major features:
- Unlike the legacy commands, it has a consistent way to refer to packages and package-like arguments (like store paths). For example, the following commands all copy the GNU Hello package to a remote machine:
```
nix copy --to ssh://machine nixpkgs.hello

nix copy --to ssh://machine /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10

nix copy --to ssh://machine '(with import <nixpkgs> {}; hello)'
```
  By contrast, nix-copy-closure only accepted store paths as arguments.
- It is self-documenting: --help shows all available command-line arguments. If --help is given after a subcommand, it shows examples for that subcommand. nix --help-config shows all configuration options.
- It is much less verbose. By default, it displays a single-line progress indicator that shows how many packages are left to be built or downloaded, and (if there are running builds) the most recent line of builder output. If a build fails, it shows the last few lines of builder output. The full build log can be retrieved using nix log.
- It provides all nix.conf configuration options as command line flags. For example, instead of --option http-connections 100 you can write --http-connections 100. Boolean options can be written as --foo or --no-foo (e.g. --no-auto-optimise-store).
- Many subcommands have a --json flag to write results to stdout in JSON format.
Warning

Please note that the nix command is a work in progress and the interface is subject to change.

It provides the following high-level (“porcelain”) subcommands:
- nix build is a replacement for nix-build.
- nix run executes a command in an environment in which the specified packages are available. It is (roughly) a replacement for nix-shell -p. Unlike that command, it does not execute the command in a shell, and has a flag (-c) that specifies the unquoted command line to be executed.
  
  It is particularly useful in conjunction with chroot stores, allowing Linux users who do not have permission to install Nix in /nix/store to still use binary substitutes that assume /nix/store. For example,
```
nix run --store ~/my-nix nixpkgs.hello -c hello --greeting 'Hi everybody!'
```
  downloads (or if not substitutes are available, builds) the GNU Hello package into ~/my-nix/nix/store, then runs hello in a mount namespace where ~/my-nix/nix/store is mounted onto /nix/store.
- nix search replaces nix-env -qa. It searches the available packages for occurrences of a search string in the attribute name, package name or description. Unlike nix-env -qa, it has a cache to speed up subsequent searches.
- nix copy copies paths between arbitrary Nix stores, generalising nix-copy-closure and nix-push.
- nix repl replaces the external program nix-repl. It provides an interactive environment for evaluating and building Nix expressions. Note that it uses linenoise-ng instead of GNU Readline.
- nix upgrade-nix upgrades Nix to the latest stable version. This requires that Nix is installed in a profile. (Thus it won’t work on NixOS, or if it’s installed outside of the Nix store.)
- nix verify checks whether store paths are unmodified and/or “trusted” (see below). It replaces nix-store --verify and nix-store --verify-path.
- nix log shows the build log of a package or path. If the build log is not available locally, it will try to obtain it from the configured substituters (such as cache.nixos.org, which now provides build logs).
- nix edit opens the source code of a package in your editor.
- nix eval replaces nix-instantiate --eval.
- nix why-depends shows why one store path has another in its closure. This is primarily useful to finding the causes of closure bloat. For example,
```
nix why-depends nixpkgs.vlc nixpkgs.libdrm.dev
```
  shows a chain of files and fragments of file contents that cause the VLC package to have the “dev” output of libdrm in its closure — an undesirable situation.
- nix path-info shows information about store paths, replacing nix-store -q. A useful feature is the option --closure-size (-S). For example, the following command show the closure sizes of every path in the current NixOS system closure, sorted by size:
```
nix path-info -rS /run/current-system | sort -nk2
```
- nix optimise-store replaces nix-store --optimise. The main difference is that it has a progress indicator.
A number of low-level (“plumbing”) commands are also available:
- nix ls-store and nix ls-nar list the contents of a store path or NAR file. The former is primarily useful in conjunction with remote stores, e.g.
```
nix ls-store --store https://cache.nixos.org/ -lR /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10
```
  lists the contents of path in a binary cache.
- nix cat-store and nix cat-nar allow extracting a file from a store path or NAR file.
- nix dump-path writes the contents of a store path to stdout in NAR format. This replaces nix-store --dump.
- nix show-derivation displays a store derivation in JSON format. This is an alternative to pp-aterm.
- nix add-to-store replaces nix-store --add.
- nix sign-paths signs store paths.
- nix copy-sigs copies signatures from one store to another.
- nix show-config shows all configuration options and their current values.
The store abstraction that Nix has had for a long time to support store access via the Nix daemon has been extended significantly. In particular, substituters (which used to be external programs such as download-from-binary-cache) are now subclasses of the abstract Store class. This allows many Nix commands to operate on such store types. For example, nix path-info shows information about paths in your local Nix store, while nix path-info --store https://cache.nixos.org/ shows information about paths in the specified binary cache. Similarly, nix-copy-closure, nix-push and substitution are all instances of the general notion of copying paths between different kinds of Nix stores.

Stores are specified using an URI-like syntax, e.g. https://cache.nixos.org/ or ssh://machine. The following store types are supported:
- LocalStore (stori URI local or an absolute path) and the misnamed RemoteStore (daemon) provide access to a local Nix store, the latter via the Nix daemon. You can use auto or the empty string to auto-select a local or daemon store depending on whether you have write permission to the Nix store. It is no longer necessary to set the NIX_REMOTE environment variable to use the Nix daemon.
  
  As noted above, LocalStore now supports chroot builds, allowing the “physical” location of the Nix store (e.g. /home/alice/nix/store) to differ from its “logical” location (typically /nix/store). This allows non-root users to use Nix while still getting the benefits from prebuilt binaries from cache.nixos.org.
- BinaryCacheStore is the abstract superclass of all binary cache stores. It supports writing build logs and NAR content listings in JSON format.
- HttpBinaryCacheStore (http://, https://) supports binary caches via HTTP or HTTPS. If the server supports PUT requests, it supports uploading store paths via commands such as nix copy.
- LocalBinaryCacheStore (file://) supports binary caches in the local filesystem.
- S3BinaryCacheStore (s3://) supports binary caches stored in Amazon S3, if enabled at compile time.
- LegacySSHStore (ssh://) is used to implement remote builds and nix-copy-closure.
- SSHStore (ssh-ng://) supports arbitrary Nix operations on a remote machine via the same protocol used by nix-daemon.
Security has been improved in various ways:
- Nix now stores signatures for local store paths. When paths are copied between stores (e.g., copied from a binary cache to a local store), signatures are propagated.
  
  Locally-built paths are signed automatically using the secret keys specified by the secret-key-files store option. Secret/public key pairs can be generated using nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key.
  
  In addition, locally-built store paths are marked as “ultimately trusted”, but this bit is not propagated when paths are copied between stores.
- Content-addressable store paths no longer require signatures — they can be imported into a store by unprivileged users even if they lack signatures.
- The command nix verify checks whether the specified paths are trusted, i.e., have a certain number of trusted signatures, are ultimately trusted, or are content-addressed.
- Substitutions from binary caches now require signatures by default. This was already the case on NixOS.
- In Linux sandbox builds, we now use /build instead of /tmp as the temporary build directory. This fixes potential security problems when a build accidentally stores its TMPDIR in some security-sensitive place, such as an RPATH.
Pure evaluation mode. With the --pure-eval flag, Nix enables a variant of the existing restricted evaluation mode that forbids access to anything that could cause different evaluations of the same command line arguments to produce a different result. This includes builtin functions such as builtins.getEnv, but more importantly, all filesystem or network access unless a content hash or commit hash is specified. For example, calls to builtins.fetchGit are only allowed if a rev attribute is specified.

The goal of this feature is to enable true reproducibility and traceability of builds (including NixOS system configurations) at the evaluation level. For example, in the future, nixos-rebuild might build configurations from a Nix expression in a Git repository in pure mode. That expression might fetch other repositories such as Nixpkgs via builtins.fetchGit. The commit hash of the top-level repository then uniquely identifies a running system, and, in conjunction with that repository, allows it to be reproduced or modified.
There are several new features to support binary reproducibility (i.e. to help ensure that multiple builds of the same derivation produce exactly the same output). When enforce-determinism is set to false, it’s no longer a fatal error if build rounds produce different output. Also, a hook named diff-hook is provided to allow you to run tools such as diffoscope when build rounds produce different output.
Configuring remote builds is a lot easier now. Provided you are not using the Nix daemon, you can now just specify a remote build machine on the command line, e.g. --option builders 'ssh://my-mac x86_64-darwin'. The environment variable NIX_BUILD_HOOK has been removed and is no longer needed. The environment variable NIX_REMOTE_SYSTEMS is still supported for compatibility, but it is also possible to specify builders in nix.conf by setting the option builders = @path.
If a fixed-output derivation produces a result with an incorrect hash, the output path is moved to the location corresponding to the actual hash and registered as valid. Thus, a subsequent build of the fixed-output derivation with the correct hash is unnecessary.
nix-shell now sets the IN_NIX_SHELL environment variable during evaluation and in the shell itself. This can be used to perform different actions depending on whether you’re in a Nix shell or in a regular build. Nixpkgs provides lib.inNixShell to check this variable during evaluation.
NIX_PATH is now lazy, so URIs in the path are only downloaded if they are needed for evaluation.
You can now use channel: as a short-hand for https://nixos.org/channels//nixexprs.tar.xz. For example, nix-build channel:nixos-15.09 -A hello will build the GNU Hello package from the nixos-15.09 channel. In the future, this may use Git to fetch updates more efficiently.
When --no-build-output is given, the last 10 lines of the build log will be shown if a build fails.
Networking has been improved:
- HTTP/2 is now supported. This makes binary cache lookups much more efficient.
- We now retry downloads on many HTTP errors, making binary caches substituters more resilient to temporary failures.
- HTTP credentials can now be configured via the standard netrc mechanism.
- If S3 support is enabled at compile time, s3:// URIs are supported in all places where Nix allows URIs.
- Brotli compression is now supported. In particular, cache.nixos.org build logs are now compressed using Brotli.
nix-env now ignores packages with bad derivation names (in particular those starting with a digit or containing a dot).
Many configuration options have been renamed, either because they were unnecessarily verbose (e.g. build-use-sandbox is now just sandbox) or to reflect generalised behaviour (e.g. binary-caches is now substituters because it allows arbitrary store URIs). The old names are still supported for compatibility.
The max-jobs option can now be set to auto to use the number of CPUs in the system.
Hashes can now be specified in base-64 format, in addition to base-16 and the non-standard base-32.
nix-shell now uses bashInteractive from Nixpkgs, rather than the bash command that happens to be in the caller’s PATH. This is especially important on macOS where the bash provided by the system is seriously outdated and cannot execute stdenv’s setup script.
Nix can now automatically trigger a garbage collection if free disk space drops below a certain level during a build. This is configured using the min-free and max-free options.
nix-store -q --roots and nix-store --gc --print-roots now show temporary and in-memory roots.
Nix can now be extended with plugins. See the documentation of the plugin-files option for more details.

The Nix language has the following new features:

It supports floating point numbers. They are based on the C++ float type and are supported by the existing numerical operators. Export and import to and from JSON and XML works, too.
Derivation attributes can now reference the outputs of the derivation using the placeholder builtin function. For example, the attribute
```
configureFlags = "--prefix=${placeholder "out"} --includedir=${placeholder "dev"}";
```
will cause the configureFlags environment variable to contain the actual store paths corresponding to the out and dev outputs.

The following builtin functions are new or extended:

builtins.fetchGit allows Git repositories to be fetched at evaluation time. Thus it differs from the fetchgit function in Nixpkgs, which fetches at build time and cannot be used to fetch Nix expressions during evaluation. A typical use case is to import external NixOS modules from your configuration, e.g.
```
imports = [ (builtins.fetchGit https://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs + "/module.nix") ];
```
Similarly, builtins.fetchMercurial allows you to fetch Mercurial repositories.
builtins.path generalises builtins.filterSource and path literals (e.g. ./foo). It allows specifying a store path name that differs from the source path name (e.g. builtins.path { path = ./foo; name = "bar"; }) and also supports filtering out unwanted files.
builtins.fetchurl and builtins.fetchTarball now support sha256 and name attributes.
builtins.split splits a string using a POSIX extended regular expression as the separator.
builtins.partition partitions the elements of a list into two lists, depending on a Boolean predicate.
<nix/fetchurl.nix> now uses the content-addressable tarball cache at http://tarballs.nixos.org/, just like fetchurl in Nixpkgs. (f2682e6e18a76ecbfb8a12c17e3a0ca15c084197)
In restricted and pure evaluation mode, builtin functions that download from the network (such as fetchGit) are permitted to fetch underneath a list of URI prefixes specified in the option allowed-uris.

The Nix build environment has the following changes:

Values such as Booleans, integers, (nested) lists and attribute sets can now be passed to builders in a non-lossy way. If the special attribute __structuredAttrs is set to true, the other derivation attributes are serialised in JSON format and made available to the builder via the file .attrs.json in the builder’s temporary directory. This obviates the need for passAsFile since JSON files have no size restrictions, unlike process environments.

As a convenience to Bash builders, Nix writes a script named .attrs.sh to the builder’s directory that initialises shell variables corresponding to all attributes that are representable in Bash. This includes non-nested (associative) arrays. For example, the attribute hardening.format = true ends up as the Bash associative array element ${hardening[format]}.
Builders can now communicate what build phase they are in by writing messages to the file descriptor specified in NIX_LOG_FD. The current phase is shown by the nix progress indicator.
In Linux sandbox builds, we now provide a default /bin/sh (namely ash from BusyBox).
In structured attribute mode, exportReferencesGraph exports extended information about closures in JSON format. In particular, it includes the sizes and hashes of paths. This is primarily useful for NixOS image builders.
Builds are now killed as soon as Nix receives EOF on the builder’s stdout or stderr. This fixes a bug that allowed builds to hang Nix indefinitely, regardless of timeouts.
The sandbox-paths configuration option can now specify optional paths by appending a ?, e.g. /dev/nvidiactl? will bind-mount /dev/nvidiactl only if it exists.
On Linux, builds are now executed in a user namespace with UID 1000 and GID 100.

A number of significant internal changes were made:

Nix no longer depends on Perl and all Perl components have been rewritten in C++ or removed. The Perl bindings that used to be part of Nix have been moved to a separate package, nix-perl.
All Store classes are now thread-safe. RemoteStore supports multiple concurrent connections to the daemon. This is primarily useful in multi-threaded programs such as hydra-queue-runner.

This release has contributions from Adrien Devresse, Alexander Ried, Alex Cruice, Alexey Shmalko, AmineChikhaoui, Andy Wingo, Aneesh Agrawal, Anthony Cowley, Armijn Hemel, aszlig, Ben Gamari, Benjamin Hipple, Benjamin Staffin, Benno Fünfstück, Bjørn Forsman, Brian McKenna, Charles Strahan, Chase Adams, Chris Martin, Christian Theune, Chris Warburton, Daiderd Jordan, Dan Connolly, Daniel Peebles, Dan Peebles, davidak, David McFarland, Dmitry Kalinkin, Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Emery Hemingway, Eric Litak, Eric Wolf, Fabian Schmitthenner, Frederik Rietdijk, Gabriel Gonzalez, Giorgio Gallo, Graham Christensen, Guillaume Maudoux, Harmen, Iavael, James Broadhead, James Earl Douglas, Janus Troelsen, Jeremy Shaw, Joachim Schiele, Joe Hermaszewski, Joel Moberg, Johannes 'fish' Ziemke, Jörg Thalheim, Jude Taylor, kballou, Keshav Kini, Kjetil Orbekk, Langston Barrett, Linus Heckemann, Ludovic Courtès, Manav Rathi, Marc Scholten, Markus Hauck, Matt Audesse, Matthew Bauer, Matthias Beyer, Matthieu Coudron, N1X, Nathan Zadoks, Neil Mayhew, Nicolas B. Pierron, Niklas Hambüchen, Nikolay Amiantov, Ole Jørgen Brønner, Orivej Desh, Peter Simons, Peter Stuart, Pyry Jahkola, regnat, Renzo Carbonara, Rhys, Robert Vollmert, Scott Olson, Scott R. Parish, Sergei Trofimovich, Shea Levy, Sheena Artrip, Spencer Baugh, Stefan Junker, Susan Potter, Thomas Tuegel, Timothy Allen, Tristan Hume, Tuomas Tynkkynen, tv, Tyson Whitehead, Vladimír Čunát, Will Dietz, wmertens, Wout Mertens, zimbatm and Zoran Plesivčak.

Release 1.11.10 (2017-06-12)

This release fixes a security bug in Nix’s “build user” build isolation mechanism. Previously, Nix builders had the ability to create setuid binaries owned by a nixbld user. Such a binary could then be used by an attacker to assume a nixbld identity and interfere with subsequent builds running under the same UID.

To prevent this issue, Nix now disallows builders to create setuid and setgid binaries. On Linux, this is done using a seccomp BPF filter. Note that this imposes a small performance penalty (e.g. 1% when building GNU Hello). Using seccomp, we now also prevent the creation of extended attributes and POSIX ACLs since these cannot be represented in the NAR format and (in the case of POSIX ACLs) allow bypassing regular Nix store permissions. On macOS, the restriction is implemented using the existing sandbox mechanism, which now uses a minimal “allow all except the creation of setuid/setgid binaries” profile when regular sandboxing is disabled. On other platforms, the “build user” mechanism is now disabled.

Thanks go to Linus Heckemann for discovering and reporting this bug.

Release 1.11 (2016-01-19)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has a number of new features:

nix-prefetch-url can now download URLs specified in a Nix expression. For example,
```
$ nix-prefetch-url -A hello.src
```
will prefetch the file specified by the fetchurl call in the attribute hello.src from the Nix expression in the current directory, and print the cryptographic hash of the resulting file on stdout. This differs from nix-build -A hello.src in that it doesn't verify the hash, and is thus useful when you’re updating a Nix expression.

You can also prefetch the result of functions that unpack a tarball, such as fetchFromGitHub. For example:
```
$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
```
or from a Nix expression:
```
$ nix-prefetch-url -A nix-repl.src
```
The builtin function <nix/fetchurl.nix> now supports downloading and unpacking NARs. This removes the need to have multiple downloads in the Nixpkgs stdenv bootstrap process (like a separate busybox binary for Linux, or curl/mkdir/sh/bzip2 for Darwin). Now all those files can be combined into a single NAR, optionally compressed using xz.
Nix now supports SHA-512 hashes for verifying fixed-output derivations, and in builtins.hashString.
The new flag --option build-repeat N will cause every build to be executed N+1 times. If the build output differs between any round, the build is rejected, and the output paths are not registered as valid. This is primarily useful to verify build determinism. (We already had a --check option to repeat a previously succeeded build. However, with --check, non-deterministic builds are registered in the DB. Preventing that is useful for Hydra to ensure that non-deterministic builds don't end up getting published to the binary cache.)

The options --check and --option build-repeat N, if they detect a difference between two runs of the same derivation and -K is given, will make the output of the other run available under store-path-check. This makes it easier to investigate the non-determinism using tools like diffoscope, e.g.,

$ nix-build pkgs/stdenv/linux -A stage1.pkgs.zlib --check -K
error: derivation ‘/nix/store/l54i8wlw2265…-zlib-1.2.8.drv’ may not
be deterministic: output ‘/nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8’
differs from ‘/nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8-check’

$ diffoscope /nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8 /nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8-check
…
├── lib/libz.a
│   ├── metadata
│   │ @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
│   │ -rw-r--r-- 30001/30000   3096 Jan 12 15:20 2016 adler32.o
…
│   │ +rw-r--r-- 30001/30000   3096 Jan 12 15:28 2016 adler32.o
…

Improved FreeBSD support.
nix-env -qa --xml --meta now prints license information.
The maximum number of parallel TCP connections that the binary cache substituter will use has been decreased from 150 to 25. This should prevent upsetting some broken NAT routers, and also improves performance.
All "chroot"-containing strings got renamed to "sandbox". In particular, some Nix options got renamed, but the old names are still accepted as lower-priority aliases.

This release has contributions from Anders Claesson, Anthony Cowley, Bjørn Forsman, Brian McKenna, Danny Wilson, davidak, Eelco Dolstra, Fabian Schmitthenner, FrankHB, Ilya Novoselov, janus, Jim Garrison, John Ericson, Jude Taylor, Ludovic Courtès, Manuel Jacob, Mathnerd314, Pascal Wittmann, Peter Simons, Philip Potter, Preston Bennes, Rommel M. Martinez, Sander van der Burg, Shea Levy, Tim Cuthbertson, Tuomas Tynkkynen, Utku Demir and Vladimír Čunát.

Release 1.10 (2015-09-03)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has a number of new features:

A number of builtin functions have been added to reduce Nixpkgs/NixOS evaluation time and memory consumption: all, any, concatStringsSep, foldl’, genList, replaceStrings, sort.
The garbage collector is more robust when the disk is full.
Nix supports a new API for building derivations that doesn’t require a .drv file to be present on disk; it only requires an in-memory representation of the derivation. This is used by the Hydra continuous build system to make remote builds more efficient.
The function <nix/fetchurl.nix> now uses a builtin builder (i.e. it doesn’t require starting an external process; the download is performed by Nix itself). This ensures that derivation paths don’t change when Nix is upgraded, and obviates the need for ugly hacks to support chroot execution.
--version -v now prints some configuration information, in particular what compile-time optional features are enabled, and the paths of various directories.
Build users have their supplementary groups set correctly.

This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra, Guillaume Maudoux, Iwan Aucamp, Jaka Hudoklin, Kirill Elagin, Ludovic Courtès, Manolis Ragkousis, Nicolas B. Pierron and Shea Levy.

Release 1.9 (2015-06-12)

In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has the following new features:

Signed binary cache support. You can enable signature checking by adding the following to nix.conf:
```
signed-binary-caches = *
binary-cache-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY=
```
This will prevent Nix from downloading any binary from the cache that is not signed by one of the keys listed in binary-cache-public-keys.

Signature checking is only supported if you built Nix with the libsodium package.

Note that while Nix has had experimental support for signed binary caches since version 1.7, this release changes the signature format in a backwards-incompatible way.
Automatic downloading of Nix expression tarballs. In various places, you can now specify the URL of a tarball containing Nix expressions (such as Nixpkgs), which will be downloaded and unpacked automatically. For example:
- In nix-env:
```
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz -iA firefox
```
  This installs Firefox from the latest tested and built revision of the NixOS 14.12 channel.
- In nix-build and nix-shell:
```
$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -A hello
```
  This builds GNU Hello from the latest revision of the Nixpkgs master branch.
- In the Nix search path (as specified via NIX_PATH or -I). For example, to start a shell containing the Pan package from a specific version of Nixpkgs:
```
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz
```
- In nixos-rebuild (on NixOS):
```
$ nixos-rebuild test -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-unstable.tar.gz
```
- In Nix expressions, via the new builtin function fetchTarball:
```
with import (fetchTarball https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz) {}; …
```
  (This is not allowed in restricted mode.)
nix-shell improvements:
- nix-shell now has a flag --run to execute a command in the nix-shell environment, e.g. nix-shell --run make. This is like the existing --command flag, except that it uses a non-interactive shell (ensuring that hitting Ctrl-C won’t drop you into the child shell).
- nix-shell can now be used as a #!-interpreter. This allows you to write scripts that dynamically fetch their own dependencies. For example, here is a Haskell script that, when invoked, first downloads GHC and the Haskell packages on which it depends:
```
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p haskellPackages.ghc haskellPackages.HTTP

import Network.HTTP

main = do
  resp <- Network.HTTP.simpleHTTP (getRequest "http://nixos.org/")
  body <- getResponseBody resp
  print (take 100 body)
```
  Of course, the dependencies are cached in the Nix store, so the second invocation of this script will be much faster.
Chroot improvements:
- Chroot builds are now supported on Mac OS X (using its sandbox mechanism).
- If chroots are enabled, they are now used for all derivations, including fixed-output derivations (such as fetchurl). The latter do have network access, but can no longer access the host filesystem. If you need the old behaviour, you can set the option build-use-chroot to relaxed.
- On Linux, if chroots are enabled, builds are performed in a private PID namespace once again. (This functionality was lost in Nix 1.8.)
- Store paths listed in build-chroot-dirs are now automatically expanded to their closure. For instance, if you want /nix/store/…-bash/bin/sh mounted in your chroot as /bin/sh, you only need to say build-chroot-dirs = /bin/sh=/nix/store/…-bash/bin/sh; it is no longer necessary to specify the dependencies of Bash.
The new derivation attribute passAsFile allows you to specify that the contents of derivation attributes should be passed via files rather than environment variables. This is useful if you need to pass very long strings that exceed the size limit of the environment. The Nixpkgs function writeTextFile uses this.
You can now use ~ in Nix file names to refer to your home directory, e.g. import ~/.nixpkgs/config.nix.
Nix has a new option restrict-eval that allows limiting what paths the Nix evaluator has access to. By passing --option restrict-eval true to Nix, the evaluator will throw an exception if an attempt is made to access any file outside of the Nix search path. This is primarily intended for Hydra to ensure that a Hydra jobset only refers to its declared inputs (and is therefore reproducible).
nix-env now only creates a new “generation” symlink in /nix/var/nix/profiles if something actually changed.
The environment variable NIX_PAGER can now be set to override PAGER. You can set it to cat to disable paging for Nix commands only.
Failing <...> lookups now show position information.
Improved Boehm GC use: we disabled scanning for interior pointers, which should reduce the “Repeated allocation of very large block” warnings and associated retention of memory.

This release has contributions from aszlig, Benjamin Staffin, Charles Strahan, Christian Theune, Daniel Hahler, Danylo Hlynskyi Daniel Peebles, Dan Peebles, Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Harald van Dijk, Hoang Xuan Phu, Jaka Hudoklin, Jeff Ramnani, j-keck, Linquize, Luca Bruno, Michael Merickel, Oliver Dunkl, Rob Vermaas, Rok Garbas, Shea Levy, Tobias Geerinckx-Rice and William A. Kennington III.

Release 1.8 (2014-12-14)

Breaking change: to address a race condition, the remote build hook mechanism now uses nix-store --serve on the remote machine. This requires build slaves to be updated to Nix 1.8.
Nix now uses HTTPS instead of HTTP to access the default binary cache, cache.nixos.org.
nix-env selectors are now regular expressions. For instance, you can do
```
$ nix-env -qa '.*zip.*'
```
to query all packages with a name containing zip.
nix-store --read-log can now fetch remote build logs. If a build log is not available locally, then ‘nix-store -l’ will now try to download it from the servers listed in the ‘log-servers’ option in nix.conf. For instance, if you have the configuration option
```
log-servers = http://hydra.nixos.org/log
```
then it will try to get logs from http://hydra.nixos.org/log/base name of the store path. This allows you to do things like:
```
$ nix-store -l $(which xterm)
```
and get a log even if xterm wasn't built locally.
New builtin functions: attrValues, deepSeq, fromJSON, readDir, seq.
nix-instantiate --eval now has a --json flag to print the resulting value in JSON format.
nix-copy-closure now uses nix-store --serve on the remote side to send or receive closures. This fixes a race condition between nix-copy-closure and the garbage collector.
Derivations can specify the new special attribute allowedRequisites, which has a similar meaning to allowedReferences. But instead of only enforcing to explicitly specify the immediate references, it requires the derivation to specify all the dependencies recursively (hence the name, requisites) that are used by the resulting output.
On Mac OS X, Nix now handles case collisions when importing closures from case-sensitive file systems. This is mostly useful for running NixOps on Mac OS X.
The Nix daemon has new configuration options allowed-users (specifying the users and groups that are allowed to connect to the daemon) and trusted-users (specifying the users and groups that can perform privileged operations like specifying untrusted binary caches).
The configuration option build-cores now defaults to the number of available CPU cores.
Build users are now used by default when Nix is invoked as root. This prevents builds from accidentally running as root.
Nix now includes systemd units and Upstart jobs.
Speed improvements to nix-store --optimise.
Language change: the == operator now ignores string contexts (the “dependencies” of a string).
Nix now filters out Nix-specific ANSI escape sequences on standard error. They are supposed to be invisible, but some terminals show them anyway.
Various commands now automatically pipe their output into the pager as specified by the PAGER environment variable.
Several improvements to reduce memory consumption in the evaluator.

This release has contributions from Adam Szkoda, Aristid Breitkreuz, Bob van der Linden, Charles Strahan, darealshinji, Eelco Dolstra, Gergely Risko, Joel Taylor, Ludovic Courtès, Marko Durkovic, Mikey Ariel, Paul Colomiets, Ricardo M. Correia, Ricky Elrod, Robert Helgesson, Rob Vermaas, Russell O'Connor, Shea Levy, Shell Turner, Sönke Hahn, Steve Purcell, Vladimír Čunát and Wout Mertens.

Release 1.7 (2014-04-11)

In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has the following new features:

Antiquotation is now allowed inside of quoted attribute names (e.g. set."${foo}"). In the case where the attribute name is just a single antiquotation, the quotes can be dropped (e.g. the above example can be written set.${foo}). If an attribute name inside of a set declaration evaluates to null (e.g. { ${null} = false; }), then that attribute is not added to the set.
Experimental support for cryptographically signed binary caches. See the commit for details.
An experimental new substituter, download-via-ssh, that fetches binaries from remote machines via SSH. Specifying the flags --option use-ssh-substituter true --option ssh-substituter-hosts user@hostname will cause Nix to download binaries from the specified machine, if it has them.
nix-store -r and nix-build have a new flag, --check, that builds a previously built derivation again, and prints an error message if the output is not exactly the same. This helps to verify whether a derivation is truly deterministic. For example:
```
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A patchelf
…
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A patchelf --check
…
error: derivation `/nix/store/1ipvxs…-patchelf-0.6' may not be deterministic:
  hash mismatch in output `/nix/store/4pc1dm…-patchelf-0.6.drv'
```
The nix-instantiate flags --eval-only and --parse-only have been renamed to --eval and --parse, respectively.
nix-instantiate, nix-build and nix-shell now have a flag --expr (or -E) that allows you to specify the expression to be evaluated as a command line argument. For instance, nix-instantiate --eval -E '1 + 2' will print 3.
nix-shell improvements:
- It has a new flag, --packages (or -p), that sets up a build environment containing the specified packages from Nixpkgs. For example, the command
```
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11 hello
```
  will start a shell in which the given packages are present.
- It now uses shell.nix as the default expression, falling back to default.nix if the former doesn’t exist. This makes it convenient to have a shell.nix in your project to set up a nice development environment.
- It evaluates the derivation attribute shellHook, if set. Since stdenv does not normally execute this hook, it allows you to do nix-shell-specific setup.
- It preserves the user’s timezone setting.
In chroots, Nix now sets up a /dev containing only a minimal set of devices (such as /dev/null). Note that it only does this if you don’t have /dev listed in your build-chroot-dirs setting; otherwise, it will bind-mount the /dev from outside the chroot.

Similarly, if you don’t have /dev/pts listed in build-chroot-dirs, Nix will mount a private devpts filesystem on the chroot’s /dev/pts.
New built-in function: builtins.toJSON, which returns a JSON representation of a value.
nix-env -q has a new flag --json to print a JSON representation of the installed or available packages.
nix-env now supports meta attributes with more complex values, such as attribute sets.

The -A flag now allows attribute names with dots in them, e.g.

$ nix-instantiate --eval '<nixos>' -A 'config.systemd.units."nscd.service".text'

The --max-freed option to nix-store --gc now accepts a unit specifier. For example, nix-store --gc --max-freed 1G will free up to 1 gigabyte of disk space.
nix-collect-garbage has a new flag --delete-older-than Nd, which deletes all user environment generations older than N days. Likewise, nix-env --delete-generations accepts a Nd age limit.
Nix now heuristically detects whether a build failure was due to a disk-full condition. In that case, the build is not flagged as “permanently failed”. This is mostly useful for Hydra, which needs to distinguish between permanent and transient build failures.
There is a new symbol __curPos that expands to an attribute set containing its file name and line and column numbers, e.g. { file = "foo.nix"; line = 10; column = 5; }. There also is a new builtin function, unsafeGetAttrPos, that returns the position of an attribute. This is used by Nixpkgs to provide location information in error messages, e.g.
```
$ nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A libreoffice --argstr system x86_64-darwin
error: the package ‘libreoffice-4.0.5.2’ in ‘.../applications/office/libreoffice/default.nix:263’
  is not supported on ‘x86_64-darwin’
```
The garbage collector is now more concurrent with other Nix processes because it releases certain locks earlier.
The binary tarball installer has been improved. You can now install Nix by running:
```
$ bash <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install)
```
More evaluation errors include position information. For instance, selecting a missing attribute will print something like
```
error: attribute `nixUnstabl' missing, at /etc/nixos/configurations/misc/eelco/mandark.nix:216:15
```
The command nix-setuid-helper is gone.
Nix no longer uses Automake, but instead has a non-recursive, GNU Make-based build system.
All installed libraries now have the prefix libnix. In particular, this gets rid of libutil, which could clash with libraries with the same name from other packages.
Nix now requires a compiler that supports C++11.

This release has contributions from Danny Wilson, Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Ian-Woo Kim, Ludovic Courtès, Maxim Ivanov, Petr Rockai, Ricardo M. Correia and Shea Levy.

Release 1.6.1 (2013-10-28)

This is primarily a bug fix release. Changes of interest are:

Nix 1.6 accidentally changed the semantics of antiquoted paths in strings, such as "${/foo}/bar". This release reverts to the Nix 1.5.3 behaviour.
Previously, Nix optimised expressions such as "${expr}" to expr. Thus it neither checked whether expr could be coerced to a string, nor applied such coercions. This meant that "${123}" evaluatued to 123, and "${./foo}" evaluated to ./foo (even though "${./foo} " evaluates to "/nix/store/hash-foo "). Nix now checks the type of antiquoted expressions and applies coercions.
Nix now shows the exact position of undefined variables. In particular, undefined variable errors in a with previously didn't show any position information, so this makes it a lot easier to fix such errors.
Undefined variables are now treated consistently. Previously, the tryEval function would catch undefined variables inside a with but not outside. Now tryEval never catches undefined variables.
Bash completion in nix-shell now works correctly.
Stack traces are less verbose: they no longer show calls to builtin functions and only show a single line for each derivation on the call stack.
New built-in function: builtins.typeOf, which returns the type of its argument as a string.

Release 1.6 (2013-09-10)

In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has several new features:

The command nix-build --run-env has been renamed to nix-shell.
nix-shell now sources $stdenv/setup inside the interactive shell, rather than in a parent shell. This ensures that shell functions defined by stdenv can be used in the interactive shell.
nix-shell has a new flag --pure to clear the environment, so you get an environment that more closely corresponds to the “real” Nix build.
nix-shell now sets the shell prompt (PS1) to ensure that Nix shells are distinguishable from your regular shells.
nix-env no longer requires a * argument to match all packages, so nix-env -qa is equivalent to nix-env -qa '*'.
nix-env -i has a new flag --remove-all (-r) to remove all previous packages from the profile. This makes it easier to do declarative package management similar to NixOS’s environment.systemPackages. For instance, if you have a specification my-packages.nix like this:
```
with import <nixpkgs> {};
[ thunderbird
  geeqie
  ...
]
```
then after any change to this file, you can run:
```
$ nix-env -f my-packages.nix -ir
```
to update your profile to match the specification.
The ‘with’ language construct is now more lazy. It only evaluates its argument if a variable might actually refer to an attribute in the argument. For instance, this now works:
```
let
  pkgs = with pkgs; { foo = "old"; bar = foo; } // overrides;
  overrides = { foo = "new"; };
in pkgs.bar
```
This evaluates to "new", while previously it gave an “infinite recursion” error.
Nix now has proper integer arithmetic operators. For instance, you can write x + y instead of builtins.add x y, or x < y instead of builtins.lessThan x y. The comparison operators also work on strings.
On 64-bit systems, Nix integers are now 64 bits rather than 32 bits.
When using the Nix daemon, the nix-daemon worker process now runs on the same CPU as the client, on systems that support setting CPU affinity. This gives a significant speedup on some systems.
If a stack overflow occurs in the Nix evaluator, you now get a proper error message (rather than “Segmentation fault”) on some systems.
In addition to directories, you can now bind-mount regular files in chroots through the (now misnamed) option build-chroot-dirs.

This release has contributions from Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Florian Friesdorf, Gergely Risko, Ivan Kozik, Ludovic Courtès and Shea Levy.

Release 1.5.2 (2013-05-13)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It has contributions from Eelco Dolstra, Lluís Batlle i Rossell and Shea Levy.

Release 1.5 (2013-02-27)

This is a brown paper bag release to fix a regression introduced by the hard link security fix in 1.4.

Release 1.4 (2013-02-26)

This release fixes a security bug in multi-user operation. It was possible for derivations to cause the mode of files outside of the Nix store to be changed to 444 (read-only but world-readable) by creating hard links to those files (details).

There are also the following improvements:

New built-in function: builtins.hashString.
Build logs are now stored in /nix/var/log/nix/drvs/XX/, where XX is the first two characters of the derivation. This is useful on machines that keep a lot of build logs (such as Hydra servers).
The function corepkgs/fetchurl can now make the downloaded file executable. This will allow getting rid of all bootstrap binaries in the Nixpkgs source tree.
Language change: The expression "${./path} ..." now evaluates to a string instead of a path.

Release 1.3 (2013-01-04)

This is primarily a bug fix release. When this version is first run on Linux, it removes any immutable bits from the Nix store and increases the schema version of the Nix store. (The previous release removed support for setting the immutable bit; this release clears any remaining immutable bits to make certain operations more efficient.)

This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra and Stuart Pernsteiner.

Release 1.2 (2012-12-06)

This release has the following improvements and changes:

Nix has a new binary substituter mechanism: the binary cache. A binary cache contains pre-built binaries of Nix packages. Whenever Nix wants to build a missing Nix store path, it will check a set of binary caches to see if any of them has a pre-built binary of that path. The configuration setting binary-caches contains a list of URLs of binary caches. For instance, doing
```
$ nix-env -i thunderbird --option binary-caches http://cache.nixos.org
```
will install Thunderbird and its dependencies, using the available pre-built binaries in http://cache.nixos.org. The main advantage over the old “manifest”-based method of getting pre-built binaries is that you don’t have to worry about your manifest being in sync with the Nix expressions you’re installing from; i.e., you don’t need to run nix-pull to update your manifest. It’s also more scalable because you don’t need to redownload a giant manifest file every time.

A Nix channel can provide a binary cache URL that will be used automatically if you subscribe to that channel. If you use the Nixpkgs or NixOS channels (http://nixos.org/channels) you automatically get the cache http://cache.nixos.org.

Binary caches are created using nix-push. For details on the operation and format of binary caches, see the nix-push manpage. More details are provided in this nix-dev posting.
Multiple output support should now be usable. A derivation can declare that it wants to produce multiple store paths by saying something like
```
outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
```
This will cause Nix to pass the intended store path of each output to the builder through the environment variables lib, headers and doc. Other packages can refer to a specific output by referring to pkg.output, e.g.
```
buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
```
If you install a package with multiple outputs using nix-env, each output path will be symlinked into the user environment.
Dashes are now valid as part of identifiers and attribute names.
The new operation nix-store --repair-path allows corrupted or missing store paths to be repaired by redownloading them. nix-store --verify --check-contents --repair will scan and repair all paths in the Nix store. Similarly, nix-env, nix-build, nix-instantiate and nix-store --realise have a --repair flag to detect and fix bad paths by rebuilding or redownloading them.
Nix no longer sets the immutable bit on files in the Nix store. Instead, the recommended way to guard the Nix store against accidental modification on Linux is to make it a read-only bind mount, like this:
```
$ mount --bind /nix/store /nix/store
$ mount -o remount,ro,bind /nix/store
```
Nix will automatically make /nix/store writable as needed (using a private mount namespace) to allow modifications.
Store optimisation (replacing identical files in the store with hard links) can now be done automatically every time a path is added to the store. This is enabled by setting the configuration option auto-optimise-store to true (disabled by default).
Nix now supports xz compression for NARs in addition to bzip2. It compresses about 30% better on typical archives and decompresses about twice as fast.
Basic Nix expression evaluation profiling: setting the environment variable NIX_COUNT_CALLS to 1 will cause Nix to print how many times each primop or function was executed.
New primops: concatLists, elem, elemAt and filter.
The command nix-copy-closure has a new flag --use-substitutes (-s) to download missing paths on the target machine using the substitute mechanism.
The command nix-worker has been renamed to nix-daemon. Support for running the Nix worker in “slave” mode has been removed.
The --help flag of every Nix command now invokes man.
Chroot builds are now supported on systemd machines.

This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra, Florian Friesdorf, Mats Erik Andersson and Shea Levy.

Release 1.1 (2012-07-18)

This release has the following improvements:

On Linux, when doing a chroot build, Nix now uses various namespace features provided by the Linux kernel to improve build isolation. Namely:
- The private network namespace ensures that builders cannot talk to the outside world (or vice versa): each build only sees a private loopback interface. This also means that two concurrent builds can listen on the same port (e.g. as part of a test) without conflicting with each other.
- The PID namespace causes each build to start as PID 1. Processes outside of the chroot are not visible to those on the inside. On the other hand, processes inside the chroot are visible from the outside (though with different PIDs).
- The IPC namespace prevents the builder from communicating with outside processes using SysV IPC mechanisms (shared memory, message queues, semaphores). It also ensures that all IPC objects are destroyed when the builder exits.
- The UTS namespace ensures that builders see a hostname of localhost rather than the actual hostname.
- The private mount namespace was already used by Nix to ensure that the bind-mounts used to set up the chroot are cleaned up automatically.
Build logs are now compressed using bzip2. The command nix-store -l decompresses them on the fly. This can be disabled by setting the option build-compress-log to false.
The creation of build logs in /nix/var/log/nix/drvs can be disabled by setting the new option build-keep-log to false. This is useful, for instance, for Hydra build machines.
Nix now reserves some space in /nix/var/nix/db/reserved to ensure that the garbage collector can run successfully if the disk is full. This is necessary because SQLite transactions fail if the disk is full.
Added a basic fetchurl function. This is not intended to replace the fetchurl in Nixpkgs, but is useful for bootstrapping; e.g., it will allow us to get rid of the bootstrap binaries in the Nixpkgs source tree and download them instead. You can use it by doing import <nix/fetchurl.nix> { url = url; sha256 = "hash"; }. (Shea Levy)
Improved RPM spec file. (Michel Alexandre Salim)
Support for on-demand socket-based activation in the Nix daemon with systemd.
Added a manpage for nix.conf5.
When using the Nix daemon, the -s flag in nix-env -qa is now much faster.

Release 1.0 (2012-05-11)

There have been numerous improvements and bug fixes since the previous release. Here are the most significant:

Nix can now optionally use the Boehm garbage collector. This significantly reduces the Nix evaluator’s memory footprint, especially when evaluating large NixOS system configurations. It can be enabled using the --enable-gc configure option.
Nix now uses SQLite for its database. This is faster and more flexible than the old ad hoc format. SQLite is also used to cache the manifests in /nix/var/nix/manifests, resulting in a significant speedup.
Nix now has an search path for expressions. The search path is set using the environment variable NIX_PATH and the -I command line option. In Nix expressions, paths between angle brackets are used to specify files that must be looked up in the search path. For instance, the expression <nixpkgs/default.nix> looks for a file nixpkgs/default.nix relative to every element in the search path.
The new command nix-build --run-env builds all dependencies of a derivation, then starts a shell in an environment containing all variables from the derivation. This is useful for reproducing the environment of a derivation for development.
The new command nix-store --verify-path verifies that the contents of a store path have not changed.
The new command nix-store --print-env prints out the environment of a derivation in a format that can be evaluated by a shell.
Attribute names can now be arbitrary strings. For instance, you can write { "foo-1.2" = …; "bla bla" = …; }."bla bla".
Attribute selection can now provide a default value using the or operator. For instance, the expression x.y.z or e evaluates to the attribute x.y.z if it exists, and e otherwise.
The right-hand side of the ? operator can now be an attribute path, e.g., attrs ? a.b.c.
On Linux, Nix will now make files in the Nix store immutable on filesystems that support it. This prevents accidental modification of files in the store by the root user.
Nix has preliminary support for derivations with multiple outputs. This is useful because it allows parts of a package to be deployed and garbage-collected separately. For instance, development parts of a package such as header files or static libraries would typically not be part of the closure of an application, resulting in reduced disk usage and installation time.
The Nix store garbage collector is faster and holds the global lock for a shorter amount of time.
The option --timeout (corresponding to the configuration setting build-timeout) allows you to set an absolute timeout on builds — if a build runs for more than the given number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for recovering automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite loop but keep producing output, and for which --max-silent-time is ineffective.
Nix development has moved to GitHub (https://github.com/NixOS/nix).

Release 0.16 (2010-08-17)

This release has the following improvements:

The Nix expression evaluator is now much faster in most cases: typically, 3 to 8 times compared to the old implementation. It also uses less memory. It no longer depends on the ATerm library.
Support for configurable parallelism inside builders. Build scripts have always had the ability to perform multiple build actions in parallel (for instance, by running make -j 2), but this was not desirable because the number of actions to be performed in parallel was not configurable. Nix now has an option --cores N as well as a configuration setting build-cores = N that causes the environment variable NIX_BUILD_CORES to be set to N when the builder is invoked. The builder can use this at its discretion to perform a parallel build, e.g., by calling make -j N. In Nixpkgs, this can be enabled on a per-package basis by setting the derivation attribute enableParallelBuilding to true.
nix-store -q now supports XML output through the --xml flag.
Several bug fixes.

Release 0.15 (2010-03-17)

This is a bug-fix release. Among other things, it fixes building on Mac OS X (Snow Leopard), and improves the contents of /etc/passwd and /etc/group in chroot builds.

Release 0.14 (2010-02-04)

This release has the following improvements:

The garbage collector now starts deleting garbage much faster than before. It no longer determines liveness of all paths in the store, but does so on demand.
Added a new operation, nix-store --query --roots, that shows the garbage collector roots that directly or indirectly point to the given store paths.
Removed support for converting Berkeley DB-based Nix databases to the new schema.
Removed the --use-atime and --max-atime garbage collector options. They were not very useful in practice.
On Windows, Nix now requires Cygwin 1.7.x.
A few bug fixes.

Release 0.13 (2009-11-05)

This is primarily a bug fix release. It has some new features:

Syntactic sugar for writing nested attribute sets. Instead of

{
  foo = {
    bar = 123;
    xyzzy = true;
  };
  a = { b = { c = "d"; }; };
}

you can write

{
  foo.bar = 123;
  foo.xyzzy = true;
  a.b.c = "d";
}

This is useful, for instance, in NixOS configuration files.

Support for Nix channels generated by Hydra, the Nix-based continuous build system. (Hydra generates NAR archives on the fly, so the size and hash of these archives isn’t known in advance.)
Support i686-linux builds directly on x86_64-linux Nix installations. This is implemented using the personality() syscall, which causes uname to return i686 in child processes.
Various improvements to the chroot support. Building in a chroot works quite well now.
Nix no longer blocks if it tries to build a path and another process is already building the same path. Instead it tries to build another buildable path first. This improves parallelism.
Support for large (> 4 GiB) files in NAR archives.
Various (performance) improvements to the remote build mechanism.
New primops: builtins.addErrorContext (to add a string to stack traces — useful for debugging), builtins.isBool, builtins.isString, builtins.isInt, builtins.intersectAttrs.
OpenSolaris support (Sander van der Burg).
Stack traces are no longer displayed unless the --show-trace option is used.
The scoping rules for inherit (e) ... in recursive attribute sets have changed. The expression e can now refer to the attributes defined in the containing set.

Release 0.12 (2008-11-20)

Nix no longer uses Berkeley DB to store Nix store metadata. The principal advantages of the new storage scheme are: it works properly over decent implementations of NFS (allowing Nix stores to be shared between multiple machines); no recovery is needed when a Nix process crashes; no write access is needed for read-only operations; no more running out of Berkeley DB locks on certain operations.

You still need to compile Nix with Berkeley DB support if you want Nix to automatically convert your old Nix store to the new schema. If you don’t need this, you can build Nix with the configure option --disable-old-db-compat.

After the automatic conversion to the new schema, you can delete the old Berkeley DB files:
```
$ cd /nix/var/nix/db
$ rm __db* log.* derivers references referrers reserved validpaths DB_CONFIG
```
The new metadata is stored in the directories /nix/var/nix/db/info and /nix/var/nix/db/referrer. Though the metadata is stored in human-readable plain-text files, they are not intended to be human-editable, as Nix is rather strict about the format.

The new storage schema may or may not require less disk space than the Berkeley DB environment, mostly depending on the cluster size of your file system. With 1 KiB clusters (which seems to be the ext3 default nowadays) it usually takes up much less space.
There is a new substituter that copies paths directly from other (remote) Nix stores mounted somewhere in the filesystem. For instance, you can speed up an installation by mounting some remote Nix store that already has the packages in question via NFS or sshfs. The environment variable NIX_OTHER_STORES specifies the locations of the remote Nix directories, e.g. /mnt/remote-fs/nix.
New nix-store operations --dump-db and --load-db to dump and reload the Nix database.
The garbage collector has a number of new options to allow only some of the garbage to be deleted. The option --max-freed N tells the collector to stop after at least N bytes have been deleted. The option --max-links N tells it to stop after the link count on /nix/store has dropped below N. This is useful for very large Nix stores on filesystems with a 32000 subdirectories limit (like ext3). The option --use-atime causes store paths to be deleted in order of ascending last access time. This allows non-recently used stuff to be deleted. The option --max-atime time specifies an upper limit to the last accessed time of paths that may be deleted. For instance,
```
    $ nix-store --gc -v --max-atime $(date +%s -d "2 months ago")
```
deletes everything that hasn’t been accessed in two months.
nix-env now uses optimistic profile locking when performing an operation like installing or upgrading, instead of setting an exclusive lock on the profile. This allows multiple nix-env -i / -u / -e operations on the same profile in parallel. If a nix-env operation sees at the end that the profile was changed in the meantime by another process, it will just restart. This is generally cheap because the build results are still in the Nix store.
The option --dry-run is now supported by nix-store -r and nix-build.

The information previously shown by --dry-run (i.e., which derivations will be built and which paths will be substituted) is now always shown by nix-env, nix-store -r and nix-build. The total download size of substitutable paths is now also shown. For instance, a build will show something like

the following derivations will be built:
  /nix/store/129sbxnk5n466zg6r1qmq1xjv9zymyy7-activate-configuration.sh.drv
  /nix/store/7mzy971rdm8l566ch8hgxaf89x7lr7ik-upstart-jobs.drv
  ...
the following paths will be downloaded/copied (30.02 MiB):
  /nix/store/4m8pvgy2dcjgppf5b4cj5l6wyshjhalj-samba-3.2.4
  /nix/store/7h1kwcj29ip8vk26rhmx6bfjraxp0g4l-libunwind-0.98.6
  ...

Language features:
- @-patterns as in Haskell. For instance, in a function definition
```
f = args @ {x, y, z}: ...;
```
  args refers to the argument as a whole, which is further pattern-matched against the attribute set pattern {x, y, z}.
- “...” (ellipsis) patterns. An attribute set pattern can now say ... at the end of the attribute name list to specify that the function takes at least the listed attributes, while ignoring additional attributes. For instance,
```
{stdenv, fetchurl, fuse, ...}: ...
```
  defines a function that accepts any attribute set that includes at least the three listed attributes.
- New primops: builtins.parseDrvName (split a package name string like "nix-0.12pre12876" into its name and version components, e.g. "nix" and "0.12pre12876"), builtins.compareVersions (compare two version strings using the same algorithm that nix-env uses), builtins.length (efficiently compute the length of a list), builtins.mul (integer multiplication), builtins.div (integer division).
nix-prefetch-url now supports mirror:// URLs, provided that the environment variable NIXPKGS_ALL points at a Nixpkgs tree.
Removed the commands nix-pack-closure and nix-unpack-closure. You can do almost the same thing but much more efficiently by doing nix-store --export $(nix-store -qR paths) > closure and nix-store --import < closure.
Lots of bug fixes, including a big performance bug in the handling of with-expressions.

Release 0.11 (2007-12-31)

Nix 0.11 has many improvements over the previous stable release. The most important improvement is secure multi-user support. It also features many usability enhancements and language extensions, many of them prompted by NixOS, the purely functional Linux distribution based on Nix. Here is an (incomplete) list:

Secure multi-user support. A single Nix store can now be shared between multiple (possible untrusted) users. This is an important feature for NixOS, where it allows non-root users to install software. The old setuid method for sharing a store between multiple users has been removed. Details for setting up a multi-user store can be found in the manual.
The new command nix-copy-closure gives you an easy and efficient way to exchange software between machines. It copies the missing parts of the closure of a set of store path to or from a remote machine via ssh.
A new kind of string literal: strings between double single-quotes ('') have indentation “intelligently” removed. This allows large strings (such as shell scripts or configuration file fragments in NixOS) to cleanly follow the indentation of the surrounding expression. It also requires much less escaping, since '' is less common in most languages than ".
nix-env --set modifies the current generation of a profile so that it contains exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else. For example, nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set firefox lets the profile named browser contain just Firefox.
nix-env now maintains meta-information about installed packages in profiles. The meta-information is the contents of the meta attribute of derivations, such as description or homepage. The command nix-env -q --xml --meta shows all meta-information.
nix-env now uses the meta.priority attribute of derivations to resolve filename collisions between packages. Lower priority values denote a higher priority. For instance, the GCC wrapper package and the Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file bin/ld, so previously if you tried to install both you would get a collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC wrapper declares a higher priority than Binutils, so the former’s bin/ld is symlinked in the user environment.
nix-env -i / -u: instead of breaking package ties by version, break them by priority and version number. That is, if there are multiple packages with the same name, then pick the package with the highest priority, and only use the version if there are multiple packages with the same priority.

This makes it possible to mark specific versions/variant in Nixpkgs more or less desirable than others. A typical example would be a beta version of some package (e.g., gcc-4.2.0rc1) which should not be installed even though it is the highest version, except when it is explicitly selected (e.g., nix-env -i gcc-4.2.0rc1).
nix-env --set-flag allows meta attributes of installed packages to be modified. There are several attributes that can be usefully modified, because they affect the behaviour of nix-env or the user environment build script:
- meta.priority can be changed to resolve filename clashes (see above).
- meta.keep can be set to true to prevent the package from being upgraded or replaced. Useful if you want to hang on to an older version of a package.
- meta.active can be set to false to “disable” the package. That is, no symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it remains part of the profile (so it won’t be garbage-collected). Set it back to true to re-enable the package.
nix-env -q now has a flag --prebuilt-only (-b) that causes nix-env to show only those derivations whose output is already in the Nix store or that can be substituted (i.e., downloaded from somewhere). In other words, it shows the packages that can be installed “quickly”, i.e., don’t need to be built from source. The -b flag is also available in nix-env -i and nix-env -u to filter out derivations for which no pre-built binary is available.
The new option --argstr (in nix-env, nix-instantiate and nix-build) is like --arg, except that the value is a string. For example, --argstr system i686-linux is equivalent to --arg system \"i686-linux\" (note that --argstr prevents annoying quoting around shell arguments).
nix-store has a new operation --read-log (-l) paths that shows the build log of the given paths.
Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.5. The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.4.
The option --max-silent-time (corresponding to the configuration setting build-max-silent-time) allows you to set a timeout on builds — if a build produces no output on stdout or stderr for the given number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for recovering automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite loop.
nix-channel: each subscribed channel is its own attribute in the top-level expression generated for the channel. This allows disambiguation (e.g. nix-env -i -A nixpkgs_unstable.firefox).
The substitutes table has been removed from the database. This makes operations such as nix-pull and nix-channel --update much, much faster.
nix-pull now supports bzip2-compressed manifests. This speeds up channels.
nix-prefetch-url now has a limited form of caching. This is used by nix-channel to prevent unnecessary downloads when the channel hasn’t changed.
nix-prefetch-url now by default computes the SHA-256 hash of the file instead of the MD5 hash. In calls to fetchurl you should pass the sha256 attribute instead of md5. You can pass either a hexadecimal or a base-32 encoding of the hash.
Nix can now perform builds in an automatically generated “chroot”. This prevents a builder from accessing stuff outside of the Nix store, and thus helps ensure purity. This is an experimental feature.
The new command nix-store --optimise reduces Nix store disk space usage by finding identical files in the store and hard-linking them to each other. It typically reduces the size of the store by something like 25-35%.
~/.nix-defexpr can now be a directory, in which case the Nix expressions in that directory are combined into an attribute set, with the file names used as the names of the attributes. The command nix-env --import (which set the ~/.nix-defexpr symlink) is removed.
Derivations can specify the new special attribute allowedReferences to enforce that the references in the output of a derivation are a subset of a declared set of paths. For example, if allowedReferences is an empty list, then the output must not have any references. This is used in NixOS to check that generated files such as initial ramdisks for booting Linux don’t have any dependencies.
The new attribute exportReferencesGraph allows builders access to the references graph of their inputs. This is used in NixOS for tasks such as generating ISO-9660 images that contain a Nix store populated with the closure of certain paths.
Fixed-output derivations (like fetchurl) can define the attribute impureEnvVars to allow external environment variables to be passed to builders. This is used in Nixpkgs to support proxy configuration, among other things.
Several new built-in functions: builtins.attrNames, builtins.filterSource, builtins.isAttrs, builtins.isFunction, builtins.listToAttrs, builtins.stringLength, builtins.sub, builtins.substring, throw, builtins.trace, builtins.readFile.

Release 0.10.1 (2006-10-11)

This release fixes two somewhat obscure bugs that occur when evaluating Nix expressions that are stored inside the Nix store (NIX-67). These do not affect most users.

Release 0.10 (2006-10-06)

Note

This version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.4 instead of 4.3. The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.3. In particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run
$ nix-store --clear-substitutes
first.

Warning

Also, the database schema has changed slighted to fix a performance issue (see below). When you run any Nix 0.10 command for the first time, the database will be upgraded automatically. This is irreversible.

nix-env usability improvements:
- An option --compare-versions (or -c) has been added to nix-env --query to allow you to compare installed versions of packages to available versions, or vice versa. An easy way to see if you are up to date with what’s in your subscribed channels is nix-env -qc \*.
- nix-env --query now takes as arguments a list of package names about which to show information, just like --install, etc.: for example, nix-env -q gcc. Note that to show all derivations, you need to specify \*.
- nix-env -i pkgname will now install the highest available version of pkgname, rather than installing all available versions (which would probably give collisions) (NIX-31).
- nix-env (-i|-u) --dry-run now shows exactly which missing paths will be built or substituted.
- nix-env -qa --description shows human-readable descriptions of packages, provided that they have a meta.description attribute (which most packages in Nixpkgs don’t have yet).
New language features:
- Reference scanning (which happens after each build) is much faster and takes a constant amount of memory.
- String interpolation. Expressions like
```
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"
```
  can now be written as
```
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"
```
  You can write arbitrary expressions within ${...}, not just identifiers.
- Multi-line string literals.
- String concatenations can now involve derivations, as in the example "--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib". This was not previously possible because we need to register that a derivation that uses such a string is dependent on freetype. The evaluator now properly propagates this information. Consequently, the subpath operator (~) has been deprecated.
- Default values of function arguments can now refer to other function arguments; that is, all arguments are in scope in the default values (NIX-45).
- Lots of new built-in primitives, such as functions for list manipulation and integer arithmetic. See the manual for a complete list. All primops are now available in the set builtins, allowing one to test for the availability of primop in a backwards-compatible way.
- Real let-expressions: let x = ...; ... z = ...; in ....
New commands nix-pack-closure and nix-unpack-closure than can be used to easily transfer a store path with all its dependencies to another machine. Very convenient whenever you have some package on your machine and you want to copy it somewhere else.
XML support:
- nix-env -q --xml prints the installed or available packages in an XML representation for easy processing by other tools.
- nix-instantiate --eval-only --xml prints an XML representation of the resulting term. (The new flag --strict forces ‘deep’ evaluation of the result, i.e., list elements and attributes are evaluated recursively.)
- In Nix expressions, the primop builtins.toXML converts a term to an XML representation. This is primarily useful for passing structured information to builders.
You can now unambiguously specify which derivation to build or install in nix-env, nix-instantiate and nix-build using the --attr / -A flags, which takes an attribute name as argument. (Unlike symbolic package names such as subversion-1.4.0, attribute names in an attribute set are unique.) For instance, a quick way to perform a test build of a package in Nixpkgs is nix-build pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix -A foo. nix-env -q --attr shows the attribute names corresponding to each derivation.
If the top-level Nix expression used by nix-env, nix-instantiate or nix-build evaluates to a function whose arguments all have default values, the function will be called automatically. Also, the new command-line switch --arg name value can be used to specify function arguments on the command line.
nix-install-package --url URL allows a package to be installed directly from the given URL.
Nix now works behind an HTTP proxy server; just set the standard environment variables http_proxy, https_proxy, ftp_proxy or all_proxy appropriately. Functions such as fetchurl in Nixpkgs also respect these variables.
nix-build -o symlink allows the symlink to the build result to be named something other than result.
Platform support:
- Support for 64-bit platforms, provided a suitably patched ATerm library is used. Also, files larger than 2 GiB are now supported.
- Added support for Cygwin (Windows, i686-cygwin), Mac OS X on Intel (i686-darwin) and Linux on PowerPC (powerpc-linux).
- Users of SMP and multicore machines will appreciate that the number of builds to be performed in parallel can now be specified in the configuration file in the build-max-jobs setting.
Garbage collector improvements:
- Open files (such as running programs) are now used as roots of the garbage collector. This prevents programs that have been uninstalled from being garbage collected while they are still running. The script that detects these additional runtime roots (find-runtime-roots.pl) is inherently system-specific, but it should work on Linux and on all platforms that have the lsof utility.
- nix-store --gc (a.k.a. nix-collect-garbage) prints out the number of bytes freed on standard output. nix-store --gc --print-dead shows how many bytes would be freed by an actual garbage collection.
- nix-collect-garbage -d removes all old generations of all profiles before calling the actual garbage collector (nix-store --gc). This is an easy way to get rid of all old packages in the Nix store.
- nix-store now has an operation --delete to delete specific paths from the Nix store. It won’t delete reachable (non-garbage) paths unless --ignore-liveness is specified.
Berkeley DB 4.4’s process registry feature is used to recover from crashed Nix processes.
A performance issue has been fixed with the referer table, which stores the inverse of the references table (i.e., it tells you what store paths refer to a given path). Maintaining this table could take a quadratic amount of time, as well as a quadratic amount of Berkeley DB log file space (in particular when running the garbage collector) (NIX-23).
Nix now catches the TERM and HUP signals in addition to the INT signal. So you can now do a killall nix-store without triggering a database recovery.
bsdiff updated to version 4.3.
Substantial performance improvements in expression evaluation and nix-env -qa, all thanks to Valgrind. Memory use has been reduced by a factor 8 or so. Big speedup by memoisation of path hashing.
Lots of bug fixes, notably:
- Make sure that the garbage collector can run successfully when the disk is full (NIX-18).
- nix-env now locks the profile to prevent races between concurrent nix-env operations on the same profile (NIX-7).
- Removed misleading messages from nix-env -i (e.g., installing `foo' followed by uninstalling `foo') (NIX-17).
Nix source distributions are a lot smaller now since we no longer include a full copy of the Berkeley DB source distribution (but only the bits we need).
Header files are now installed so that external programs can use the Nix libraries.

Release 0.9.2 (2005-09-21)

This bug fix release fixes two problems on Mac OS X:

If Nix was linked against statically linked versions of the ATerm or Berkeley DB library, there would be dynamic link errors at runtime.
nix-pull and nix-push intermittently failed due to race conditions involving pipes and child processes with error messages such as open2: open(GLOB(0x180b2e4), >&=9) failed: Bad file descriptor at /nix/bin/nix-pull line 77 (issue NIX-14).

Release 0.9.1 (2005-09-20)

This bug fix release addresses a problem with the ATerm library when the --with-aterm flag in configure was not used.

Release 0.9 (2005-09-16)

NOTE: this version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.3 instead of 4.2. The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.2. In particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run

$ nix-store --clear-substitutes

first.

Unpacking of patch sequences is much faster now since we no longer do redundant unpacking and repacking of intermediate paths.
Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.3.
The derivation primitive is lazier. Attributes of dependent derivations can mutually refer to each other (as long as there are no data dependencies on the outPath and drvPath attributes computed by derivation).

For example, the expression derivation attrs now evaluates to (essentially)
```
attrs // {
  type = "derivation";
  outPath = derivation! attrs;
  drvPath = derivation! attrs;
}
```
where derivation! is a primop that does the actual derivation instantiation (i.e., it does what derivation used to do). The advantage is that it allows commands such as nix-env -qa and nix-env -i to be much faster since they no longer need to instantiate all derivations, just the name attribute.

Also, it allows derivations to cyclically reference each other, for example,
```
webServer = derivation {
  ...
  hostName = "svn.cs.uu.nl";
  services = [svnService];
};
 
svnService = derivation {
  ...
  hostName = webServer.hostName;
};
```
Previously, this would yield a black hole (infinite recursion).
nix-build now defaults to using ./default.nix if no Nix expression is specified.
nix-instantiate, when applied to a Nix expression that evaluates to a function, will call the function automatically if all its arguments have defaults.
Nix now uses libtool to build dynamic libraries. This reduces the size of executables.
A new list concatenation operator ++. For example, [1 2 3] ++ [4 5 6] evaluates to [1 2 3 4 5 6].
Some currently undocumented primops to support low-level build management using Nix (i.e., using Nix as a Make replacement). See the commit messages for r3578 and r3580.
Various bug fixes and performance improvements.

Release 0.8.1 (2005-04-13)

This is a bug fix release.

Patch downloading was broken.
The garbage collector would not delete paths that had references from invalid (but substitutable) paths.

Release 0.8 (2005-04-11)

NOTE: the hashing scheme in Nix 0.8 changed (as detailed below). As a result, nix-pull manifests and channels built for Nix 0.7 and below will not work anymore. However, the Nix expression language has not changed, so you can still build from source. Also, existing user environments continue to work. Nix 0.8 will automatically upgrade the database schema of previous installations when it is first run.

If you get the error message

you have an old-style manifest `/nix/var/nix/manifests/[...]'; please
delete it

you should delete previously downloaded manifests:

$ rm /nix/var/nix/manifests/*

If nix-channel gives the error message

manifest `http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels/[channel]/MANIFEST'
is too old (i.e., for Nix <= 0.7)

then you should unsubscribe from the offending channel (nix-channel --remove URL; leave out /MANIFEST), and subscribe to the same URL, with channels replaced by channels-v3 (e.g., http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels-v3/nixpkgs-unstable).

Nix 0.8 has the following improvements:

The cryptographic hashes used in store paths are now 160 bits long, but encoded in base-32 so that they are still only 32 characters long (e.g., /nix/store/csw87wag8bqlqk7ipllbwypb14xainap-atk-1.9.0). (This is actually a 160 bit truncation of a SHA-256 hash.)
Big cleanups and simplifications of the basic store semantics. The notion of “closure store expressions” is gone (and so is the notion of “successors”); the file system references of a store path are now just stored in the database.

For instance, given any store path, you can query its closure:
```
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
... lots of paths ...
```
Also, Nix now remembers for each store path the derivation that built it (the “deriver”):
```
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
/nix/store/4b0jx7vq80l9aqcnkszxhymsf1ffa5jd-firefox-1.0.1.drv
```
So to see the build-time dependencies, you can do
```
$ nix-store -qR $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))
```
or, in a nicer format:
```
$ nix-store -q --tree $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))
```
File system references are also stored in reverse. For instance, you can query all paths that directly or indirectly use a certain Glibc:
```
$ nix-store -q --referrers-closure \
    /nix/store/8lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4
```
The concept of fixed-output derivations has been formalised. Previously, functions such as fetchurl in Nixpkgs used a hack (namely, explicitly specifying a store path hash) to prevent changes to, say, the URL of the file from propagating upwards through the dependency graph, causing rebuilds of everything. This can now be done cleanly by specifying the outputHash and outputHashAlgo attributes. Nix itself checks that the content of the output has the specified hash. (This is important for maintaining certain invariants necessary for future work on secure shared stores.)
One-click installation :-) It is now possible to install any top-level component in Nixpkgs directly, through the web — see, e.g., http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nixpkgs-0.8/. All you have to do is associate /nix/bin/nix-install-package with the MIME type application/nix-package (or the extension .nixpkg), and clicking on a package link will cause it to be installed, with all appropriate dependencies. If you just want to install some specific application, this is easier than subscribing to a channel.
nix-store -r PATHS now builds all the derivations PATHS in parallel. Previously it did them sequentially (though exploiting possible parallelism between subderivations). This is nice for build farms.
nix-channel has new operations --list and --remove.
New ways of installing components into user environments:
- Copy from another user environment:
```
$ nix-env -i --from-profile .../other-profile firefox
```
- Install a store derivation directly (bypassing the Nix expression language entirely):
```
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/z58v41v21xd3...-aterm-2.3.1.drv
```
  (This is used to implement nix-install-package, which is therefore immune to evolution in the Nix expression language.)
- Install an already built store path directly:
```
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/hsyj5pbn0d9i...-aterm-2.3.1
```
- Install the result of a Nix expression specified as a command-line argument:
```
$ nix-env -f .../i686-linux.nix -i -E 'x: x.firefoxWrapper'
```
  The difference with the normal installation mode is that -E does not use the name attributes of derivations. Therefore, this can be used to disambiguate multiple derivations with the same name.
A hash of the contents of a store path is now stored in the database after a successful build. This allows you to check whether store paths have been tampered with: nix-store --verify --check-contents.
Implemented a concurrent garbage collector. It is now always safe to run the garbage collector, even if other Nix operations are happening simultaneously.

However, there can still be GC races if you use nix-instantiate and nix-store --realise directly to build things. To prevent races, use the --add-root flag of those commands.
The garbage collector now finally deletes paths in the right order (i.e., topologically sorted under the “references” relation), thus making it safe to interrupt the collector without risking a store that violates the closure invariant.
Likewise, the substitute mechanism now downloads files in the right order, thus preserving the closure invariant at all times.
The result of nix-build is now registered as a root of the garbage collector. If the ./result link is deleted, the GC root disappears automatically.
The behaviour of the garbage collector can be changed globally by setting options in /nix/etc/nix/nix.conf.
- gc-keep-derivations specifies whether deriver links should be followed when searching for live paths.
- gc-keep-outputs specifies whether outputs of derivations should be followed when searching for live paths.
- env-keep-derivations specifies whether user environments should store the paths of derivations when they are added (thus keeping the derivations alive).
New nix-env query flags --drv-path and --out-path.
fetchurl allows SHA-1 and SHA-256 in addition to MD5. Just specify the attribute sha1 or sha256 instead of md5.
Manual updates.

Release 0.7 (2005-01-12)

Binary patching. When upgrading components using pre-built binaries (through nix-pull / nix-channel), Nix can automatically download and apply binary patches to already installed components instead of full downloads. Patching is “smart”: if there is a sequence of patches to an installed component, Nix will use it. Patches are currently generated automatically between Nixpkgs (pre-)releases.
Simplifications to the substitute mechanism.
Nix-pull now stores downloaded manifests in /nix/var/nix/manifests.
Metadata on files in the Nix store is canonicalised after builds: the last-modified timestamp is set to 0 (00:00:00 1/1/1970), the mode is set to 0444 or 0555 (readable and possibly executable by all; setuid/setgid bits are dropped), and the group is set to the default. This ensures that the result of a build and an installation through a substitute is the same; and that timestamp dependencies are revealed.

Release 0.6 (2004-11-14)

Rewrite of the normalisation engine.
- Multiple builds can now be performed in parallel (option -j).
- Distributed builds. Nix can now call a shell script to forward builds to Nix installations on remote machines, which may or may not be of the same platform type.
- Option --fallback allows recovery from broken substitutes.
- Option --keep-going causes building of other (unaffected) derivations to continue if one failed.
Improvements to the garbage collector (i.e., it should actually work now).
Setuid Nix installations allow a Nix store to be shared among multiple users.
Substitute registration is much faster now.
A utility nix-build to build a Nix expression and create a symlink to the result int the current directory; useful for testing Nix derivations.
Manual updates.
nix-env changes:
- Derivations for other platforms are filtered out (which can be overridden using --system-filter).
- --install by default now uninstall previous derivations with the same name.
- --upgrade allows upgrading to a specific version.
- New operation --delete-generations to remove profile generations (necessary for effective garbage collection).
- Nicer output (sorted, columnised).
More sensible verbosity levels all around (builder output is now shown always, unless -Q is given).
Nix expression language changes:
- New language construct: with E1; E2 brings all attributes defined in the attribute set E1 in scope in E2.
- Added a map function.
- Various new operators (e.g., string concatenation).
Expression evaluation is much faster.
An Emacs mode for editing Nix expressions (with syntax highlighting and indentation) has been added.
Many bug fixes.

Release 0.5 and earlier

Please refer to the Subversion commit log messages.

Nix Reference Manual

Git (experimental)